Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease
Frank C. Mooren (Ed.)
Encyclopedia of ExerciseMedicine in Health and Disease
With 254 Figures and 92 Tables
EditorFrank C. MoorenDepartment of Sports MedicineInstitute of Sports SciencesJustus-Liebig-UniversityAm Kugelberg 6235393 GiessenGermany
ISBN 978-3-540-36065-0 e-ISBN 978-3-540-298
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07-6DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6ISBN Bundle 978-3-540-36066-7Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944334
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the righof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in dabanks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under tGerman Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specistatement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
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Life expectancy and disease prevalence vary considerably in the different countries and places around the worl
They show a strong relationship to the countries’ socio-economic status and the cultural development of their societie
Only about one century ago, life expectancy in western Europe was about 46 and 52 years for men and wome
respectively. Most common causes of death were infectious diseases, especially of the lungs, such as tuberculos
Likewise, in 1900 tuberculosis was the most frequent cause of death even in the United States. But nowadays li
expectancy and disease prevalence in western countries has changed dramatically. In Germany, life expectancy of new
born children has been calculated at about 82 and 88 years for men and women, respectively. Moreover, a significant sh
of disease pattern has occured. Today the most important diseases include cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic hea
disease and hypertension, metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type II and hypercholesterinemia, pulmon
diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignant diseases. In contrast, infectious diseases are no
responsible for less than 1% of all deaths.
These shifts of life expectancy and disease prevalence have several reasons. One important reason is the improveme
of the health care systems, including the establishment of better hygienic standards and the development and availabili
of novel pharmaceutical tools such as mcrobicidal drugs. The next important reason concerns nutritional aspect
In western countries, malnutrition is rare, as food is available at any time in high amounts and quality. Instead, man
people ingest more food than necessary for their energy balance leading to overweight and obesity. And final
developed countries are characterized by a modern infrastructure showing high standards of spatial mobility an
communicative devices. This leads, however, to a progressive reduction in people’s individual mobility, also calle
a sedentary lifestyle. Consequently, sedentary lifestyle has been recognized as an independent risk factor for many wealth
related diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes etc.
Sedentary lifestyle is an uncommon condition for the human body, a condition which it isn’t used to. On th
contrary, the human body is designed for movement and activity. Genomic analyses proved that the genome of moder
man is nearly identical to that of our prehistoric ancestors, the hunter-gatherer. His survival depended on both – h
speed and his endurance. Fast movements during fight-and-flight responses ensured survival against enemies. Lon
endurance runs were important for his success as a hunter. Therefore, exercise was a question of survival for ou
ancestors. Today there are ample studies demonstrating the manifold benefits of regular exercise, ranging from physic
and psychological well-being, prevention and therapy of cardiovascular, metabolic, proliferative, and neurodegenerati
diseases, to a decrease of overall mortality.
The aim of the Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease is therefore to address these different issues
a comprehensive reference book for both basic and clinical scientists as well as students and lecturers in sport and li
sciences. First, it should demonstrate the various and fascinating adaptational responses of the human body towar
exercise. These responses are not limited to certain tissues or organs such as muscles or heart. Instead, it has been show
that the exercise stimulus is able to address nearly every cell type, thereby inducing a harmonized systemic adaptation
response. Based on tissue plasticity, the adaptation may allow the development of enormous capabilities and capacitie
as regularly demonstrated by the records and excellent performances of elite athletes. But these adaptational responses a
equally important for both prevention as well as therapy of many diseases. Interestingly, there are manifold relationship
between high-performance sports and sports therapy. Several recent developments of training regimes in rehabilitatio
sports initially originated from protocols of elite sports. And this is the second aim of the Encyclopedia, to highlight th
evidence-based effects of an active lifestyle and regular exercise on numerous wealth-related diseases. Exercise is a
important therapeutic tool which in many cases shows effects in the same order of magnitude as medicamentou
approaches. Consequently, Exercise is Medicine™ as an initiative managed by the American College of Sports Medicin
was founded some years ago to inform health care professionals and patients about the potentials of exercise in disea
prevention and therapy and to support the inclusion of exercise into therapeutic regimes.
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vi Preface
Next, increased life expectancy and longevity doesn’t necessarily mean a life without limitations. Often agin
is associated with frailty, loss of autonomy, and obstacles. Therefore the encyclopedia also addresses the role of exerci
in delaying and hindering the concomitant loss of functional capacities during aging.
And finally, several essays address the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial exercise effects. Using variou
techniques frommolecular biology and cellular physiology, scientists were more and more successful in elucidating ho
different exercise stimuli, e.g. duration, intensity, frequency etc., are sensed and transduced into a cellular response. Th
molecular dimension opens new horizons and gives us an in-depth understanding of the underlying working mech
nisms of the exercise stimulus. And by elucidating the molecular components, new targets for future drug developmen
may be identified.
Together, the Enyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease aims to integrate these various aspects of exerci
and tries to build bridges – from high-performance sports to leisure-time physical activity, from prevention to spor
therapy as well as from system physiology to molecular physiology. In order to meet these challenges, more tha
200 authors have contributed their expertise by preparing in-depth essays and keyword definitions. All of them a
renowned specialists in their fields and reputable members of the international scientific community. It has bee
a marvellous experience for me to work with them and I wish to thank every single author for the excellent an
constructive collaboration. Furthermore, I would like to thank Ilke Krumholz for her excellent and competent secretari
assistance and my colleagues Karsten Kruger and Christian Pilat for fruitful and interesting discussions. It was a gre
pleasure to work with the Springer crew. In particular I wish to thank Andrew Spencer who patiently and untiring
managed the multiple aspects associated with manuscript handling and processing.
Finally, I would like to ask the reader for indulgence in case of any lack of clarity or even incorrectness
any contribution. Substantial efforts have been made to avoid these deficits, however, they can never be exclude
entirely. All authors look forward to receiving the reader’s suggestions and/or possible corrections which should he
to improve the scientific standard of this reference work continuously. The parallel publication of the Encycloped
of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease in an online version allows permanent updating and adaptation to relevan
novel scientific findings if necessary.
Giessen, March 2012 Frank C. Moore
List of Contributors
MATTHEW R. ALLEN
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN
USA
STANLEY ANDRISSE
Department of Biology
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, MO
USA
STAVROS APOSTOLAKIS
Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit
University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular
Sciences
City Hospital
Birmingham
UK
and
Department of Cardiology
Democritus University of Thrace
Alexandroupolis
Greece
ADAMANTIOS ARAMPATZIS
Department of Training and Movement Sciences
Humboldt-University Berlin
Berlin
Germany
DUARTE ARAUJO
Technical University of Lisbon
Cruz Quebrada
Portugal
LAWRENCE E. ARMSTRONG
Human Performance Laboratory
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT
USA
NEIL ARMSTRONG
Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre
Sport and Health Sciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Exeter
Exeter
UK
DIDIER ATTAIX
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
UMR 1019
Unite de Nutrition Humaine
CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Universite
Universite d’Auvergne
Clermont-Ferrand
France
MICHEL AUDRAN
Biophysics & Bio-Analysis Laboratory
Montpellier
France
JOSE A. AZNAR
Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit
University Hospital La FE
Valencia
Spain
MARLEEN A. VAN BAAK
NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and
Metabolism
Department of Human Biology
Maastricht University Medical Center+
Maastricht
The Netherlands
KEITH BAAR
Department of Neurobiology
Physiology and Behavior
University of California
Davis, CA
USA
viii List of Contributors
DAMIAN M. BAILEY
Neurovascular Research Laboratory
University of Glamorgan
Pontypridd, Wales
UK
JULIEN S. BAKER
Health & Exercise Science
School of Science
University of the West of Scotland
Hamilton, Scotland
UK
R. BALS
Dept. Pulmonology
University Giessen and Marburg
Marburg
Germany
RUBEN BARAKAT
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Madrid
Spain
TOM BARANOWSKI
Children’s Nutrition Research Center
Department of Pediatrics
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX
USA
TIAGO M. BARBOSA
Department of Sport Sciences
Polytechnic Institute of Braganca
Braganca
Portugal
ALAN R. BARKER
Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre
Sport and Health Sciences
College of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Exeter
Exeter
UK
LUKAS BEIS
College of Medicine
Veterinary and Life Sciences
Institute of Cardiovascular and medical Sciences
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, Scotland
UK
M. G. BEMBEN
Department of Health and Exercise Science
University of Oklahoma
Norman, OK
USA
RALPH BENEKE
Bereich Medizin
Training und Gesundheit
Institut fur Sportwissenschaft und Motologie
Philipps Universitat Marburg
Marburg
Germany
ISTVAN BERCZI
Department of Immunology
The University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, MB
Canada
ALOYS BERG
Medizinische Universitatsklinik
Abt. Rehabilitative und Praventive Sportmedizin
Freiburg
Germany
ELLIOT M. BERRY
Dept of Human Nutrition & Metabolism
The Braun School of Public Health and
Community Medicine
Hebrew University – Hadassah Medical Center
Jerusalem
Israel
YAGESH BHAMBHANI
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB
Canada
List of Contributors ix
FIN BIERING-SØRENSEN
Clinic for Spinal Cord Injuries
The NeuroScience Centre Rigshospitalet
Copenhagen
Denmark
GEORGE E. BILLMAN
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
e
DAVID J. BISHOP
School of Sport and Exercise Science
Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL)
Victoria University
Melbourne, VIC
Australia
NICOLETTE C. BISHOP
School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences
Loughborough University
Loughborough
UK
e
ALESSANDRO BLANDINO
Cardiology Division
Department of Internal Medicine
San Giovanni Battista Hospital
University of Turin
Turin
Italy
e
WILHELM BLOCH
Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine
German Sport University Cologne
Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicin
Cologne
Germany
DIETER BONING
Sports Medicine
Charite – Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Berlin
Germany
JULIUS BOGOMOLOVAS
Klinikum Mannheim GmbH Universitatsklinikum
Universitatsmedizin Mannheim
University of Heidelberg
Mannheim
Germany
MARTIN D. BOOTMAN
Laboratory of Signalling and Cell Fate
Babraham Institute
Cambridge
UK
A. N. BOSCH
Human Biology
University of Cape TownMRC Research Unit for Exercis
Science and Sports Medicine
Sports Science Institute of South Africa
Newlands
South Africa
LAURENT BOSQUET
Faculte des sciences du sport
Universite de Poitiers
Poitiers
France
FABIO BREIL
Department of Anatomy
University of Bern
Bern
Switzerland
KLARA BRIXIUS
Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine
German Sport University Cologne
Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicin
Cologne
Germany
ULF G. BRONAS
University of Minnesota
School of Nursing
Minneapolis, MN
USA
PETER H. BRUBAKER
Department of Health and Exercise Science
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC
USA
s
)
x List of Contributors
ROSA MARIA BRUNO
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Pisa
Pisa
Italy
THIERRY BUSSO
Universite de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie
de l’Exercice
Saint-Etienne
France
CHRIS BUTTON
School of Physical Education
University of Otago
Dunedin
New Zealand
WIM A. BUURMAN
Department of General Surgery
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht
The Netherlands
W. TODD CADE
Program in Physical Therapy and Department of
Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine
Saint Louis, MO
USA
MARISSA K. CALDOW
Molecular Nutrition Unit, School of Exercise
and Nutrition Sciences
Deakin University
Burwood, VIC
Australia
DAVID CAMERON-SMITH
University of Auckland
Auckland
New Zealand
C. CAPELLI
Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological,
Morphological and Movement Sciences
School of Exercise and Sport Sciences
University of Verona
Verona
Italy
KAI-HAKON CARLSEN
Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet
Deptartment of Paediatrics
University of Oslo, Norwegian School of Sport Science
Oslo
Norway
C. CASTAGNA
Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory
Technical Department Italian Football Federation (FIGC
Coverciano (Florence)
Italy
L. M. CASTELL
University of Oxford
Green Templeton College
Oxford
UK
YOUNG-HUI CHANG
Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory
School of Applied Physiology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
USA
BENEDICTE CHAZAUD
Institut COCHIN INSERM U1016 CNRS UMR8104
Paris
France
YAJUN CHEN
Faculty of Public Health
Sun Yat-sen University
Guangzhou
China
MARTIN K. CHILDERS
Department of Neurology and Institute for
Regenerative Medicine
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC
USA
PHIL CHILIBECK
College of Kinesiology
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK
Canada
y
List of Contributors xi
LI-SHAN CHOU
Department of Human Physiology
University of Oregon
Eugene, OR
USA
NIELS JUEL CHRISTENSEN
Endocrine Research Laboratory
Department of Medicine
Herlev Hospital
University of Copenhagen
Herlev
Denmark
ANDREW L. CLARK
Hull York Medical School
Hull
UK
TORBEN CLAUSEN
Institute of Physiology and Biophysics
Aarhus University
Universitetsparken, Arhus
Denmark
PHILIPPE CONNES
Laboratoire ACTES (EA 3596)
Departement de Physiologie
Universite des Antilles et de la Guyane
Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe
French West Indies
STEVEN W. COPP
Departments of Kinesiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS
USA
KEITH DAVIDS
School of Human Movement Studies
Queensland University of Technology
Queensland
Australia
STEPHEN H. DAY
MMU Cheshire Sports Genetics Laboratory
Institute for Performance Research
Manchester Metropolitan University
Crewe
UK
MARY JANE DE SOUZA
Women’s Health and Exercise Laboratory
Noll Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology
Penn State University
University Park, PA
USA
CATHERINE F. DECKER
Division of Infectious Diseases
National Naval Medical Center
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, MD
USA
LOUISE DELDICQUE
Department of Biomedical Kinesiology
Research Centre for Exercise and Health
K.U.Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
LUIS DELGADO
Department of Immunology, and Immuno-allergolog
division
Faculty of Medicine
Hospital Sao Joao, E.P.E.
University of Porto
Porto
Portugal
VINCENZO DENARO
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
Campus Biomedico University
Rome
Italy
JARED M. DICKINSON
Department of Nutrition & Metabolism
Division of Rehabilitation Sciences
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, TX
USA
AMIE J. DIRKS-NAYLOR
School of Pharmacy
Wingate University
Wingate, NC
USA
s
t
xii List of Contributors
JAMES R. DOCHERTY
Department of Physiology
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Dublin
Ireland
PAUL VAN DONKELAAR
School of Health and Exercise Science
University of British Columbia – Okanagan Campus
Kelowna, BC
Canada
GAL DUBNOV-RAZ
Exercise, Nutrition and Lifestyle Clinic
The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital
Sheba Medical Center
Tel Hashomer
Israel
DAVID J. DYCK
Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, ON
Canada
KLAUS EDER
Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Interdisciplinary
Research Center (IFZ)
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
Giessen
Germany
ØYVIND ELLINGSEN
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
ROGER M. ENOKA
Department of Integrative Physiology
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO
USA
KIRK I. ERICKSON
Department of Psychology
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA
USA
JOANNA ERION
Physiology Department
Georgia Health Sciences University
Augusta, GA
USA
ANDREA ERMOLAO
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
University of Padova
Padova
Italy
KATRIN ESEFELD
Department of Prevention
Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine
Zentrum fur Pravention und Sportmedizin im
Olympiapark, Klinikum rechts der Isar
Technische Universitat Munchen
Munich
Germany
GERTJAN ETTEMA
Department of Human Movement Science
Faculty of Social Sciences and TechnologyManagemen
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
R. H. FAGARD
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit
Hypertension Unit
University of Leuven K.U. Leuven
U.Z. Gasthuisberg
Leuven
Belgium
AVERY FAIGENBAUM
Department of Health and Exercise Science
The College of New Jersey
Ewing, NJ
USA
FRANCESCO FALLO
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
University of Padova
Padova
Italy
List of Contributors xiii
RICHARD N. FEDORAK
Division of Gastroenterology
University of Alberta
1–10 Zeidler Ledcor Centre
Edmonton, AB
Canada
)
JONATHAN S. FISHERDepartment of Biology
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, MO
USA
AGNES FLOEL
Department of Neurology
Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Berlin
Germany
MARC FRANCAUX
Research group in muscle and exercise physiology
Institute of Neuroscience
Universite catholique de Louvain
Louvain-la-Neuve
Belgium
CHRISTINE M. FRIEDENREICH
Department of Population Health Research
Alberta Health Services – Cancer Care
Calgary, AB
Canada
TIM J. GABBETT
The University of Queensland
School of Human Movement Studies
Brisbane
Australia
FIORENZO GAITA
Cardiology Division
Department of Internal Medicine
San Giovanni Battista Hospital
University of Turin
Turin
Italy
ANDREW W. GARDNER
CMRI Hobbs-Recknagel Professor
General Clinical Research Center
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Oklahoma City, OK
USA
MAX GASSMANN
Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP
Institute of Veterinary Physiology
University of Zurich
Zurich
Switzerland
and
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
Lima
Peru
BERNARD GENY
Departement de Physiologie
EA 3072, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg
Strasbourg
France
GEORGE GIANNAKOULAS
Cardiology Department
AHEPA University Hospital
Thessaloniki
Greece
MARTIN J. GIBALA
Department of Kinesiology
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
Canada
L. BRUCE GLADDEN
Department of Kinesiology
Auburn University
Auburn, AL
USA
MICHAEL GLEESON
School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences
Loughborough University
Loughborough
UK
xiv List of Contributors
SONIA GOMEZ-MARTINEZ
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,
Immunonutrition Research Group
Institute of Food Science and Technology and
Nutrition (ICTAN)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Madrid
Spain
JOSE GONZALEZ-ALONSO
Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance
Brunel University
Uxbridge
UK
FERGAL GRACE
Health & Exercise Science
School of Science
University of the West of Scotland
Hamilton, Scotland
UK
ROBERT W. GRANGE
Department of Human Nutrition
Foods and Exercise
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA
USA
HENK GRANZIER
Department of Physiology and the Sarver Molecular
Cardiovascular Research Program
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ
USA
BRUNO GRASSI
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche
Universita degli Studi di Udine
Udine
Italy
STEPHANE GRECIANO
Service de cardiologie
Hopitaux Civils de Colmar
Colmar, Cedex
France
TRACY L. GREER
Department of Psychiatry
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
at Dallas
Dallas, TX
USA
TIMOTHY M. GRIFFIN
Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Department of Geriatric Medicine
Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging
Oklahoma City, OK
USA
CHANDAN GUHA
Department of Radiation Oncology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, NY
USA
THOMAS GUSTAFSSON
Department of Laboratory medicine
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm
Sweden
BERNARD GUTIN
Department of Nutrition
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC
USA
RAMIRO L. GUTIERREZ
Division of Infectious Diseases
National Naval Medical Center
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, MD
USA
ANTHONY C. HACKNEY
Endocrine Section – Applied Physiology Laboratory
Department of Exercise & Sports Science
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC
USA
List of Contributors xv
HIDDE J. HAISMA
Pharmaceutical Gene Modulation
Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy
Groningen University
Groningen
The Netherlands
MARTIN HALLE
Department of Prevention
Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine
Zentrum fur Pravention und Sportmedizin im
Olympiapark, Klinikum rechts der Isar
Technische Universitat Munchen
Munich
Germany
GREGORY A. HAND
Arnold School of Public Health
Department of Exercise Science
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC
USA
B. HANDS
Institute for Health and Rehabilitation Research
University of Notre Dame
Fremantle
Australia
s
HEINZ W. HARBACH
Department of Anaesthesiology
Intensive Care Medicine
Pain Therapy
University Hospital Giessen & Marburg
Campus Giessen
Giessen
Germany
MARK HARGREAVES
Department of Physiology
The University of Melbourne
Melbourne
Australia
DAVID G. HARRISON
Cardiology Division
Department of Medicine and Biomechanical
Engineering
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital
Atlanta, GA
USA
FRED HARTGENS
Departments of Epidemiology and Surgery
Maastricht University Medical Centre
Research school CAPHRI
Sports Medicine Centre Maastricht
Maastricht
The Netherlands
PETER HASSMEN
Department of Psychology
Umea University
Umea
Sweden
HANS CHRISTIAN HAVERKAMP
Department of Environmental and Health Sciences
JSC Hodgepodge
Johnson State College
Johnson, VT
USA
THOMAS J. HAWKE
Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
Canada
JOHN A. HAWLEY
Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Science
Health Innovations Research Institute
RMIT University
Bundoora, VIC
Australia
HERMANN HECK
Lehrstuhl fur Sportmedizin
University of Bochum
Institute of Sportmedicine and Nutrition
Bochum
Germany
s
xvi List of Contributors
HEIN HEIDBUCHEL
Cardiology – Electrophysiology
University Hospital Gasthuisberg
University of Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
JAN HELGERUD
Department of Circulation and Medical imaging
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
and
Department of Sports and Outdoor Life Studies
Bø Telemark University College
Bø
Norway
and
Hokksund Medical Rehabilitation Centre
Hokksund
Norway
MATTHIJS HESSELINK
Department of Human Biology
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht
The Netherlands
TAMARA HEW-BUTLER
Exercise Science School of Health Science
Oakland University
Rochester, MI
USA
KEITH HILL
Musculoskeletal Research Centre
La Trobe University and Northern Health
Bundoora, VIC
Australia
MARNI HILLINGER
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon
New York, NY
USA
CHARLES H. HILLMAN
Department of Kinesiology and Community Health
University of Illinois
Urbana, IL
USA
DANIEL M. HIRAI
Departments of Kinesiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS
USA
ANGELA HO
Texas Obesity Research Center
Health & Human Performance
University of Houston
Houston, TX
USA
JORIS HOEKS
Department of Human Biology
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht
The Netherlands
JAN HOFF
Department of Circulation and Medical imaging
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
and
Department of Physical Medicine
St Olav’s University Hospital
Trondheim
Norway
DAVID A. HOOD
Muscle Health Research Centre
School of Kinesiology & Health Science
York University
Toronto, ON
Canada
HANS HOPPELER
Department of Anatomy
University of Bern
Bern
Switzerland
JEFFREY F. HOROWITZ
School of Kinesiology
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
USA
List of Contributors xvii
GANG HU
Chronic Disease Epidemiology Laboratory
Population Science
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Baton Rouge, LA
USA
MONICA J. HUBAL
Research Center for Genetic Medicine
Children’s National Medical Center
Washington, DC
USA
PETER A. HUIJING
Research Institute Move
Faculteit Bewegingswetenschappen
Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
REED HUMPHREY
School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science
College of Health Professions & Biomedical Sciences
The University of Montana
Missoula, MT
USA
FERDINANDO IELLAMO
Internal Medicine
University Tor Vergata
Rome
Italy
OMRI INBAR
Department of Life Sciences
Zinman College Wingate Institute
Netania
Israel
OLLIE JAY
Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory
School of Human Kinetics
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON
Canada
WOLFGANG JELKMANN
Institute of Physiology
University of Luebeck
Luebeck
Germany
ASKER JEUKENDRUP
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences
The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham
UK
LI LI JI
Department of Kinesiology
Interdepartmental Program of Nutritional Sciences
Institute on Aging
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, WI
USA
HANJOONG JO
Cardiology Division
Department of Medicine and Biomechanical
Engineering
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital
Atlanta, GA
USA
D. A. JONES
Institute for Biomedical Research into Human
Movement and Health
Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester
UK
LEE W. JONES
Department of Surgery
Duke University Medical Center
Duke Cancer Institute
Durham, NC
USA
CARSTEN JUEL
Department of Biology
Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Denmark
Y. PETER JUNG
Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab
Department of Health and Kinesiology
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX
USA
xviii List of Contributors
JAYNE M. KALMAR
Wilfrid Laurier University
Waterloo, ON
Canada
KAMELJIT KALSI
Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance
Brunel University
Uxbridge
UK
JIE KANG
Human Performance Laboratory
Department of Health and Exercise Science
The College of New Jersey
Ewing, NJ
USA
HARALAMBOS KARVOUNIS
Cardiology Department
AHEPA University Hospital
Thessaloniki
Greece
ANDREAS N. KAVAZIS
Department of Kinesiology
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, MS
USA
KEVIN G. KEENAN
Neuromechanics Lab
Department of Human Movement Sciences
College of Health Sciences University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee, WI
USA
OLE JOHAN KEMI
Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, Scotland
UK
MAXIMILIAN KEMPER
Department of Prevention
Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine
Zentrum fur Pravention und Sportmedizin im
Olympiapark
Klinikum rechts der Isar
Technische Universitat Munchen
Munich
Germany
K. KENN
Klinikum Berchtesgadener Land
GmbH & Co. KG
Prien am Chiemsee
Germany
LON KILGORE
Health & Exercise Science
School of Science
University of the West of Scotland
Hamilton, Scotland
UK
WILFRIED KINDERMANN
Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine
University of Saarland
Saarbrucken
Germany
RALF KINSCHERF
Head of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Philipps-University of Marburg
Marburg
Germany
MICHAEL KJÆR
Institute of Sports Medicine and Centre for Healthy
Ageing
Bispebjerg Hospital
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Denmark
CHRISTOPHER E. KLINE
Department of Psychiatry
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, PA
USA
List of Contributors xix
BEAT KNECHTLE
Institute of General Practice and for Health Services
Research
University of Zurich
Zurich
Switzerland
A. R. KOCZULLA
Dept. Pulmonology
University Giessen and Marburg
Marburg
Germany
d
PETER KOKKINOS
Cardiology Department
Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Washington, DC
USA
and
George Washington University School of Medicine an
Health Sciences
Washington, DC
USA
PAAVO V. KOMI
Neuromuscular Research Center
University of Jyvaskyla
Jyvaskyla
Finland
DANIEL KONIG
Medizinische Universitatsklinik
Abt. Rehabilitative und Praventive Sportmedizin
Freiburg
Germany
WILLIAM J. KRAEMER
Department of Kinesiology
University of Connecticut Human
Performance Laboratory
Storrs, CT
USA
ts
MATTHEW P. KRAUSEDepartment of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
Canada
KIM A. KRAWCZEWSKI CARHUATANTA
Metabolic Disease Institute
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH
USA
RICHARD B. KREIDER
Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab
Department of Health and Kinesiology
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX
USA
KARSTEN KRUGER
Department of Sports Medicine
University of Giessen
Giessen
Germany
SIEGFRIED LABEIT
Klinikum Mannheim GmbH Universitatsklinikum
Universitatsmedizin Mannheim
University of Heidelberg
Mannheim
Germany
TIMO A. LAKKA
Department of Physiology
Institute of Biomedicine
University of Eastern Finland
Kuopio
Finland
and
Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine
Kuopio
Finland
G. PATRICK LAMBERT
Department of Exercise Science
Creighton University
Omaha, NE
USA
MIKE I. LAMBERT
MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Spor
Medicine, Department of Human Biology
University of Cape Town
Newlands, Cape Town
South Africa
xx List of Contributors
REBECCA E. LEE
Texas Obesity Research Center
Health & Human Performance
University of Houston
Houston, TX
USA
nt
STIG LEIRDAL
Department of Human Movement Science
Faculty of Social Sciences and TechnologyManageme
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
RENATE M. LEITHAUSER
Biomedical Science
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Essex
UK
ARTHUR S. LEON
Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and
Exercise Science
School of Kinesiology
Minneapolis, MN
USA
DANIEL J. LEONG
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Radiation
Oncology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore
Medical Center
Bronx, NY
USA
RICHARD LEPPERT
Department of Neurology
Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Berlin
Germany
s
MICHAEL I. LINDINGER
Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, ON
Canada
DAVID M. LINDSAY
University of Calgary
Calgary, AB
Canada
GREGORY Y. H. LIP
Haemostasis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit
University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular
Sciences
City Hospital
Birmingham
UK
HERBERT LOLLGEN
Sana-Klinikum Remscheid
Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz
Remscheid
Germany
RUTH LOLLGEN
Soins intensifs pediatriques
Departement medico-chirurgical de pediatrie- DMCP
Batiment hospitalier
Lausanne
Switzerland
UMILE GIUSEPPE LONGO
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
Campus Biomedico University
Rome
Italy
STEPHEN R. LORD
Falls and Balance Research Group
Neuroscience Research Australia
University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW
Australia
BRITTA LOREY
Institute for Sport Science
Justus Liebig University
Giessen
Germany
ANNE B. LOUCKS
Department of Biological Sciences
Ohio University
Athens, OH
USA
List of Contributors xxi
G. WILLIAM LYERLY
Arnold School of Public Health
Department of Exercise Science
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC
USA
BRIGID M. LYNCH
Department of Population Health Research
Alberta Health Services – Cancer Care
Calgary, AB
Canada
GORDON S. LYNCH
Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory
Department of Physiology
The University of Melbourne
Melbourne, VIC
Australia
SCOTT K. LYNN
Department of Kinesiology
California State University
Fullerton, CA
USA
BRIAN R. MACINTOSH
University of Calgary
Calgary, AL
Canada
LIDA MADEMLI
Department of Sports Science
Serres
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Greece
ry
NICOLA MAFFULLI
Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentist
Mile End Hospital
Queen Mary University of London
London
UK
FAIDON MAGKOS
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Harokopio University
Athens
Greece
and
Center for Human Nutrition
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO
USA
ROBERT J. MAJESKA
Department of Biomedical Engineering
The City College of New York
New York, NY
USA
ROBERT M. MALINA
Department of Kinesiology and Health Education
University of Texas at Austin
Stephenville, TX
USA
and
Department of Kinesiology
Tarleton State University
Stephenville, TX
USA
FABIO MANFREDINI
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Section of Biochemistry of Physical Exercise Center
Biomedical Studies Applied to Sport
Vascular Diseases Center
University of Ferrara
Ferrara
Italy
ROBERTO MANFREDINI
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Section of Biochemistry of Physical Exercise Center
Biomedical Studies Applied to Sport
Vascular Diseases Center
University of Ferrara
Ferrara
Italy
n
e
xxii List of Contributors
MELINDA M. MANORE
Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences
Oregon State University College of Health and Human
Sciences
Corvallis, OR
USA
ASCENSION MARCOS
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
Immunonutrition Research Group
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutritio
(ICTAN)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Madrid
Spain
CHAD D. MARKERT
Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine
Wake Forest University
Winston-Salem, NC
USA
GORAN MARKOVIC
School of Kinesiology
University of Zagreb
Zagreb
Croatia
DAVID MARTINEZ-GOMEZ
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
Immunonutrition Research Group
Institute of Food Science and Technology and
Nutrition (ICTAN)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Madrid
Spain
ANTONIOS MATSAKAS
Institute of Molecular Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science Center
Houston, TX
USA
MARK P. MATTSON
Laboratory of Neurosciences
National Institute on Aging Intramural Research
Program
Biomedical Research Center Room 05C214
Baltimore, MD
USA
R. J. MAUGHAN
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences
Loughborough University
Loughborough
UK
ROBERT S. MAZZEO
Department of Integrative Physiology
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO
USA
JAMES R. MCDONALD
Department of Kinesiology
Auburn University
Auburn, AL
USA
GEMMA A. MCLEOD
School of Physical Education and Department of
Human Nutrition
University of Otago
Dunedin
New Zealand
ROMAIN MEEUSEN
Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicin
Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy
Lotto Sports Science Chair
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Brussels
Belgium
BERTRAND METTAUER
Service de cardiologie
Hopitaux Civils de Colmar
Colmar, Cedex
France
and
Departement de Physiologie
EA 3072, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg
Strasbourg
France
MARIE-LAURE MILLE
Universite du Sud
Toulon–Var
La Garde
France
and
List of Contributors xxiii
Institut des Sciences du Mouvement
Aix–Marseille University & CNRS
UMR 6233
Marseille cedex 9
France
BENJAMIN F. MILLER
Department of Health and Exercise Science
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO
USA
LINDSEY E. MILLER
Cardioprotection Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology
Auburn University
Auburn, AL
USA
KEVIN MILNE
Department of Kinesiology
The University of Windsor
Windsor, ON
Canada
TOBY MUNDEL
School of Sport and Exercise
Massey University
Palmerston North
New Zealand
FRANK C. MOOREN
Department of Sports Medicine
Justus-Liebig-University
Giessen
Germany
y
y)
ANDRE MOREIRA
Department of Immunology, and Immuno-allergolog
division
Faculty of Medicine
Hospital Sao Joao, E.P.E.
University of Porto
Porto
Portugal
DAVID L. MORGAN
Department of Physiology
Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering
Monash University
Clayton, VIC
Australia
SOPHIA-ANASTASIA MOURATOGLOU
Cardiology Department
AHEPA University Hospital
Thessaloniki
Greece
TIMOTHY I. MUSCH
Departments of Kinesiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS
USA
KATHRYN H. MYBURGH
Department Physiological Sciences
Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine
Stellenbosch University
Stellenbosch
South Africa
JONATHAN N. MYERS
VA Palo Alto Health Care System
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA
USA
GUSTAVO A. NADER
Department of Medicine
Center for Molecular Medicine L8:04
Karolinska Institute
Stockholm
Sweden
NEERAJ NARULA
Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterolog
and, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research
Institute
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
Canada
xxiv List of Contributors
CHRISTOPHER L. NEWMAN
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN
USA
P. NEWSHOLME
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science
Conway Institute and Health Sciences Complex
University College Dublin
Dublin
Ireland
’s
CAROLINE NICOL
Aix-Marseille University
UMR 6233
Marseilles
France
d
)
JOSEF NIEBAUER
University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention an
Rehabilitation
Institute of Sports Medicine of the State of Salzburg
Sports Medicine of the Olympic Center Salzburg-Rif
Paracelsus Medical University
Salzburg
Austria
DAVID C. NIEMAN
Department of Health, Leisure and Exercise Science
Appalachian State University Fischer Hamilton/Nycom
Biochemistry Laboratory
Boone, NC
USA
EARL G. NOBLE
Department of Kinesiology
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON
Canada
e
GUILLERMO J. NOFFAL
Department of Kinesiology
California State University
Fullerton, CA
USA
FRANS NOLLET
Department of Rehabilitation
Academic Medical Centre
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, AZ
The Netherlands
STEPHEN R. NORRIS
Canadian Sport Centre - Calgary
University of Calgary and Mount Royal University
Calgary, AB
Canada
BLAKESLEE E. NOYES
School of Medicine
St. Louis University at SSM Cardinal Glennon Children
Medical Center
St. Louis, MO
USA
LOUISE ØSTERGAARD
Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP
Institute of Veterinary Physiology
University of Zurich
Zurich
Switzerland
LOUIS R. OSTERNIG
Department of Human Physiology
University of Oregon
Eugene, OR
USA
KETAN PATEL
School of Biological Sciences
University of Reading
Whiteknights, Reading
UK
KEVIN DE PAUW
Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicin
Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy
Lotto Sports Science Chair
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Brussels
Belgium
r
m
y
List of Contributors xxv
SOFIA PEREZ-ALENDA
Department of Physiotherapy
University of Valencia
Spain
and
Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit
University Hospital La FE
Valencia
Spain
LINDA S. PESCATELLO
Department of Kinesiology U-1110
Human Performance Laboratory
Neag School of Education
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT
USA
DIRK PETTE
Department of Biology
University of Konstanz
Konstanz
Germany
ANDREW PHILP
Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavio
University of California
Davis, CA
USA
YANNIS PITSILADIS
College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences
Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, Scotland
UK
GUY PLASQUI
Department of Human Biology
NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolis
Maastricht University Medical Centre +
Maastricht
The Netherlands
DAVID C. POOLE
Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiolog
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS
USA
NICOLE PROMMER
Department of Sports Medicine
University of Bayreuth
Bayreuth
Germany
UWE PROSKE
Department of Physiology
Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering
Monash University
Clayton, VIC
Australia
FELIPE QUEROL
Department of Physiotherapy
University of Valencia
Spain
and
Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit
University Hospital La FE
Valencia
Spain
JOHN C. QUINDRY
Cardioprotection Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology
Auburn University
Auburn, AL
USA
BLAKE B. RASMUSSEN
Department of Nutrition & Metabolism
Division of Rehabilitation Sciences
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, TX
USA
NICHOLAS A. RATAMESS
Department of Health and Exercise Science
The College of New Jersey
Ewing, NJ
USA
NANCY J. REHRER
School of Physical Education and Department of
Human Nutrition
University of Otago
Dunedin
New Zealand
s
xxvi List of Contributors
THOMAS REILLY
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences
Liverpool John Moores University Henry Cotton
Campus
Liverpool
UK
CHAD D. RETHORST
Department of Psychiatry
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas
Dallas, TX
USA
JEAN-PAUL RICHALET
EA2363 “Reponses cellulaires et fonctionnelles
a l’hypoxie”
UFR SMBH
Universite Paris 13
Bobigny Cedex
France
M. C. RIDDELL
School of Kinesiology and Health Science
Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit
Faculty of Health
Muscle Health Research Centre
York University
York
Canada
ROBERT RINGSEIS
Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Interdisciplinary
Research Center (IFZ)
Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology
Giessen
Germany
HANNU RINTAMAKI
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Oulu
Finland
and
Department of Physiology
Institute of Biomedicine
University of Oulu
Oulu
Finland
LINDSAY E. ROBINSON
Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, ON
Canada
MATTHEW M. ROBINSON
Endocrine Research Unit
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN
USA
H. LLEWELYN RODERICK
Laboratory of Signalling and Cell Fate
Babraham Institute
Cambridge
UK
and
Department of Pharmacology
University of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
MARK W. ROGERS
University of Maryland Claude D. Pepper Older
American Independence Center
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD
USA
ØIVIND ROGNMO
K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
JAVIER ROMEO
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,
Immunonutrition Research Group
Institute of Food Science and Technology and
Nutrition (ICTAN)
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Madrid
Spain
ERIC RULLMAN
Department of Laboratory medicine
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm
Sweden
g
List of Contributors xxvii
ROBERT L. SAINBURG
Departments of Kinesiology and Neurology
The Pennsylvania State University
Pennsylvania, PA
USA
MICHELE SAMAJA
University of Milan – San Paolo
Milan
Italy
THOMAS G. SANDERCOCK
Department of Physiology M211
Ward 5–295
Feinberg School of Medicine
Northwestern University
Chicago, IL
USA
WILHELM SCHANZER
German Sport University Cologne
Institute of Biochemistry – Center for Preventive Dopin
Research
Cologne
Germany
ZACHARY J. SCHLADER
School of Sport and Exercise
Massey University
Palmerston North
New Zealand
WALTER SCHMIDT
Department of Sports Medicine
University of Bayreuth
Bayreuth
Germany
PATRICK SCHRAUWEN
Department of Human Biology
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht
The Netherlands
CHRISTOPHER B. SCOTT
Department of Exercise, Health and Sport Sciences
University of Southern Maine
Gorham, ME
USA
DAVID L. SCOTT
Department of Rheumatology
King’s College Hospital
Kings College London School of Medicine Weston
Education Centre
London
UK
CHARLES SEARLES
Cardiology Division
Department of Medicine and Biomechanical
Engineering
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital
Atlanta, GA
USA
MICHAEL SEIMETZ
Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS)
University of Giessen Lung Center (UGLC)
Medizinische Klinik II
Giessen
Germany
KAREN SØGAARD
Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics
University of Southern Denmark
Odense M
Denmark
ROY J. SHEPHARD
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON
Canada
and
University of Toronto
Brackendale, BC
Canada
JEREMY M. SHEPPARD
Department of Biomedical, Health, and Exercise
Sciences
Edith Cowan University
Joondalup
Australia
xxviii List of Contributors
CATHERINE SHERRINGTON
Musculoskeletal Division
The George Institute for Global Health, University of
Sydney
Sydney, NSW
Australia
S. M. SHIRREFFS
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences
Loughborough University
Loughborough
UK
MARLENE N. SILVA
Department of Sports and Health
Faculty of Human Kinetics
Technical University of Lisbon
Lisbon
Portugal
RICHARD J. SIMPSON
Laboratory of Integrated Physiology
Department of Health and Human Performance
University of Houston
Houston, TX
USA
KAUSTABH SINGH
Muscle Health Research Centre
School of Kinesiology & Health Science
York University
Toronto, ON
Canada
SEBASTIAN SIXT
Herz-Zentrum Bad Krozingen
Deparment of Angiology
Bad Krozingen
Germany
GISELA SJØGAARD
Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics
University of Southern Denmark
Odense M
Denmark
DAVID J. SMITH
Human Performance Laboratory
University of Calgary
Calgary, AB
Canada
ASHLEY J. SMUDER
Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL
USA
IOANNIS SMYRNIAS
Department of Cardiology
The James Black Centre
King’s College London
London
UK
DANIEL SOFFER
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
USA
ESPEN E. SPANGENBURG
Department of Kinesiology
School of Public Health
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
USA
FILIPPO SPIEZIA
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
Campus Biomedico University
Rome
Italy
NINA S. STACHENFELD
The John B. Pierce Laboratory
New Haven, CT
USA
and
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and
Reproductive Sciences
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT
USA
and
Yale School of Public Health
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT
USA
s
g
List of Contributors xxix
ROBERT S. STARON
Department of Biomedical Sciences
College of Osteopathic Medicine
Ohio University
Athens, OH
USA
JOEL STEIN
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon
New York, NY
USA
C. E. STEWART
Institute for Biomedical Research into Human
Movement and Health
Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester
UK
ALEXIS M. STRANAHAN
Physiology Department
Georgia Health Sciences University
Augusta, GA
USA
ANNA STROMBERG
Department of Laboratory medicine
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm
Sweden
DAINA L. STURNIEKS
Falls and Balance Research Group
Neuroscience Research Australia
University of New South Wales
Sydney, NSW
Australia
HUI B. SUN
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Radiation
Oncology
Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore
Medical Center
Bronx, NY
USA
KATSUHIKO SUZUKI
Waseda University
Tokorozawa, Saitama
Japan
STEFANO TADDEI
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Pisa
Pisa
Italy
HIROFUMI TANAKA
Department of Kinesiology and Health Education
Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX
USA
PEDRO TAULER RIERA
Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciencies de la
Salut
Universitat de les Illes Balears
Palma de Mallorca
Spain
HENRY L. TAYLOR
Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise
Science
School of Kinesiology
Minneapolis, MN
USA
PEDRO J. TEIXEIRA
Department of Sports and Health
Faculty of Human Kinetics
Technical University of Lisbon
Lisbon
Portugal
MARIO THEVIS
German Sport University Cologne
Institute of Biochemistry – Center for Preventive Dopin
Research
Cologne
Germany
ANNE TIEDEMANN
Musculoskeletal Division
The George Institute for Global Health
University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW
Australia
l
xxx List of Contributors
REBECCA J. TOOMBS
Women’s Health and Exercise Laboratory
Noll Laboratory
Department of Kinesiology
Penn State University
University Park, PA
USA
ELISABETTA TOSO
Cardiology Division
Department of Internal Medicine
San Giovanni Battista Hospital
University of Turin
Turin
Italy
KARIN E. TRAJCEVSKI
Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
McMaster University
Hamilton, ON
Canada
JOSE LUIS TREJO
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmenta
Neurobiology
Cajal Institute
CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
Madrid
Spain
MADHUKAR H. TRIVEDI
Department of Psychiatry
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at
Dallas
Dallas, TX
USA
JAAKKO TUOMILEHTO
South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital
Seinajoki
Finland
and
Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015
Hospital Universitario La Paz
Madrid
Spain
and
Centre for Vascular Prevention
Danube-University Krems
Krems
Austria
AXEL URHAUSEN
Centre de l’Appareil locomoteur
de Medecine du Sport et de Prevention
Laboratoire de Recherche en Medecine du Sport
Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg
CRP-sante
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
ANTHONY A. VANDERVOORT
School of Physical Therapy
University of Western Ontario
Ontario
Canada
LUIGI VARESIO
Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Giannina Gaslini Institute
Genova
Italy
RENEE VENTURA-CLAPIER
Faculte de Pharmacie
U-769 Inserm
Universite Paris-Sud
Chatenay-Malabry
France
C. FRANZ VOGELMEIER
Dept. Pulmonology
University Giessen and Marburg
Marburg
Germany
MICHAEL VOGT
Department of Anatomy
University of Bern
Bern
Switzerland
STELLA LUCIA VOLPE
Department of Nutrition Sciences
Drexel University
Philadelphia, PA
USA
MAURIZIO VOLTERRANI
UO di Riabilitazione Cardiologica
IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana
Rome
Italy
List of Contributors xxxi
JURGEN VORMANN
Institute for Prevention and Nutrition
Ismaning
Germany
PETER WAGNER
Department of Medicine
University of California
San Diego, CA
USA
CLAUDIA WALTHER
Department of Cardiology
Kerckhoff Clinic
Bad Nauheim
Germany
KARLMAN WASSERMAN
Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California at Los Angeles
Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Torrance, CA
USA
y
CORA WEIGERT
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology,
Nephrology, Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistr
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Tuebingen
Tuebingen
Germany
and
Paul Langerhans Institute Tuebingen
Tuebingen
Germany
s
n
MEGAN M. WENNER
The John B. Pierce Laboratory
New Haven, CT
USA
and
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and
Reproductive Sciences
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT
USA
KLAAS R. WESTERTERP
Department of Human Biology
NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism
Maastricht University Medical Centre +
Maastricht
The Netherlands
KIM VAN WIJCK
Department of General Surgery
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht
The Netherlands
ALUN G. WILLIAMS
MMU Cheshire Sports Genetics Laboratory
Institute for Performance Research, Manchester
Metropolitan University
Crewe
UK
NANCY I. WILLIAMS
Department of Kinesiology
Penn State University 108 Noll Laboratory
University Park, PA
USA
ULRIK WISLØFF
K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim
Norway
STEPHEN C. WOODS
Internal Medicine and Psychiatry
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH
USA
DAVID C. WRIGHT
Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, ON
Canada
JULIA WARNBERG
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition
Immunonutrition Research Group
Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutritio
(ICTAN)
xxxii List of Contributors
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Madrid
Spain
and
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
School of Medicine
University of Navarra
Pamplona
Spain
KEVIN E. YARASHESKI
Program in Physical Therapy and Department of
Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine
Saint Louis, MO
USA
JASPER T. YEN
Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory
School of Applied Physiology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
USA
P. ZAMPARO
Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological
Morphological and Movement Sciences
School of Exercise and Sport Sciences
University of Verona
Verona
Italy
JERZY A. ZOLADZ
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry
Faculty of Rehabilitation
University School of Physical Education
AWF-Krakow
Krakow
Poland