Download - Emphysema
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Emphysema
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Causes of Emphysema• Normal lung tissue stretches when we breathe in and
springs back when we breathe out (elastic recoil).
• In emphysema the elastin becomes permanentlystretched and the lungs cannot force out the air.
• The alveoli surface area is reduced and they can burst.• It occurs in 1 in 5 smokers and develops slowly over a
period of 20 years…
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Normal Alveoli Emphysema
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Symptoms of Emphysema• Shortness of breath due to the difficulty of exhaling air with
reduced lung elasticity. As a result it is difficult to inhale fresh air containing oxygen so the patient feels breathless.
• Rapid breathing as the smaller alveoli surface area results in reduced oxygen levels in the blood so the patient breathes rapidly to try to increase the oxygen.
• Chronic cough due to the body trying to remove damaged tissue and mucus which cannot be removed.
• Bluish skin colour due to low levels of oxygen in the blood as a result of poor gas diffusion in the lungs…
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Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Pulmonary Fibrosis• Caused when scars form on the epithelium lining of the
lungs causing them to become thickened.
• This reduces the efficency of oxygen uptake by the blood (Fick’s Law), as the diffusion pathway is increased.
• Also the volume of lungs that the air can contain is reduced.
• The scars also reduce lung elasticity meaning that after breathing in, the lungs don’t spring back. So air is not
expelled from the lungs as well…
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Symptoms of Fibrosis• Shortness of breath especially when exercising as
much of the lung air space has been replaced by scar tissue.
• Chronic dry cough because the scar tissue causes anobstruction which the body tries but cannot remove.
• Pain and discomfort in the chest due to the pressure and damage from scar tissue and persistent cough leading to more damage.
• Weakness and fatigue due to reduced oxygen intake,resulting in reduced cellular respiration…
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Asthma
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• Asthma is the result of a localised allergic reaction.
• It affects up to 10% of the world population.
• It accounts for 2000 deaths each year in the UK.
• It is caused by common allergens like pollen, animal fur, faeces of house dust mites.
• It can also be triggered or made worse by air pollution(e.g. sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone), cold air,
infection anxiety and stress.
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Effects of Asthma on bodyThe allergen causes white blood cells in the linings of the bronchi and bronchioles to release a chemical called histamine causing:
• the lining of the air ways to become inflamed.
• the cells of the epithelial lining to secrete larger amounts of mucus than normal.
• fluid to leave the capillaries and enter the airways.
• the muscle surrounding the bronchioles to contract and constrict the airways.
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Symptoms of Asthma• Greater difficulty in breathing because of the
constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles, their inflamed linings and the additional fluid and mucus.
• A wheezing sound caused by air passing through constricted bronchi and bronchioles.
• A tight feeling in the chest due to being unable to ventilate the lungs adequately due to the constricted airways.
• Coughing as a reflex response to try to clear obstructed bronchi and bronchioles…