© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 1
Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation using ANSYS
ANSYS, Inc
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 2
• Introduction to FEA
• Low-frequency Electromagnetic Applications
• High-frequency Electromagnetic Applications
Outline
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 3
• THERE IS NO CLOSED FORM SOLUTION FOR THEM FOR
COMPLICATED STRUCTURES!
• Field Simulation techniques (1950’s) can be used for
complicated geometries and complicated boundary conditions
where “textbook equations” are not valid
DyelectricitforLawsGauss
t
DJHLawsAmpere
BmagnetismforLawsGauss
t
ΒInductionofLawsFaraday
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'
0'
'
Equations sMaxwell? of Form alDifferenti
History of Electromagnetic Field Simulation
• Maxwell’s Equations (1873) define and solve
electromagnetic fields exactly and completely except…
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 4
Different Methods of Electromagnetic Analysis
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 5
3D Finite Element Method
• Solution is numerically obtained from an arbitrary geometry by breaking it down into simple pieces called finite elements
• In Maxwell3D, the fundamental unit of the finite element is a tetrahedron
• The desired field in each element is approximated with a 2nd order quadratic polynomial :
Hx(x,y,z) = a0 + a1x + a2y + a3z + a4xy + a5yz + a6xz + a7x2 + a8y2 + a9z2
• In order to obtain the basis functions, field quantities are calculated for 10 points in a 3D simulation (nodal values at vertices and on the edges).
The Components of a Field that are tangential to the edges of an element are explicitly stored at the vertices.
The Components of a field that is tangential to the face of an element and normal to an edge is explicitly stored at the midpoint of selected edges.
Fields at interior points are interpolated from the nodal values.
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 6
3D Solenoid Model
3D Solenoid Mesh 2D Motor Mesh 2D Motor Model
What is a Finite Element mesh?
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 7
Measured
FEA Automatic Adaptive Meshing
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 8
What are some specific challenges which need to be considered?
• Electric Field effects: – varying dielectric permitivities
– varying dimensions and shape
– 3D field effects
• Magnetic effects: – nonlinear materials
– eddy currents
– skin and proximity effects
– time diffusion of magnetic fields
– transient excitations
– 3D field effects
Some Technical Issues for Electromagnetic Analysis
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 9
Magnetics – Analytical vs FEA
Mechanical – Coupled Structural/Harmonics/Thermal/Fatigue
CFD - Cooling/mixing/particle tracking
System – Complete simulation with physically valid models
Overall Design Challenges
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 10
Magnetic 3D FEA Analysis
System Analysis Circuits, Blocks, State Machine
PP := 6
ICA:
A
A
A
GAIN
A
A
A
GAIN
A
JPMSYNCIA
IB
IC
Torque JPMSYNCIA
IB
IC
Torque
D2D
Components Generator Design Power Electronics
HF Magnetics RLCG Parasitics
Mechanical Thermal/Stress
CFD Thermal
Model order Reduction
Co-simulation
Field Solution
FE Model Generation
Optimization
Electromagnetic Solutions
Embedded Software
Embedded Design
Push Back Excitations
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 11
• Introduction to FEA
• Low-frequency Electromagnetic Applications
• High-frequency Electromagnetic Applications
Outline
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 12
LF Electromagnetic Applications
Sensors and Actuators Biomedical
Electric Machine Efficiency
Transformers Parasitic and Thermal
Subsea Power Distribution Example
Battery Modeling
Cables
Logging While Drilling -100.00 -80.00 -60.00 -40.00 -20.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Relative Transmitter Depth [in]
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
Am
pli
tud
e R
ati
o
Ansoft Corporation HFSSDesign1XY Plot 4
Curve Info
d_mag
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
dip='0deg' Freq='0.002GHz'
d_mag
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
dip='20deg' Freq='0.002GHz'
d_mag
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
dip='45deg' Freq='0.002GHz'
d_mag
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
dip='60deg' Freq='0.002GHz'
Semiconductor Characterization
Wireless Power Transfer
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 13
Magnetic field
simulation
Structural
vibration
Acoustic field
calculation
Transfer of magnetic
forces
Transfer of surface
displacements
Time domain Frequency domain Frequency domain
Motor and Generators
Mechanical Stress Deformation Temperature
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 14
Transformers
Insulation – Dielectric
Withstand, Maximum E-field,
Creep Stress
Winding Load Losses
and Stray Flux
Lorentz Forces
During Short Circuit
Tank Wall
Losses Bus
Bars
Bus Bar
Forces, EMI
Shielding
Coupled Losses and
Temperature in Ferrite
Core
Fluid Flow - Oil
Filled
Transformer
Converters
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40Distance (m)
-1E+006
0E+000
1E+006
2E+006
3E+006
4E+006
V/m
xformer4Creep Stress Curves (V/m) ANSOFT
Curve Info
Allowable Withstand C...
Sorted_E_Tangent$PermOil='2.2'
E_Tangent$PermOil='2.2'
Cumulative_Stress$PermOil='1'
Cumulative_Stress$PermOil='2.2'
Cumulative_Stress$PermOil='6'
Inductance – Self,
Mutual, Leakage,
Incremental
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 15
Actuators and Solenoids Flux Lines Plot
Coupled Magnetic –
System Simulation
Time-diffusion of
Magnetic Fields
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 16
Wind Power Generation
Power Lines
HV Terminations Transformers
Switch Gear
Generator Bus bar
drive signal forthe converter(voltage)
Q Current Controller
D Current Controller
drive signal forthe converter(voltage)
Actual ID
Ref ID
converter
regulator
regulator
converter
Ref IQ
actual IQ
regulator
Ref Q
Actual Q
regulator
Q Power Controller
P Power Controller
Actual P
Ref P
0
0
0
0
0
0
A1
B1
C1
N1
A2
B2
C2
N2
ROT1
ROT2
w+W
+
WM1
W
+
WM2
W
+
WM3
W
+
WM4
W
+
WM5
W
+
WM6
w
+
ICA:
FML_INIT1
EQU
FML4
STATE_1140
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1139
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1138
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1137
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=1SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1136
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1135
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1134
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1133
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1132
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1131
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1130
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=1SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1129
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1128
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1127
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1126
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1125
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=1SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1124
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1123
SET: SWA1:=1
SET: SWB1:=1SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1122
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1120
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=0SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1119
SET: SWA1:=0
SET: SWB1:=1SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1118
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1117
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=0
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1116
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1115
SET: SWA1:=1SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1114
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_1113
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1112
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=0
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1111
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=0
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1110
SET: SWA1:=1SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_119
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_114
SET: SWA1:=1SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=1
STATE_113
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_2_2
SET: SWA1:=0SET: SWB1:=0
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1121
SET: SWA1:=1SET: SWB1:=1
SET: SWC1:=0
STATE_1_8STATE_1_7STATE_1_6STATE_1_5STATE_1_4STATE_1_3STATE_1_2
STATE_118
STATE_117
STATE_116
STATE_115
STATE_2_1
STATE_1_1
STATE_Flexible1
2L3_GTOS
g_r1
g_r2
g_s1
g_s2
g_t1
g_t2
TWO_LVL_3P_GTO1
C2
B6U
D1 D3 D5
D2 D4 D6
B6U1
+
V
VM1
A
B
C
G(s)
gs4
G(s)
gs3
G(s)
gs2
G(s)
gs1
I
GAIN
sum3
sum2
GAIN
I
sum5
GAIN
I
G(s)
gs5
G(s)
gs6
I
GAIN
sum8
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00Time [ms]
-400.00
-200.00
-0.00
200.00
307.39
Y1
Curve Info
rotor_current_dTR
rotor_current_qTR
target_rotor_current_DTR
target_rotor_current_QTR
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00Time [ms]
-50.00
-25.00
0.00
25.00
43.09
Y1
[k]
Curve Info
PTRintgain='2' pgain='0.9'
QTRintgain='2' pgain='0.9'
PRTRintgain='2' pgain='0.9'
QRTRintgain='2' pgain='0.9'
Electronics and DSP controller
Blade
Rotor
Site selection
Shaft
Wind farm
Tower and FSI
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 17
Resistive losses Temperature rise
Induction Heating
Speaker Glue Joint
Temperature rise
Resistive losses Losses in Fluid Solver Temperature rise in Fluid Solver
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 18
Wireless Power Transfer
%100
cos
in
out
P
P
VIP
Efficiency Map
21LLkM
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 19
Batteries
Temperature Distribution
• Electrochemical Kinetics • Solid-State Li Transport • Electrolytic Li Transport
• Charge Conservation/Transport • (Thermal) Energy Conservation
Li+
e
Li+
Li+ Li+
LixC6 Lix-Metal-oxide
e
Jump
Li
eeee j
F
tcD
t
c
1)(
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 20
Temperature Deformation Loss Density Current Density
Cables and Busbars
1.00E-006 1.00E-005 1.00E-004 1.00E-003 1.00E-002 1.00E-001 1.00E+000 1.00E+001 1.00E+002F [MHz]
-75.00
-65.00
-55.00
-45.00
-35.00
-25.00
-15.00
-5.00
3.65
S (
dB
)
Simplorer_SmatrixS11 and S21Curve Info
dB20(S11)Imported
dB20(s21)Imported
Design Inputs Analysis Post-Processing
Voltage Efield System Model
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 21
Sensors
Variable
Reluctance
Sensor
ICA:
EMSSLink1.GAP := 3
EQU
Difference := FLUXM2.FLUX - FLUXM1.FLUX
FLXFLUXM1 FLX FLUXM2CONST
CONST2
Difference
COMP1ECE
EMSSLink1
ROT
ROT_Vw
+
Maxwell 3D LinkMaxwell 3D Link
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00Time [ms]
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
Flu
x [
vs]
0.0000
0.0010
0.0020
0.0030
0.0040
0.0050
Y2
Curve Info Y Axis
FLUXM1.FLUXTR Y1
FLUXM2.FLUXTR Y1
DifferenceTR Y2
COMP1.VALTR Y2
Hall Sensor
Eddy Current
Flaw Sensor
)( 2121 pudpuddriveroc LLNNIV
Output Voltage
System Model
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 22
Motor Electronics Battery Shaft
Power Plant Power
Electronics
EM
Component
Mechanical
Component
Oakridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM-2004/247, Evaluation of 2004 Toyota Prius Hybrid Electric Drive System Interim Report
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPG
Start to Finish Low Frequency Example: Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drive
© 2014 ANSYS, Inc. November 5, 2014 23
• Introduction to FEA
• Low-frequency Electromagnetic Applications
• High-frequency Electromagnetic Applications
Outline