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Emergency Back-up Power Generationfor Water & Wastewater Facilities
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Emergency Back-up power sources
• Multiple utility feeds• On site emergency power sources
– Diesel powered generator sets– Natural Gas generator sets– Bi-fuel generator sets– Gas Turbines
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Multiple Utility Feeds
• Pros– Majority of the equipment is owned and maintained by
the utility company.– Lowest cost per kWh produced during outage of the
primary feed.
• Cons– Susceptibility to failure during natural disaster higher
due to failure upstream.
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Multiple Utility Feeds
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Diesel Powered Generator Sets
• Pros– Reliable technology– High power density– On site fuel storage– Cost per kW installed
• Cons– High cost of fuel per kWh produced– Emissions
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Natural Gas Powered Generator Sets
• Pros– Low cost of fuel per kWh produced– Emissions
• Cons– Less reliable source of fuel during natural disasters– Inferior transient response– Cost per kW installed
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Bi-fuel Powered Generator Sets70% Diesel 30% Natural Gas
• Pros– Lower installation cost per kW than Natural gas engine
or Turbine– Ability to supplement diesel fuel with natural gas
during power outage, if natural gas supply remainsavailable
• Cons– Higher installation cost than diesel genset– Not commonly offered by major engine manufacturers– Additional complexity
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Natural Gas Turbines
• Pros– High power density– Better transient response than Natural gas engines
• Cons– Less reliable source of fuel during natural disasters– Higher cost per kW installed– Power output is temperature dependent
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Power Source Summary
Diesel Nat. Gas Bi-fuel Gas Turbines
Power Density *** * ** ****
Emissions * **** ** ***
Installed cost **** ** *** *
Fuel cost * **** ** ***
Transient response *** * *** ****
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Power System Design Considerations• Small power systems (<1000kW)
– Typically 480 Volts– One generator set– Automatic Transfer Switch– Automatic Transfer Switchboard
• Large power systems– Typically 4.16 kV or 12.47 kV– Automatic Transfer Switchgear– Single or Multiple generator sets– Utility Paralleling Switchgear
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Power System Design Considerations
• Neutral grounding– Solid grounded
• Most common in 480 V systems
– Low impedance grounded• Most common in medium voltage systems
– High impedance grounded• Less common• More complex to design• Generally provides higher reliability of service
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Contactor Based ATS
• Readily Available• Inexpensive• Open Transition• Requires external
protection– circuit breakers– fuses
NORMALSOURCE
OF POWER
CONTACTORTYPE ATS
EMERGENCYSOURCE OF
POWER
NORMALCIRCUIT
BREAKER
EMERGENCYCIRCUITBREAKER
OUTPUT TOCRITICAL LOADS
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time (approx. 15 sec.)+ generator starting
Generator start delay
Outputto load
0
rated
rated
rated
sourceEmergency
sourceNormal
0
0
V(voltage)
t (time)
ATS Operation (Loss of Normal Source)
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ATS Operation (Open Transition Return)
t (time)
(voltage)
0
0
rated
rated
rated
0
Outputto load
sourceEmergency
Normalsource
V Return to normaltime delay(5-30 min.)
Open transitiontransfer time(.05 - 3 sec.)
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Copyright © 2006 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.netCRITICAL LOADS
NORMALCIRCUIT
BREAKER
OF POWERSOURCENORMAL
OUTPUT TO
EMERGENCYCIRCUITBREAKER
OF POWER
EMERGENCYSOURCE
SOLIDSTATEATS
BREAKERCIRCUITOUTPUT
NORMALBYPASSCIRCUIT
BREAKER
EMERGENCYBYPASSCIRCUITBREAKER
Solid State ATS
• Very Fast transfer– (1/4 cycle)
• Very expensive• Typically used to transfer
between 2 constantlyavailable sources
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NORMALSOURCE
OF POWEREMERGENCYSOURCE OF
POWER
NORMALCIRCUIT
BREAKER
EMERGENCYCIRCUITBREAKER
OUTPUT TOCRITICAL LOADS
CIRCUITBREAKERTYPE ATS
Circuit Breaker Based ATS
• Simple• Inexpensive• Power Switching Assy.
– Molded or Insulated case switch• External protection required
– Molded or Insulated case cb• No external protection required
• Open Transition
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NORMALSOURCE
OF POWEREMERGENCYSOURCE OF
POWER
NORMALCIRCUIT
BREAKER
EMERGENCYCIRCUITBREAKER
OUTPUT TOCRITICAL LOADS
CIRCUITBREAKERTYPE ATS
Automatic Transfer Switchboard
• Familiar Circuit Breakertechnology
• Open or Closed Transition– 100msec or soft transfer
• Active / PassiveSynchronization
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time (approx. 15 sec.)+ generator starting
Generator start delay
Outputto load
0
rated
rated
rated
sourceEmergency
sourceNormal
0
0
V(voltage)
t (time)
ATSB Operation (Loss of Normal Source)
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ATSB Operation (Closed Transition Return)
t (time)
(voltage)
0
0
rated
rated
rated
0
Outputto load
sourceEmergency
Normalsource
V Return to normaltime delay(5-30 min.)
Synchronizationtime
Closed transitionre-transfer time(.1 - 300 sec.)
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Switchgear
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Automatic Transfer Switchgear
• Integration ofemergency powersource into the plantdistribution switchgear
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Switchgear
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Switchgear
• Back-up generation ready powerdistribution system design:– Provision for connection of generators– Equipment configuration
• Electrically operated circuit breakers, CTs, PTs andother accessories.
• Segregation of the load to allow cost effective loadshedding
– Site physical layout
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Switchgear
• Utility paralleling– Load testing of generators– Peak shaving
• Single large or Multiple small generators
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Peak Shaving
Utility Load Profile
MEG
AW
ATT
S
Customer Load Profile
Hours5 10 15 20 250
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Peak Sharing
Utility Load Profile
MEG
AW
ATT
S
Customer Load Profile
Hours5 10 15 20 250
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
TIME
KIL
OW
ATT
S
UTILITY
GEN
Baseload Control
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
EXPORTEDUTILITYGEN
Baseload Control
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
KIL
OW
ATT
S
GEN
UTILITY
Import Control
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:0
0
12:0
0
14:0
0
16:0
0
18:0
0
20:0
0
22:0
0
EXPORTED
SITE
Export Control
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SCADA System
• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition• System visualization and remote control• Events and alarm logging• Email event notification• Historical data logging• Full access from remote location• Ethernet connection
– Modbus TCP (port 502) interface– Http (port 80) web browser interface
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SCADA Interface
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Economics
• Most common source of on-site emergencypower is diesel generator set.– Typical total cost of installed power system is
between $450 and $650 per kW• Factors affecting installed cost include:
– Power system voltage– Building or outdoor enclosed equipment– Fuel storage size and configuration– Specified equipment requirements
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Economics
• Natural Gas Genset based system.– Typical total cost of installed power system is
between $850 and $1200 per kW• Factors affecting installed cost include:
– Power system voltage– Building or outdoor enclosed equipment– Specified equipment requirements
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Financing• Alternative financing options through Energy
Services Companies– Expedite Financing and Construction projects by
utilizing Alternative Energy Related financingopportunities
– Taking advantage of the latest State Legislation– Qualifying factors for alternative financing options may include:
• Savings in water consumption costs, wastewater usage costsand other operating costs, and increase of billable revenues
• Guaranteed savings, Energy, Operations and Capitalavoidance.
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Copyright © 2006 Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. www.aptinc.net