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2018 Lignite Education Seminar
Bismarck, North Dakota
Dan Daly
Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership
June 12, 2018
Energy and CO2 Management:
Carbon Capture and Storage
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• Carbon dioxide (CO2) science
• CO2 sequestration and carbon capture and storage
• Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership activities
• More information
Presentation Outline
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Jeopardy!
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Rules!
• I give the answer (the hard part).
• You give the question … “What is…”
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ANSWER 1:
One atom of carbon and two atoms
of oxygen
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The question is:
1. What is carbon monoxide?
2. What is carbon dioxide?
3. What is calcium dioxide?
4. What is di-hydrogen oxide?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is carbon dioxide (CO2)?
• Colorless, odorless gas
• Noncombustible
• By-product of combustion
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What is carbon dioxide (CO2)?
• Colorless, odorless gas
• Noncombustible
• By-product of combustion
• We use it every day:
– Coolant as dry ice
– Makes soda bubbly
– Fire extinguisher
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What is carbon dioxide (CO2)?
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78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Other Gases
0.04%
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Global Carbon
Cycle
90
(37,000)
(800)60
60
120
(10,000)
(2300)
Billion tons of carbon
90
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ANSWER 2:
The natural phenomenon that makes Earth warm enough to support life
as we know it
ANSWER 2:
The natural phenomenon that makes Earth
warm enough to support life as we know it
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The question is:
1. What is the atmosphere?
2. What is a volcano?
3. What is el Nino?
4. What is the greenhouse effect?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is the greenhouse effect?
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Greenhouse Gases
• Water vapor and trace greenhouse gases contribute
the greatest portion of the greenhouse effect:
– CO2
– Methane
– Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Many atmospheric gases do not
contribute to the greenhouse effect:
– Nitrogen
– Oxygen
– Argon
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BONUS QUESTION:
Is the greenhouse effect good or bad for inhabitants of Earth?
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ANSWER 3:
CO2 released to the atmosphere by human
activities like burning fossil fuels, making
cement, or plowing fields
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The question is:
1. What is anthropogenic CO2?
2. What is natural CO2?
3. What is liquid CO2?
4. What is exhalation?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is anthropogenic CO2?
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Wait a minute . . .
How many kinds of CO2 are there?
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In-the-Atmosphere CO2
21
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Cycling CO2
22
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2323
Long-Lost CO2
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New-Kid-in-Town CO2
24
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Return-of-the-Long-Lost CO2
25 2525
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Chemical Energy Conversion
+
Atoms recombine to form
and
Combustion
+
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Biofuels: CO2 from
Today’s Atmosphere
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Fossil Fuels: CO2 from an
Ancient Atmosphere
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ANSWER 4:
The fuel supplying 85% of theenergy used by humans today
Source: Science, v. 798, November 2002; photo from NASA.
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The question is:
1. What is sunlight?
2. What is renewable energy?
3. What is electricity?
4. What are fossil fuels?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What are fossil fuels:
coal, petroleum, and natural gas?
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ANSWER 5:
The total amount of greenhouse gases
humans release to the atmosphere
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The question is:
1. What is anthropogenic CO2?
2. What is our carbon footprint?
3. What is barely significant?
4. What is 17?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is our carbon footprint?
The amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases we
humans release to the atmosphere.
Agriculture 13%
Land Use10%
Waste 3%
Energy70%
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ANSWER 6:
The first American energy crisis
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The question is:
1. What happened in 1973?
2. What happened in 1730?
3. What happened in 1859?
4. What happened in 1941?
1 2 3 4
25.0% 25.0% 25.0% 25.0%
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What is 1730?
Fuel Wood Shortage in Boston
Coal imported from England!
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ANSWER 7:
The year 1865
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The question is:
1. When was the opening volley of the U.S. Civil War?
2. When was the sinking of the Titanic?
3. When was the end of the War of 1812?
4. When was the beginning of significant use of coal
in America?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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When was the beginning of
significant use of coal in America?
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ANSWER 8:
The year 1900
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The question is:
1. When was electricity replacing horses on streetcars?
2. When had the global use of energy by humans
doubled?
3. When did the global use of fossil fuels surpass the use
of wood fuels?
4. When did U.S. auto production reach 4000 cars?
5. When did North Dakota have 73 coal mines?
1 2 3 4 5
28.6% 28.6%
14.3% 14.3% 14.3%
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All questions are correct!
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Global Fuel Consumption
0
100
200
300
400
500
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Exajo
ule
s
Nuclear Energy
Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Hydroelectricity
Biofuel
Global energy demand is 10 times
more than it was 100 years ago.
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Remember the types of CO2?
Biomass = Cycling CO2
Fossil Fuels = Fossil CO2
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CO2 Emissions from Human Activity
on the Rise Since the Early 1800s
46
An
nu
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O2
Em
iss
ion
s,
billio
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etr
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s
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Global Carbon
Cycle
90
(37,000)
(800)60
60
120
9
(10,000)
(2300)
Billion tons of carbon
+3
+290
+4
Yearly additions from
human activities
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48
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
CO2 Emissions from Human Activity
on the Rise Since the Early 1800s
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Atm
os
ph
eri
c C
O2, p
pm
v
8
6
4
2
An
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Em
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bil
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ANSWER 9:
Half again as much!
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The question is:
1. What is the amount of snow predicted for next winter?
2. What is the amount of energy needed in 2040?
3. What do you wind up paying in taxes?
4. What is how much longer should this presentation be?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is the amount of
energy needed in 2040?
0
100
200
300
400
500
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2040
Exajo
ule
s
Nuclear EnergyCoal, Oil, Natural GasHydroelectricityBiofuel
Global energy demand is expected to
increase by 50% in 25 years.
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Global CO2 Emissions
1930 to 2006
In this video, look for . . .
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How can we meet growing energy
demand to improve quality of life?
53 5353
And cut CO2
emissions?
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Cutting Carbon
In this video, look for . . .
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A Range of CO2 Management Options
As individuals, we can:
• Use energy wisely.
• Install energy-saving appliances and devices.
As societies, we can:
• Improve energy efficiency (in fossil fuel-fired systems).
• Seek noncarbon energy technologies.
• Implement carbon management techniques.
55
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Example Options for Cutting Carbon
Each wedge represents
25 billion tons of carbon not
emitted.
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Divide and ConquerA
nn
ual G
lobal C
arb
on E
mis
sio
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bill
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etr
ic tons C
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ANSWER 10:
Capture and long-term storage of CO2
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The question is:
1. What is CO2 localization?
2. What is CO2 sequestration?
3. What is CO2 serendipity?
4. What is the greenhouse effect?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is CO2 sequestration?
Geologic sequestration captures CO2 before it enters
the atmosphere and puts it into storage deep
underground for millions of years.
Terrestrial sequestration absorbs
CO2 from the atmosphere and
stores it in plant materials and soils.
Wetlands
Agricultural LandsForests
Geologic sequestration is also called:
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Geologic CO2 sequestration
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage
(CCUS)
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What is CO2 sequestration?
Geologic sequestration captures CO2 before it enters
the atmosphere and puts it into storage deep
underground for millions of years.
Terrestrial sequestration absorbs
CO2 from the atmosphere and
stores it in plant materials and soils.
Wetlands
Agricultural LandsForests
Geologic sequestration is also called:
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Geologic CO2 sequestration
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage
(CCUS)
Irrespective of the name, have you
heard of geologic CO2 sequestration?
1. Yes
2. No
1
2
50.0%
50.0%
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Carbon Capture and Storage
Click here to
start clip.
In this video, look for . . .
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Capturing Anthropogenic CO2
Capturing CO2 from
millions of vehicles
could be tough.
CO2Vacuum
Capturing CO2 from
millions of houses?
CO2Bag
Not easy either.
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ANSWER 11:
25 deposits on six continents
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The question is:
1. What is the number of mafia bank accounts?
2. What is the number of pure carbon (diamond) mine
areas?
3. What is the number of nearly pure natural
underground CO2 deposits?
4. What is the number of major coal mines?
1 2 3 4
28.6% 28.6% 28.6%
14.3%
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What is the number of nearly pure
natural underground CO2 deposits?
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Natural CO2 Deposits
In this video, look for . . .
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707070
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This video clip shows. . .
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CCS Bill of “Rights”
• Right form of CO2
• Right conditions underground
• Right rocks
Rock layer for CO2 storage
Rock layer for seal
• Right operation
Tailored design, expert personnel, proven practices
• Right safeguards
Monitoring, safety protocols
• Right development path
Regulatory process, community engagement
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Now, we’re gonna get technical!
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74
The Physical Phase of the CO2
Is Important
Matter’s three physical states:
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
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76 76
Supercritical Fluid!
Highly compressed matter
• Exhibits some of the properties of gases and liquids.
• Requires conditions of high temperature and high
pressure.
• The maximum number of molecules that can be crammed
into a given volume.
For CO2, that point is 88°F and
73 columns of atmosphere on your head at sea level
(1074 psi).
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Supercritical-
Phase CO2
400 m3
compressed to
1 m3
Maximum
Storage
Capacity!
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78
Supercritical CO2
Means Superstorage
• The deeper underground,
the higher the temperature.
• The deeper underground,
the higher the pressure.
• At 2500 feet below the
surface, CO2 is naturally
in the supercritical
phase.
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Storage Depth
Feet Zone of Prime
Targets in the
Williston Basin of
North Dakota
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8080
A half a mile underground =
supercritical conditions for CO2!
From rim to river, the Grand Canyon is 1 mile deep
(5280 feet, or 1672 meters).
What kind of rock do we need
for the storage zone?
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Pore Space
Pores + Connections
= Permeability
A good storage zone has connected
pores!
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What Works for Oil Works for CO2
Click here to
start video.
In this video, look for . . .
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We’re looking to store CO2 in the pore
spaces of the sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rocks occur in
layers (strata).
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Sedimentary Rocks as Storage Zones
Sand Becomes
Sandstone
Clay Becomes
Claystone or
Shale
Coral Reefs
and Shells
Become
Limestone
Good
Storage
Reservoir
Poor
Storage
Reservoir
Good
Storage
Reservoir
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Sedimentary Rocks as Seals
Sand Becomes
Sandstone
Clay Becomes
Claystone or
Shale
Coral Reefs
and Shells
Become
Limestone
SealVariable
permeabilityTight as a
drum!
Porous and
PermeableNot a seal!
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Geologic Storage a.k.a.
CO2 Sequestration
In this video, look for . . .
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Drinking Water
Protection
87
Regulations require:
• Three layers of steel.
• Two layers of durable cement.
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Injection!
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Safe Injection
• Injection pressure – enough
pressure to get the CO2 in place
without disrupting the injection
zone
• Periodic monitoring
– Pressure and temperature in
and above the injection zone
– Soil and surface water
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Any questions?
90
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92
Regional Carbon Sequestration
Partnership Program
Southwest Partnership
CO2
Sequestration
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93
Led by the EERC
at the University of North Dakota
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Field Tests and Demonstrations
Characterization
Regional CCS Infrastructure
On the Road to CCS!
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95
Regional Activities
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96
Regional Activities
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PCOR Partnership Outreach
Resources
www.undeerc.org/PCOR
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PCOR Partnership Educator
Resources
www.undeerc.org/PCOR
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PCOR Partnership Video Clip Library
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PCOR Partnership Educator
Resources
www.undeerc.org/PCOR
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Household Energy and Carbon
Footprint
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PCOR Partnership Teacher Packet
www.undeerc.org/PCOR
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PCOR Partnership Teacher Packet
www.undeerc.org/PCOR
Have you used our materials in your
classes?
1. Yes
2. No
1
2
50.0%
50.0%
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Lesson 1
Play CO2 Jeopardy
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CO2 Jeopardy!
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Lesson 2
Geologic CO2 Storage
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Geologic CO2 StorageIn Depth
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Prairie Public Teacher Institute
• Lesson plans
• Link on the PCOR Partnership Web site Educator page
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Final Thought
As individuals, we can:
• Use energy wisely.
• Install energy-saving appliances and
devices.
Our region is actively:
• Improving energy efficiency in fossil fuel-fired systems.
• Using noncarbon energy technologies.
• Sequestering CO2.
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Final Thought
As individuals, we can:
• Use energy wisely.
• Install energy-saving appliances and
devices.
Our region is actively:
• Improving energy efficiency in fossil fuel-fired systems.
• Using noncarbon energy technologies.
• Sequestering CO2.
Do you think that students
should learn about carbon
capture and storage?
1. Yes
2. No
1
2
50.0%
50.0%
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Contact Information
111
Dan Daly
Energy & Environmental Research Center
University of North Dakota
www.undeerc.org/PCOR
Telephone: (701) 777-2822
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AcknowledgmentThis material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy
National Energy Technology Laboratory under Award No. DE-FC-26-05NT42592.
.
DisclaimerThis presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the
United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency
thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes
any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any
information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed or represents that its use would not
infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the
United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
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• Approximately 930
stationary sources
• Total CO2 emissions:
≈560 million tons/yr
Denver–
Julesberg
Basin
Illinois
Basin
Kennedy
Basin
Forest City
Basin
Powder
River
Basin
Williston
Basin
Alberta Basin
Salina
Basin
Large Stationary
Sources