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EENG 3265/EGTG 2265Electronics I
Laboratory Manual
Dr. Zhiwei Mao
September 2013Revised: August 2014
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Experiment 1Voltage Comparators
Noninverting and Inverting Amplifiers
Experiment Summing and Difference Amplifiers
Experiment Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
Bandpass Filter Design
Experiment 6Timers and Oscillators
Experiment 7Phase-Locked Loop
Appendix -Coded Bands of Resistors
Appendix C
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Electronics I Lab Manual 1
EXPERIM ENT 1
Voltage Comparators
PurposeUpon completion of this experiment, you will be able to: test a
noninverting zero-crossing detector; design a bipolar voltage reference;
and test noninverting voltage-level detectors.
Equipment2!DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Signal generator: 0 to 1kHz, (0 to 15 V)
Multimeter
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
0.5W Resistors:
General purpose Op-Amp: 741
Introduction
Fig. 1-1 shows the pin configuration of the Op-Amp used in thisexperiment, the 741. This type of Op-Amp is an integrated circuit (IC) in
a mini DIP (dual line package). V (pin 2) and V+ (pin 3) are the
inverting and non-inverting inputs, respectively. VOUT (pin 6) is the
output. +Vcc (pin 7) andVcc (pin 4) are the two power supplies needed
to power the Op-Amp. For the 741, +Vcc is +15 V andVcc is15 V.
VOUT
V-
V+
+VCC
-VCC Offset Null
Offset Null 1
2
3
45
6
7
8
741
Fig. 1-1
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Electronics I Lab Manual 2
Procedure1. Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector
1-1) Construct the noninverting zero-crossing detector shown in
Fig. 1-2. Use 15 V power supplies. Set Eito a 10 V (peak)
triangle wave at a frequency of 50 Hz.+V
-V
RL
10kVo
+
-
Ei
1-2)
Switch the i and Vo
on the oscilloscope. Print the curves and label V ref and the
upper and lower saturation voltages Vsat.
1-3) Connect the signal generator to the x input of the scope and V o
of the noninverting zero-crossing detector to the y input. Set
the scope to x-y display mode. You should now see a plot of the
voltage transfer function of the noninverting zero-crossing
detector. Print this curve and label the upper and lower
saturation voltages Vsat.
2. Noninverting Voltage-Level Detector2-1)
Design a practical voltage reference circuit as in Fig. 1-3, so
that VA= +5V, VB=5V, and VCis adjustable between 5V.+V=+15V
-V=-15V
RLVo
+
-
Ei
R2
R1
R3
VA
VB Vref
+
-
VC
Fig. 1-2
Fig. 1-3
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Electronics I Lab Manual 3
2-2) Construct the noninverting voltage-level detector shown in Fig.
1-3. Adjust R2to set Vrefat +4V. Adjust Eito 10V peak at 50
Hz triangular wave. Display Ei and Vo on the oscilloscope.
Print the curves and label Vref and the upper and lower
saturation voltages Vsat.2-3)
Repeat Procedure 2-2 for Vref = +2.5V.
2-4) Repeat Procedure 2-2 for Vref =2.5V.
Connect the signal generator to the x input of the scope and V o
of the noninverting zero-crossing detector to the y input. Set
the scope to x-y display mode. You should now see a plot of the
voltage transfer function of the non-inverting zerocrossing
detector. Print this curve and label the upper and lower
saturation voltages Vsat.
Analysis and DiscussionExplain and compare the results obtained.
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Electronics I Lab Manual 4
EXPERIM ENT 2
Noninverting and Inverting Amplifiers
PurposeOne of the most important uses of the operational amplifier (Op-Amp) is
in linear negative feedback amplifiers with resistors in the feedback loop.
In this experiment, three linear Op-Amp circuits, non-inverting amplifier,
inverting amplifier and voltage follower will be studied.
Equipment2!DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Signal generator: 0 to 1kHz, (0 to 15 V)
Multimeter
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
0.25W Resistors:
General purpose Op-Amp: 741
Introduction
An operational amplifier (Op-Amp), shown symbolically in Fig. 2-1,provides an output voltage, referenced to ground, which is proportional
to the difference between two input voltages.
VOUTV-
V+
+VCC
-VEE
Two of the most important characteristics of the Op-Amp shown in Fig.
2-1 are:
a)
An extremely high open-loop voltage gain0
A defined by
Fig. 2-1
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Electronics I Lab Manual 5
CCOUTEEOUT VvVvvAv for)(0 (2-1)
b)
0 II . (2-2)
If the gain is sufficiently high, and the Op-Amp operates in its linearregion, then
00
A
vvv OUT . (2-3)
The features describe an ideal Op-Amp, which we will use as our model
in this experiment. Two additional properties of the ideal Op-Amp are
extremely high input resistance and essentially zero output resistance.
The non-inverting and inverting amplifiers are shown in Fig. 2-2.
Rf
R1
VOUT
VIN
VOUTRf
R1VIN
Note that using (2-2) and (2-3), we can show that
1
1R
R
v
v f
IN
OUT for the non-inverting amplifier (2-4)
1R
R
v
v f
IN
OUT for the inverting amplifier (2-5)
Procedure1.
Noninverting Amplifier1-1)
Construct the non-inverting amplifier in Fig. 2-2. Use 15 V
power supplies. Choose fR and 1R
range so that the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier is
about 20.
1-2) Adjust signal generator for a sine wave of 0.2 Vp-p at 1 kHz.
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Fig. 2-2
Inverting Amplifier
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Electronics I Lab Manual 6
Connect the signal generator to the input terminal of the non-
inverting amplifier. DisplayINv and OUTv on the oscilloscope,
and measure the p-p amplitudes of both waveforms.
1-3) Increase the amplitude of the input sine signal to 0.5 Vp-p, 1
Vp-p, 1.5 Vp-p and 2 Vp-p respectively and repeat Procedure1-2.
1-4)
Adjust signal generator for a sine wave of 2 Vp-p at 1 kHz.
Connect the signal generator to the input terminal of the non-
inverting amplifier. Connect the signal generator to the x input
of the scope and OUTv of the non-inverting amplifier to the y
input. Set the scope to x-y display mode, with an x sensitivity
of about 0.5 V/div. You should now see a plot of the voltage
transfer function of the non-inverting amplifier.
Print this curve and label the upper and lower saturation
voltages. The central part of the curve is the linear voltage gain
operating region. The slope of this portion is the voltage gain.
Determine the slope, INOUT dvdv / , of the line in the linear
central region.
2.
Inverting Amplifier2-1) Construct the inverting amplifier in Fig. 2-2. Use 15 V power
supplies. Choosef
R and1
R
that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is about -20.
2-2) Repeat Procedures 1-2 to 1-3.
2-3) Repeat Procedure 1-4.
2-4) Connect a 1 V dc input to the inverting amplifier and measure
the output voltage.
2-5)
Connect a load resistorL
R
and the ground, and then measure the output voltage.
2-6) nd measure the
output voltages.
3.
Voltage Follower3-1) Construct the voltage follower in Fig. 2-4. Use 15 V power
supplies.
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Electronics I Lab Manual 7
VOUT
VIN
3-2) Repeat Procedures 1-2 and 1-3 with input sine wave amplitudes
as 0.2 Vp-p, 2 Vp-p, 5 Vp-p, 10 Vp-p and 15 Vp-p respectively.
3-3) Repeat Procedure 1-4 with input sine wave amplitude as 15
Vp-p.
Prelab Work1.
Calculate theoretically the non-inverting amplifier closed-loop
voltage gain in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3.
2. Estimate the results that will be obtained in Procedure 1-4.
3. Calculate theoretically the inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage
gain in Procedure 2-2.
4.
Estimate the results that will be obtained in Procedure 2-3.
5.
Calculate theoretically the voltage follower closed-loop voltage gain
in Procedure 3-2.
Analysis and Discussion1. Calculate the non-inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage gain from
the measurements made in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3. Compare this
result with the one from theoretical analysis and discuss.
2.
Describe and explain the results obtained in Procedure 1-4.
3. Calculate the inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage gain from the
measurements made in Procedure 2-2. Compare this result with the
one from theoretical analysis. Describe and explain the results
obtained in Procedures 2-2.
4.
Describe and explain the results obtained in Procedure 2-3.
5.
Compare and explain the results obtained in Procedures 2-4 to 2-6.
Fig. 2-4
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Electronics I Lab Manual 8
6. Calculate the voltage follower closed-loop voltage gain from the
measurements made in Procedure 3-2. Compare this result with the
one from theoretical analysis and discuss.
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Electronics I Lab Manual 9
Record Sheet
Procedure 1-2 & 1-3 input: f=1 kHz
INv (Vp-p) 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2
OUTv (Vp-p)
Procedure 2-2 input: f=1 kHz
INv (Vp-p) 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2
OUTv (Vp-p)
Procedure 2-4 to 2-6 input: 1 V dc
LR 100 51 10
OUTv (V)
Procedure 3-2 input: f=1 kHz
INv (Vp-p) 0.2 2 5 10 15
OUTv (Vp-p)
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Electronics I Lab Manual 10
EXPERIM ENT 3
Summing and Difference Amplifiers
PurposeIn this experiment, two linear Op-Amp circuits, summing amplifier and
difference amplifier will be studied.
Equipment2!DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
2!DC power supply: (0 to 5 V)
Multimeter
Breadboard
General purpose Op-Amp: 741
IntroductionThe summing and difference amplifiers are shown in Figs. 3-1 and 3-2,
respectively.
VOUTR3
R1V1
R2V2
Fig. 3-1 Summing Amplifier
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Electronics I Lab Manual 11
R2
R1
VOUT
V1
R3
R4
V2
We can show that
2
2
31
1
3 v
R
Rv
R
RvOUT for the summing amplifier (3-1)
2
43
4
1
211
1
2 vRR
R
R
RRv
R
RvOUT
for the difference amplifier (3-2)
Procedure1.Summing Amplifier
1-1)
Construct the summing amplifier in Fig. 3-3. Use 15 V power
supplies. Choose kRR 1021 and kR 473 .
1-2)
Adjust the dc input voltage sources to provide the input voltagelevels listed on the experiment record sheet. Record the
corresponding output voltage for each input voltage
combination.
1-3) Remove the unity-gain input buffers and then repeat Procedure
1-2.
VOUTR3
R1V1
R2
V2
Fig. 3-2 Difference Amplifier
Fig. 3-3
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Electronics I Lab Manual 12
2. Difference Amplifier2-1) Construct the difference amplifier in Fig. 3-2. Use 15 V power
supplies. Choose kRR 1021 and kRR 4743 .
2-2)
Adjust the dc input voltage sources to provide the input voltagelevels listed on the experiment record sheet. Record the
corresponding output voltage for each input voltage
combination.
2-3)
Connect a single voltage source to the two inputs, as shown in
Fig. 3-4. Adjust the (common-mode) input voltage to +10 V.
Measure and record the dc output voltage.
R2
R1
VOUT
VIN
R3
R4
Prelab Work1.
Calculate theoretically the sum of the input voltages applied to the
summing amplifier in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3.
2. Calculate theoretically the difference of the input voltages applied to
the difference amplifier in Procedures 2-2.
3.
Calculate theoretically the common-mode voltage gain for the
difference amplifier in Procedure 2-3.
Discussion1.
Compare the results obtained from the experimental measurements in
Procedures 1-2 and 1-3 with those calculation results, and discuss.
2.
Compare the results obtained from the experimental measurements in
Procedure 2-2 with those calculation results, and discuss.
3. From the measurement result of Procedure 2-3, calculate the
common-mode voltage gain for the difference amplifier.
Fig. 3-4
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Electronics I Lab Manual 13
Record Sheet
Procedure 1-2
1v (V) +0.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1 -1 +1
2v (V) +0.5 -0.5 -0.5 +1 -1 -1OUTv (V)
Procedure 1-3
1v (V) +0.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1 -1 +1
2v (V) +0.5 -0.5 -0.5 +1 -1 -1
OUTv (V)
Procedure 2-2
1v (V) +0.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1 -1 +1
2v (V) +0.5 -0.5 -0.5 +1 -1 -1
OUTv (V)
Procedure 2-3 common-mode input voltage=10 V
OUTv =
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Electronics I Lab Manual 14
EXPERIM ENT 4
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
PurposeUpon completion of this experiment, you will be able to: measure A DIFF
for a basic differential amplifier; measure ACMand calculate CMRR for a
basic differential amplifier; test the characteristics of an AD620
instrumentation amplifier.
Equipment2!DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Resistors: 10
OP-177
Instrumentation Amplifier: AD620
Procedure1.Measure ADIFFof A Basic Differential Amplifier
1-1)
Construct the basic differential amplifier in Fig. 4-1. From
theory, calculate the differential voltage gain, ADIFF, for the
circuit shown.
1-2) With a DMM, measure both E1and E2with respect to ground
and record the values.
1-3)
Measure and record the value of Vousing a DMM.
1-4)
Calculate the differential voltage gain based on themeasurement results using the equation
21 EE
VA oDIFF
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Electronics I Lab Manual 15
10
15k
470
E1
E2
mR
100k
R
20k
R
20kmR
100k
+15V
-15V
VoOP-177
+15V
2. Measure ACMand CMRR of A Basic Differential Amplifier2-1)
Modify the circuit in Fig. 4-1 to include a common-mode
adjustment as shown in Fig. 4-2.
10
15k
470
E2
mR
100k
R
20k
R20k
+15V
-15V
VoCMOP-177
+15V
82k
50k
potentiometer
{mR
2-2)
Connect both inputs (+ input and - input) together to E2, whichis now the common-mode voltage ECM. Measure and record
ECM.
2-3)
possible, which is measured using a DMM. Record this value
as VoCM.
2-4) Calculate the common-mode voltage gain based on the
Fig. 4-1
Fig. 4-2
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Electronics I Lab Manual 16
measurement results using the equation
CM
oCMCM
E
VA
2-5)
Determine the CMRR using the equation
CM
DIFF
AACMRR
3. Instrumentation Amplifier AD620
+15V
-15V
VoAD620
4 5
6
71
8
3
2
+
-
10kpotentiometer10
15k
470
E1
E2
+15V
3-1) Construct the instrumentation amplifier as shown in Fig. 4-3.
3-2)
Set the differential gain to 10 by adjusting the 10kpotentiometer.
3-3) With a DMM, measure both E1and E2with respect to ground
and record the values. Measure and record the value of V o
using a DMM. Calculate the differential voltage gain based on
the measurement. Compare this result with the setting value of
10.
3-4) To measure the common-mode voltage gain of the AD620
instrumentation amplifier, as shown in Fig. 4-4, connect both
inputs together to E2, which is now the common-mode voltageECM. Measure and record ECM. Measure and record the output
voltage VoCMusing a DMM.
3-5) Calculate the common-mode voltage gain based on the
measurement results using the equation
CM
oCMCM
E
VA
Fig. 4-3
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Electronics I Lab Manual 17
Determine the CMRR using the equation
CM
DIFF
A
ACMRR
+15V
-15V
Vo
AD620
4 5
6
71
8
3
2
+
-
10k
potentiometer10
15k
470
E2
+15V
3-6)
Set the differential gain to 100 b
potentiometer. Repeat Procedures 3-3 to 3-5.
Analysis and DiscussionExplain and compare the results obtained.
Fig. 4-4
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Electronics I Lab Manual 18
Record Sheets
Procedure 1E1 (V) E2 (V) Vo (V)
ADIFF=
Procedure 2ECM (V) VoCM (V)
ACM=
CMRR =
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Electronics I Lab Manual 19
Procedure 3Setting differential gain=10
E1 (V) E2 (V) Vo (V)
ADIFF=
ECM (V) VoCM (V)
ACM=
CMRR =
Setting differential gain=100
E1 (V) E2 (V) Vo (V)
ADIFF=
ECM (V) VoCM (V)
ACM=
CMRR =
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Electronics I Lab Manual 20
EXPERIM ENT 5
Bandpass Filter Design
Prelab Work1.
Design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 5 kHz.
2.
Design a high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 500 Hz.
3. Cascade the two filters designed in Steps 1 and 2 to produce a
bandpass filter.
Please plot your design circuit and indicate the component values in your
designed circuit. Please also indicate the actual cutoff and resonant
frequencies and Q value of the bandpass filter.
Procedure1. Test and revise, if necessary, your design using Multisim software.2.
Test your design in the lab using breadboard and appropriate electric
components.
Note
1.
Please provide all assumptions and all details in your design.2.
Submit a lab report including all your design procedures, Multisim
simulation results, and measurement results.
3.
In your report, please address the following realistic constraintsasthey apply to your design. Explain how each of the listed constraints
impacted your selection of design strategy and your implementation
of the design. The constraints are:
Economics (cost)
Environmental
Sustainability Manufacturability
Ethical
Health and safety
Social and political
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Electronics I Lab Manual 21
Analysis and DiscussionCompare the results you obtained from theoretical calculation, Multisim
simulation and hardware test.
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Electronics I Lab Manual 22
EXPERIM ENT 6
Timers and Oscillators
PurposeUpon completion of this experiment, you will be able to design and build
oscillator circuit using a 555 timer IC.
EquipmentDC power supply: (0 to 15 V)
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Capacitors: 2!0.01F, 0.05 F
555
Procedure1. Build the circuit in Fig. 6-1 with kRA 10 . Observe and print out
the waveforms for Vo and Vc. Measure tlow, thigh, and period T.
Calculate oscillation frequency f.
84
+15V
1
0.01uF
5
7
3
Vo2
6
Discharge
Output
Trigger
Threshold
ResetRA
RB
10k
C
0.01uF
Vc
Fig. 6-1
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Electronics I Lab Manual 23
2. Repeat Step 1 changing AR to 1k
3.
Repeat Step 1 changing C to 0.05F.
Analysis and Discussion1. Explain the operation of 555 timer when it is configured as an astablemultivibrator.
2. Compare the results you obtained in Steps 1 to 3.
3.
Compare your experiment results with theoretical calculation results.
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Electronics I Lab Manual 24
Record Sheet
Procedure 1
AR C tlow thigh T f
0.01 F 0.01 F
0.05 F
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Electronics I Lab Manual 25
EXPERIM ENT 7
Phase-Locked Loop
PurposeTo study the operation of NE565 PLL.
Equipment2!DC power supply
Signal generator
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Resistors
Capacitors
2
NE565
Procedure1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7-1.
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Electronics I Lab Manual 26
R1
2k
C1
0.001uF
2
3
5
4
8
9 1
7
6
10
+6V
-6V
C2
1uF
reference input Demod output
Ref output
0.001uF
VCO output
R2
20k
2. Set the free-running frequency of the VCO by applying power to the
circuit, but not applying a reference signal yet. Adjust 2R
until theoutput frequency of the VCO on pin 4 is 1 KHz.
3. Apply the reference signal of 1Vpp square wave to pin 2. Connect the
scope two channels to the reference input and the VCO output,
respectively.
4.
Set the reference signal to 600 Hz, approximately. Observe the two
scope traces, and record what you see. Does the loop appear to be in
lock, or out of lock at this point? Why? Provide this information in
your report.
5.
Slowly increase the frequency of the reference signal until the PLL
just locks, when the two traces will appear stable on the scope and a
phase shift will be present between the VCO and reference frequency.
This frequency is the bottom of the capture range, mincapturef . Record
Fig. 7-1
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Electronics I Lab Manual 27
what you see and mincapturef .
6. Slowly increase the frequency until the PLL again drops out of lock.
This frequency is the top of the lock range, maxlockf . Record what you
see and maxlockf .
7.
Slowly decrease the frequency of the reference signal until the PLL
locks again; this is maxcapturef . Finally, slowly decrease the reference
frequency until the PLL drops out of lock again; this is minlockf .
Record what you seen and these values.
8. -pass filter on pin 7, to see what
happens when the reference frequency is steady. We know it is
supposed to be smooth DC, so we will need to use the DC setting ofthe scope to see the DC component. We also know that no filter is
perfect, so some AC ripple will be present on top of the DC. Set the
reference frequency to 1 KHz, and record the oscilloscope reading of
the low-pass filter output on pin 7 of the IC. Include this graph in
Analysis and Discussion
1.
With the four frequency measurements you made, find out thecapture and lock ranges.
2. Calculate the capture and lock ranges based on the formulas
provided on data sheet, and compare them with your results from
measurements obtained in the above.
3.
Comment on the results you obtained in step 8.
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Record Sheet
mincapturef =
maxlockf =
maxcapturef =
minlockf =