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EMBRIOLOGIA CARDIOVASCULAR
Carlos A. Gonzales MedinaCátedra de Embriología y Genética –UNMSM
Lima PERUADIECS 2010
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• Desarrollo del aparato cardiovascular
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FORMACIÓN DE SANGRE Y VASOS SANGUÍNEOS
• Inicio 3º semana: células mesodérmicas de pared sv aparecen angioblastos.
• Luego forman cúmulos celulares angiógenos: – Células centrales originan células sanguíneas
primitivas.– Células periféricas forman células endoteliales.
• Células sanguíneas primitivas (apoptosis)• Son reemplazadas por células fetales.• Colonizan el hígado y luego bazo y médula ósea.• Vasos extraembrionarios se conectan con
intraembrionarios.
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FORMACIÓN DE VASOS SANGUÍNEOS
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19 días
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CAMPO CARDIOGÉNICO• Sistema vascular aparece a mitad 3º semana.• Epiblasto origina células cardiacas progenitoras.• Migran a través de la línea primitiva hacia polo
cefálico.• Se ubican en hoja esplácnica de lámina lateral
del mesodermo.• Aparecen mioblastos cardiacos y células
endocárdicas (angioblastos) y forman tubo en herradura.
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18 días18 días
CAMPO CARDIOGÉNICO
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TUBO CARDIACO• Plegamiento cefálico y lateral del embrión lleva al
corazón hacia la región anterior torácica.• Tubos endoteliales primordio cardiaco se fusionan.• El corazón se convierte en un tubo, flujo
unidireccional: – Polo caudal recibe caudal venoso .– Polo cefálico bombea sangre a saco aórtico(1º A.A.)
• Consiste en endocardio, miocardio y epicardio. • El corazón empieza a latir los días 22 a 23.• Por lo tanto el aparato cardiovascular es el primer
sistema de órganos que alcanza funcionalidad.
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ASA CARDIACA• Tubo cardiaco se alarga y desarrolla
dilataciones y constricciones alternas:1. Tronco arterioso2. Bulbo arterioso (VD)3. Ventrículo (VI)4. Aurícula5. Seno venoso
• Tubo cardiaco comienza a doblarse a los 23 días y se completa a 28 días: asa cardiaca.
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FORMACIÓN DEL ASA CARDIACA
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CORAZÓN DE EMBRIÓN DE 30 DÍAS
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REGULACIÓN MOLECULAR DEL DESARROLLO CARDIACO
• Factores de transcripción: – Nkx2-5: especifica campo cardiogénico.
Tabicamiento y sistema de conducción.– TBX5: tabicamiento
• Molécula de activación: – BMP-2: expresado por endodermo, induce
y mantiene expresión Nkx2-5.
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SACO AORTICO
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DERIVADOS
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TABIQUES CARDIACOS
• Se forman entre 27 y 37 días .• Masas de tejido: almohadillas endocárdicas.• En regiones:
– Aurículoventricular– Tronco conal
• Contribuyen a la formación de:– Tabiques interauricular e interventricular– Canales aurículoventriculares– Canales aórtico y pulmonar
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TABICAMIENTO DE LA AURÍCULA COMÚN
• Septum primum• Ostium primum• Ostium secundum • Septum secundum• Agujero oval• Válvula del agujero oval
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TABICAMIENTO DEL CANAL AURÍCULOVENTRICULAR
• Almohadillas endocárdicas aurículoventriculares: – Inferior y superior– Laterales
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35 días35 días
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VÁLVULAS AURÍCULOVENTRICULARES
• Orificios AV rodeados por proliferaciones mesenquimáticas.
• La corriente sanguínea excava y adelgaza dichas proliferaciones.
• Válvulas unidas a pared V por cordones musculares que degeneran = tejido conectivo denso (cuerdas tendinosas).
• Se forman:– Válvula mitral o bicúspide (izquierda)– Válvula tricúspide (derecha)
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TABICAMIENTO DEL TRONCO ARTERIOSO Y CONO ARTERIAL
• En porción cefálica del tronco aparecen: – Reborde troncal superior derecho– Reborde troncal inferior izquierdo
• Crecen y se enroscan: Tabique aórtico pulmonar
• El tronco se divide en:– Canal aórtico– Canal pulmonar
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TABICAMIENTO DE LOS VENTRÍCULOS
• Paredes internas de ventrículos en expansión se acercan, se fusionan: tabique interventricular muscular.
• Proliferación de almohadillas conales derecha e izquierda e inferior: tabique interventricular membranoso.
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VÁLVULAS SEMILUNARES
Primordios en rebordes del tronco arterioso.
5 semanas5 semanas 6 semanas6 semanas 7 semanas7 semanas
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FORMACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE CONDUCCIÓN
• Marcapaso del corazón:– 1º porción caudal tubo cardiaco
izquierdo (aurícula primitiva)– 2º seno venoso– 3º aurícula derecha
NÓDULO SINOAURICULAR (parte alta AD)• Nódulo aurículoventricular y Haz de
His (encima de cojines endocárdicos.
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SISTEMA LINFATICO
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CUÁL ES LA
CLAVE?
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MUCHAS GRACIAS [email protected]