Download - Electrospinning of Nanofabrics Presented by U6: Pavitra Timbalia Michael Trevathan Jared Walker
Electrospinning of Nanofabrics
Presented by U6:Pavitra TimbaliaMichael TrevathanJared Walker
Outline
•Introduction•Background
Apparatus General Applications
•Current Research•Future Research•Questions
Introduction
• Nanofabrics are composed of nonwoven nanofibers• Nanofibers are created by a process called
electrospinning.• Electrospinning is a major way to engineer
(without self-assembly) nanostructures that vary in:▫ Fiber Diameter▫ Mesh Size▫ Porosity▫ Texture▫ Pattern Formation
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_cone_photo.jpg
Introduction
Grafts: Woven vs. Nonwoven
The nonwoven structure has unique features:
• Interconnected pores
• Very large surface-to-volume ratio
• Enables nanofibrous scaffolds to have many biomedical and industrial applications.
(a) Woven fabrics
(b) Non-woven fabrics
(c) “Soldered” junctionsBurger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
An Example• Take the distance between the
Earth and the Moon, L, to be 380,000 km.
• It takes only x grams of a polymer fiber filament to make up this distance
• ρ = 1 g cm-3 and the fiber
diameter d = 2r = 100 nm• X = Vρ = πr2Lρ = π (50 nm)2
(380,000 km) (1 g cm-3 )
• ≈ 3 grams
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Electrospinning
Electrospinning - Procedure• An electrostatic potential is applied between a
spinneret and a collector• A fluid is slowly pumped through the
spinneret.• The fluid is usually a solution where the
solvent can evaporate during the spinning. • The droplet is held by its own surface tension
at the spinneret tip, until it gets electrostatically charged.
• The polymer fluid assumes a conical shape (Taylor cone).
• When the surface tension of the fluid is overcome, the droplet becomes unstable, and a liquid jet is ejectedBurger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications.
2006.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Types of Solvent Stream Ejections
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
20 wt%
Poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLA) Nanofibers at voltage of 20 kV, feeding rate of 20 μl min−1
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLA) Nanofibers at voltage of 20 kV, feeding rate of 20 μl min−1
35 wt%
Electrospinning Polymers
•The small size between the fibers allows the capture of particles in the 100- to 300- nanometer range
•That is the same size of viruses and bacteria
•Used as air-filter: Airplanes, office, etc. Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Polymer Solvent ConcentrationPotential
ApplicationNylon 6,6 Formic Acid 10 wt% Protective Clothing
PolyurethanesDimethylformamid
e 10 wt% Protective Clothing
Polycarbonate Dichloromethane 15 wt% Sensor, Filter
Polylactic Acid Dichloromethane 14 wt%Drug Delivery
System
Electrospinning Variables
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Applications
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
ApplicationsUltrafiltration in water treatment• High flux, low-fouling membrane• The top layer provides the actual filtration, and
the middle and bottom layer provide sting support and are very porous
• Increased efficiency• Able to filter without top layer.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
ApplicationsAnti-adhesion in surgery
• Due to their high surface to volume ratio and being able to conform to different sizes, shapes and textures.
• Closely match those of native tissue
• Nanofabrics have been used as scaffolds for tissue and cell regeneration of organs.Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications.
2006.
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Modification, crosslinking, and reactive electrospinning of a thermoplastic medical polyurethane for vascular graft applicationsRecent Research on Electrospinning
Thermoplastic polyurethanes
• Used in medical devices and experimental tissue engineering scaffolds
• Chemical/mechanical properties hard to balance
http://www.perfectex.com/tpu01.jpg
http://www.allproducts.com/manufacture100/tpu/product1.jpg
http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/images/ureth06.gif
Methodology•Synthesis of a model compound•Modification of thermoplastic
polyurethane▫Pellethane®▫Modification Reactions▫Sample prep and crosslinking▫Swelling behavior▫Tensile testing
•Scanning electron microscopy•Electrospun grafts
Synthesis of a Model
Modification
Degradation
Electrospinning
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
Modification of Thermoplastic Polyurethane
• Modified with reactive phenol groups – NaH was added - different amounts to observe changes with the polyurethane
• Modified polymer was isolated and purified through precipitations in water and vacuum drying
• Crosslinking achieved by UV light or heat source• Swelling index was determined by gravimetric
behavior• Tensile testing was performed at room
temperature and in a cyclical method
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Sodium-hydride-3D-vdW.png
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
Scanning electron microscopy
• Surfaces of the samples – degradation study
• Pellethane and Pell 15.0
• Control samples (not subject to the degradation media) – used as references
• Determined the amount of degradation on a scale of 1-5 J.P. Theron et
al./Acta Biomaterialia
Electrospun grafts
•Small diameter vascular graft prototypes•Used an electrospinning apparatus – high
voltage power supply, infusion pump, syringe, rotating/translating mandrel
•Tubes removed from mandrels by swelling in EtOH and dried•Produced crosslinked tubular vascular
graft prototypeJ.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
Schematic Representation of the Reactive Electrospinning Apparatus
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
• Fibers are irradiated with UV light during spinning in order to form crosslinked graft scaffolds
Experimental Results• Direct linear correlation between NaH addition and degree of
modification• By adding the NaH, the research group was able to get between
4.5% and 20% modification of the polyurethane.• After 20% modification, samples were discolored/started
degrading
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
Experimental Results• The range of modifications was tested for mechanical
strength• The sample which ranked the best was the Pell15.0, or a
15% modified sample.
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
Experimental Results• The modified Pell15.0 showed a reduced creep when
compared to the Pellethane control – reduction of 44%• This is due to the UV crosslinking of Pell15.0.
Results• Decrease in swelling index with increased degree of
modification –an increased modification led to more densely crosslinked material.
• Crosslinking also showed a decrease in hysteresis as well as breaking stress and strain.
• The scanning electron microscope showed that the crosslinked samples had only a few cracks, while the control samples had severe surface degradation with deep cracks.
• The Pell15.0 was spun with UV light into tubular graft structures 40mm in length
• Grafts diameter (thickness) can be adjusted depending on specific applications
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
• Crosslinking improved the resistance to degradation.
Pellethane Pell15.0
Before AgNO3 Degrading
After AgNO3 Degrading
After Hydrogen Peroxide
Conclusions of this Research
• Exhibit compliance values within physiological range
• Can optimize fibers for mechanical, morphological properties, and in vivo response▫Tissue regrowth, angiogenesis, inflammatory
response▫Manipulate processing conditions
• Vascular grafts - repetitive, relatively low stress• Bio-degradable scaffolds for tissue regeneration• Can closely match native tissues - good
incorporation in already existing tissue
http://hairyinterfaces.memphys.sdu.dk/DMueller_fig1.jpg
J.P. Theron et al./Acta Biomaterialia
Surface-functionalized Elecrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug DeliveryRecent Research on Electrospinning
Electrospun Nanofibers
• High surface area to volume ratio• Versatile method for preparing nanofibrous meshes• Potential applications:
▫ Biomedical devices▫ Tissue engineering scaffolds▫ Drug delivery carriers
• Done through Surface Modification▫ Plasma treatment▫ Wet chemical method▫ Surface graft polymerization▫ Co-electrospinning of surface active agents and polymers
• Creates bio-modulating microenvironments to contacting cells and tissues
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
Surface Modification Techniques• Synthetic polymers vs. natural polymers
▫Synthetic: easier processing for electrospinning and more controllable nanofibrous morphology
▫Natural: difficult to directly process into nanofibers because of unstable nature and weak mechanical properties
• Natural polymers can be immobilized onto the surface of synthetic polymers without compromising bulk properties
• Can incorporate therapeutical agents directly into the nanofibers
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
http://www.animate4.com/nanotech/nanotechnology/nanomedicine/nano/nanoscale/nanotech-nanotechnology-nano-nanomedicine-moleculare-nanotech-nanoscale.jpg
Modification – Plasma Treatment
• Changes the surface chemical composition• Selection of plasma source – introduce diverse
functional groups on surface ▫Plasma treatments with oxygen, ammonia, or air
– generates carboxyl groups or amine groups ▫Air or argon treatments
• When nanofibers were soaked in a simulated body solution – calcium mineralization occurred on surface▫ Improved wettability▫Potential with bone grafts
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
http://www.devicedaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/fortross-02.jpg
Modification – Wet Chemical Method
• Films and scaffolds under acidic or basic conditions – modify surface wettability
• Plasma treatment can not modify surface of nanofibers deep in the mesh ▫Wet chemical etching methods can modify
thick meshes
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
Modification – Surface Graft Polymerization
• Synthetic biodegradable polymers retain hydrophobic surface – need hydrophilic surface modification for desired response
• Introduce multi-functional groups on the surface▫ Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and
differentiation• Initiated with plasma and UV radiation treatment to
generate free radicals for polymerization
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
Modification – Co-electrospinning• Nanoparticles and functional polymer segments
can be directly exposed on surface of nanofibers▫Co-electrospinning with bulk polymers
• Any combination of electrospinnable polymer and polymer conjugate can be used
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
Target Molecule Loading on Surface
•Simple physical adsorbtion•Nanopoarticle assembly on surface•Layer by layer multilayer assembly•Chemical immobilization
"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
Applications – Drug Delivery
•Superior adhesiveness to biological surfaces
•Variety of structures containing drug molecules
•Drug release mechanism – polymer degradation and diffusion pathway
•Can tailor drug release profiles by varying polymer properties, surface coating, combination of polymers
•Has been successful in laboratory trials – controlled topical release"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug
Delivery."
http://www.keystonenano.com/library/images/moleculeAsmall.jpg
Applications – Tissue Engineering•Various cells cultivated on nanofibrous
meshes▫Embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem
cells▫Better than other tissue engineering
methods•Coronary artery cells •Collagen •Limited to in vitro studies because cells
could not be loaded within the nanofibrous meshes in large quantities
•3D nanofibrous scaffolds"Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery."
http://pcsl.mit.edu/images/nano.jpg
Further Research
Improvements and Further Research
•Develop more precise electrospinning techniques▫Mechanisms of
electrospinning Growth rates Bending Instability
▫Producing nanofabrics with specific mechanical properties.
▫Creating 3-dimensional shapes Capable of being used in
controlled release of drugs.Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Improvements and Further Research
•Optimization of parameters▫Intrinsic properties of solution
Polarity, surface tension of solvent, MW of polymer, etc.
▫Controlling nanofiber alignment Electric field
▫Modifying type of collector Better control of fiber alignment
"Electrospin Nanofibers for Neural Tissue Engineering."
http://www.rsc.org/ejga/NR/2010/b9nr00243j-ga.gif
Improvements and Further Research
•Reduce Cost of Production▫Make economically viable
Increase production rate Incorporate the use of an
array of spinnerets •Safety
▫Solvents Dangerous to health and
environment▫Polymers
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
References• Burger, Christian, Benjamin S. Hsiao, and Benjamin Chu. "Nanofibrous
Material and Their Applications." Review. 25 Apr. 2006. Web. 14 Feb. 2010. • Hunley, Matthew T., and Timothy E. Long. "Electrospinning Functional
Nanoscale Fibers: a Perspective for the Future." Polymer International 57 (2008): 385-89. Web. 7 Mar. 2010.
• NASA Tech Briefs Create the Future Design Contest. Web. 08 Mar. 2010. <http://www.createthefuturecontest.com/pages/view/entriesdetail.html?entryID=1857>.
• Theron, J. P., J. H. Knoetze, R. D. Sanderson, R. Hunter, K. Mequanint, T. Franz, P. Zilla, and D. Bezuidenhout. "Modification, Crosslinking and Reactive Electrospinning of a Thermoplastic Medical Polyurethane for Vascular Graft Applications." Acta Biomaterialia (2010). 27 Jan. 2010. Web. 05 Feb. 2010.
• Xie, Jingwei, Matthew R. MacEwan, Andrea G. Schwartz, and Younan Xia. "Electrospin Nanofibers for Neural Tissue Engineering." Nanoscale 2 (2010): 35-44. Print.
• Yoo, Hyuk S., Taek G. Kim, and Tae G. Park. "Surface-functionalized Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61 (2009): 1033-042. Print.
Questions
Rebuttal from U6• We agree that we may have used a few too many filler words and will actively
try to reduce them in the second presentation• One group thought that we should have been more concise, but we felt like we
had the right amount of slides to present the topic thoroughly • One group would have liked to see a more integrated presentation; we chose
to add title slides throughout to let the audience know what we would be discussing next in the presentation
• Potential further research was discussed in areas which showed promise in the use of nanofibers and the topics which could be researched are endless – one group suggested some additional topics to research
• Polyurethane is the material which was used to produce the nanofibers, hence is how it is related to the nanotechnology applications
• We will keep up the quality of the slides since there were a lot of positive comments about them
• We appreciate all the comments and will take them into consideration for our next presentation
Review of Electrospinning of Nanofabrics
Submitted by U1
This presentation particularly caught our attention for its wide range of applications like clothing reinforcement and support for tissue regeneration.
Also electrospinning offers the possibility of changing some of the design and material variables to obtain different products makes it very versatile and adaptable for different purposes.
Their comparison of different papers that show electrospining base process for the aid of health issues and drug delivery shows that the technology has great future.
This presentations was really good overall and meet our expectations. The slides were well constructed and pictures were very helpful in recreating many of the concepts.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118859172/issue
http://realitypod.com/?tag=artificial
By Group U2: -Kyle Demel
-Keaton Hamm
-Bryan Holekamp
-Rachael Houk
http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca/HVEL/images/Previewtheretical_mod.jpg
Review of Group U6’s Presentation-
The presenters did really well at:
Speaking – all presenters in this group were easy to hear and understand
Outlining the presentation and going in a logical and easy-to-follow order
Giving a thorough introduction Maintaining consistency in text
size/fonts Using big and helpful graphics Discussing the articles in detail
Other future applications to discuss:
Clothing that repels germs, dirt, allergens
Clothing with microelectronic nano-generators to produce energy
Incorporating microelectronics with three-dimensional tissue engineering
Video-imaging on skin Adding nanofabrics to buildings
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/bt-lv6IJPxc/0.jpg
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/nano-vent-skin.php
http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/power-shirt.htm
Group 3: Krista Melish James
KancewickPhillip Keller Mike Jones
Electrospinning of Nanofabrics
Presentation Review: Ugrad #6Presentation Review Material Review Effective job communicating the
material I have never heard of electrospinning
before, and I was able to follow along and understand what was being presented easily
Need to reduce use of verbal distractors (umm, like, etc.) and pauses Always a need to reduce these, but
overall the material was communicated clearly
Some pictures seemed unnecessary Pictures are nice to have but just
including them to fill space (such as on the second further improvements slide) should be limited
Instead, condense several points onto a single page
Overall Grade: 95
The introduction was concise, yet effective in explaining basic concepts that the research paper looked at further.
The graphics used to depict size, demonstrate procedure, and present results were utilized very effectively within the presentation. For example, the process of electrospinning
was shown very clearly in your report through the use of several figures. Effective visual format for the material.
Questions for further research: Very specific, showing deep thought and
breadth of knowledge Good detail in specifying which aspects of
electrospinning should receive further attention
Good insight considering the safety of the materials used and generated, this subject is generally neglected.
Electrospinning of Nanofabrics
Review by Group U4
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Review of Oral presentation and Slides
• Oral Presentation– Both presenters were audible from the back of the room– Confidence was lacking in the second presenter, sentences were
repeated multiple times– Presenters, when not presenting should still look engaged not bored
staring into space• Slides
– It seemed like information could have been more concise, but it was split up to make the presentation look longer.
– Pictures on pages were not always related to the information discussed.
– Everything was well cited– Graphs and tables were easy to read and understand
http://www.animate4.com/nanotech/nanotechnology/nanomedicine/nano/nanoscale/nanotech-nanotechnology-nano-nanomedicine-moleculare-nanotech-nanoscale.jpg
Technical Content
Very informative, but further research is needed to determine, among others, if it will affect the consumer in a negative way.
– All aspects of electrospinning were described in detail.
– Research against the subject seemed lacking, and what was done didn’t seem to have a rebutal.
– Further research was very in depth, present a second paper on the medial uses of electrospinning
Burger, Christian, et. al. Nanofibrous Materials and Their Applications. 2006.
Review of Group U6 by Group U5
Review of Electrospinning of Nanofabrics
Oral and Quality of SlidesSpeakers had very
good oral presentation skills. Clear, confident, and knowledgeable in their discussion.
Font size and pictures were appropriately sized and well cited.
Technical ReviewVery sound technical
report. Appeared to have extensive and relevant research.
Would have liked to see a more integrated presentation, instead of segmented by paper titles.
Review for U6
Jung Hwan Woo
• I didn’t clearly understand how the thermoplastic polyeurethane is related to the nanotechnology. Is this material a type of “nanofibers” described earlier in the presentation? The connection between these will help improve the presentation.
• How is the homogeneity achieved during the co-electrospinning? Is this something that must be controlled? Does it have an impact on the final product?