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ENERGY and its FORMS (15.1)
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energy : the ability to do work
work: the transfer of energy
- energy is transferred by a force moving an object through a distance…
both are measured in joules (J)1J = 1N-m (newton-meter)
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kinetic energy: energy of motion
the kinetic energy of any moving object depends on mass and speed
kinetic energyKE = 1/2mv2
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potential energy: energy that is stored as a result of position or shapeenergy with the potential to do work
gravitational potential energy: potential energy that depends on an object’s height
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an objects gravitational potential energydepends on its mass, height and the acceleration due to gravity
potential energy (PE) = mgh
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elastic potential energy – the potential energy of an object that is stretched or compressed
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Forms of Energy…
mechanical energy: energy associated with motion and the position of everyday objects
thermal energy: the total potential and kinetic energy of all the microscopic particles in an object
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chemical energy: the energy stored in chemical bonds in compounds
electrical energy: energy associated with electric charges
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electromagnetic energy: form of energy that travels through space in the form of waves
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nuclear energy: energy stored in atomic nuclei
the nucleus of an atom is held together by strong and weak nuclear forces which can store an enormous amount of energy
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Chapter 15.2Energy Conversion and Conservation
energy conversion: energy can be converted from one form to another
law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed – it converted from one form to another
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the gravitational potential
energy of an object is converted to
the kinetic energy of motion as the
object falls (avalanche)
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Energy Calculations
• when friction is small enough to be ignored, and no mechanical energy is added to the system, then the system’s mechanical energy does not change
• mechanical energy = KE + PE
conservation of mechanical energy
(KE + PE) beginning = (KE + PE) end
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Energy and Mass
in Einstein’s equation (E=mc2 ) – energy and mass are equivalent and can be converted into each otherE (energy) = m(mass) x c (speed of light)2
- energy released as matter is destroyed and matter can be created from energy
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Chapter 15.3ENERGY RESOURCES non-renewable energy sourcesexist in limited quantities – once used, cannot be replenished…oil, natural gas, coal and uranium
fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) – formed underground from the remains of once-living organisms – account for the majority of the world’s energy – not evenly distributed throughout the world
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renewable energy sources can be replaced in a relatively short period of time – most originate directly / indirectly from the sun –
hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, nuclear fusion
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Conserving energy resources…
energy resources can be conserved by reducing energy needs and by increasing the efficiency of energy use
energy conservation: finding ways to use less energy or to use energy more efficiently