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Energetics
Fueling Life
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Energy takes various forms
MECHANICALL
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Energy, regardless of the form, can exist in two states
potential
kinetic
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Photosynthesis makes energy available to organisms
Radiant (light) energy transformed into chemical (CH2O) energy
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Energy is used for cell work
http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_the_weird_and_wonderful_world_of_bioluminescence.html
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In chemical rxns, energy is transferred as atoms & bonds are rearranged
aka metabolism
bonds broken H is oxidized F is reduced new bonds made electrons transferred energy transferred
Ex: Redox rxns
OIL RIG
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Metabolism includes anabolic rxns
energy in…
…complex, energy-rich molecules out
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Anabolic rxns• Rxns that build molecules– Ex: dehydration reactions;
photosynthesis
• Require a net input of energy– therefore not spontaneous– Energy is stored in the bonds of
the molecule
aka: Endergonic Less energy in reactants
Greater energyIn products
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Metabolism includes catabolic rxns
simpler molecules generated; energy released
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Catabolic rxns• Rxns that break down
molecules- EX: hydrolysis reactions; - respiration
• Stored energy is released as bonds are broken
aka: ExergonicHigher energy
reactants Lower energy products
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Anabolism & Catabolism are linked
Food eaten
Energy and molecular products
Useable energy + products used to make needed molecules
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Reactions for Life Reflect the Laws of Thermodynamics*
* The study of energy transformations
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Energy amount is constantThe energy into a rxn = the energy at completion
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Matter in = Matter out
Ex: Photosynthesis
Energy in = energy out
Matter & energy are conserved
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Energy form however, is not constant Energy is transformed at every step
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heat
Free energy
Free energy useful to life + Energized atoms not useful____ = Total Energy
This is why there are not 15 trophic levels in a food web
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Second Law of Thermodynamics• No physical process finishes with as much available, or useful, energy as it started with FREE ENERGY
Brownian motion
• unavailable energy reflects the random kinetic energy of molecules, allowed to spread out; ENTROPY
• Often, this means that:- the change in energy includes transformation to heat
- small molecules result from the break down of larger ones- an ordered system becomes more disordered
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Entropy happens it’s the Law!
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QUANTIFYING ENERGY
total energy = useable energy* + unusable energy available for work random atomic motion
*point of interest for biologists
useable energy = total energy - unusable energy available for work random atomic motion
OR
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This relationship can be used to determine the energy change of a rxn: exergonic or endergonic?
useable = total _ unuseable energy energy energy
GIBBS FREE ENERGY = ENTHALPY - ENTROPY
As entropy increases, free energy decreases
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To Know
Gibbs = entHalpy - (Temp K) diSorder
If G < 0, the reaction is exergonic; occurs spontaneously; disorder is increased G is negative
If G > 0, the reaction is endergonic; order/complexity is increased G is positive requires coupling with an exergonic rxn* to drive the process
* usually ATP -> ADP + P
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Energy releasedSpontaneousExergonicG is negative
Energy requiredNon-spontaneousEndergonicG is positive
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2H2O2 -> 2H2O + 02
Catabolic or anabolic?
Endergonic or exergonic?
Increasing or decreasing disorder?
Spontaneous or coupled with ATP?
Energy stored or released?
Decreasing or increasing complexity?
Change in G positive or negative?
Building or breaking down molecules?
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Catabolic or anabolic?
Endergonic or exergonic?
Increasing or decreasing disorder?
Spontaneous or coupled with ATPrxn?
Energy stored or released?
Decreasing or increasing complexity?
Change in G positive or negative?
Building or breaking down molecules?