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Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white space
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Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND NO. 2011-XXXXP
SAND 2013-6422P
Georgianne Huff, PE, PMPEnergy Storage Technology and Systems
Sandia National Laboratories505-844-9855, [email protected]
New Mexico Renewable Energy Storage Task ForceAug. 22, 2013
Electricity Storage Basics
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What is Energy Storage?
Energy Storage Mediates Between
Variable Sources and Variable Loads
Without storage, energy generationmust equal energy consumption.
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How Energy Storage Works
Storage moves energy through time.Energy generated at one time can be used at another time.
Charge
Discharge
Source: Beacon Power Co.
● Regulation
3
Sour
ce: N
GK
Insu
lato
rs, L
td.
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How is Energy Stored Currently?
Oil Strategic Petroleum Reserve Storage Tanks
Natural Gas Underground Storage Reservoirs Pipelines
Thermal Energy Thermal Mass/Adobe Ice
Electric Energy Storage Pumped Hydro Batteries/UPS CAES
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Electricity Storage is Not New 1780’s "animal electricity" by Luigi Galvani 1799 Volta invented modern battery 1880s Private DC systems 1836 batteries adopted by industry in stationary devices, particularly in
telegraph networks Lead-acid batteries original solution for night-time load Value of electricity storage in batteries
turn off generators during low-load periods absorb excess electricity from generators for sale later
The hydroelectric development of Niagara Falls in 1896. Tesla and AC First U.S. large-scale
energy storage (31MW) in 1929 at Connecticut
Light & Power Rocky River Plant
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Electricity Storage – Today
Source: 2013 EIA - Total Capacity 2010
Percentage of electricity that is stored
2.4%
8.8%
4.5%
2.1
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Why Electricity Storage?
“Power systems have become socomplex that they exceed man’s ability to react to them. They must be designed to give peopleadequate time to manage failure.” - Bruce Nussbaum
Business Week, September 8, 2003
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The Grid Today
IndustrialLoads
Generation and load must alwaysbe balanced
Power flowsin one direction
CommercialLoads
Step-Up Transformer
DistributionSubstation
TransmissionSubstation
Central Plant
ResidentialLoads Source: EPRI
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The Success of the Grid
remarkably reliable and efficient enormous just-in-time inventory system 99.999% reliable
success rests on two important principles Diversity of aggregated loads
Aggregated loads change is predictable
Control over generation throttled to provide power as needed
today’s forecastwww.caiso.com
Forecast for Cal ISO, 10 May 2013
http://www.caiso.com/
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Growing Load
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How the Grid is Changing
PHEVPV
Smart GridInfrastructure
Renewables
Source: EPRI
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Renewables Penetration
Source: American Wind Energy Association (http://www.awea.org/projects/)
HELCOWG Capacity = 33 MWPeak Load = 200 MW%Energy = 11.6%Max %Load = 26%
BPAWG Capacity = 2.8 GWPeak Load = 10.8 GW%Energy = NAMax %Load = 50.4%
PNMWG Capacity = 204 MWPeak Load = 2000 MW%Energy = 5%Max %Load = 25%
SPSWG Capacity = 874 MWPeak Load = 5500 MW%Energy = 6.8+%Max %Load = 20.4+%
ERCOTWG Capacity = 8.9 GWPeak Load = 62.5 GW%Energy = 6.2%Max %Load = 25%
PSCoWG Capacity = 1260 MWPeak Load = 2050 MW%Energy = 15%Max %Load = 39.5%
Extracted from Potential Reliability Impacts of Emerging Flexible Resources,NERC IVGTF working draft (8/22/’10)
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Electricity Storage Services
Electric Energy Time-Shift (Arbitrage) Transmission Upgrade DeferralElectric Supply Capacity Transmission Congestion Relief
Regulation Distribution Upgrade DeferralVoltage Support
Voltage Support Power QualityBlack Start Power ReliabilityOther Related Uses Retail Electric Energy Time-Shift
Demand Charge Management
Bulk Energy Services
Ancillary Services
Transmission Infrastructure Services
Distribution Infrastructure Services
Customer Energy Management ServicesSpinning, Non-Spinning and Supplemental Reserves
And BenefitsSource: DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
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Electricity Storage Provides Grid Security
‘Blackouts’ and ‘brownouts’
Improve T&D stability
Maintain quality power and reliability
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Fossil Fuels and Electricity Storage
Enhance asset utilization Defer upgrades Operate Fossil fuel generators at
optimum set point– reduce emissions
increased emissions for cyclic part load operation-NG generator
Source: EPRI/DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission and Distribution Applications - Wind Supplement update 2009
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Storage EnablesIncreased Value of Renewables and DG
Use more Renewables –reduce need for fossil plants
for regulation and spinning reserve
minimize transmission congestion
Operate Fossil fuel generators at optimum set point
reduce emissions
Enhanced reliability and Power Quality
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The Roles of Storage
ThermalStorage
Bulk Storage
V2G
Ancillary Services
DistributedStorage
DistributedStorage
ResidentialStorage
CommercialStorage
Source: EPRI
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Flow Batteries
Nickel-Cadmium Battery
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Sodium Beta Batteries
Lead-Acid Batteries
Storage on the grid today
Source: Fraunhofer Institute, EPRI
Pumped Hydro127,000 MWel
Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy (Sept. 2012)
Lithium Ion Batteries
70 MW
27 MW
130 MW
< 5 MW
440 MW
375 MW
Over 99% of total storage capacity on the grid
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Electrical Energy Storage Technologies
Pumped Hydro
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Batteries• Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
• Flow Batteries
• Lead Acid
• Advanced Lead Carbon
• Lithium Ion
Flywheels
Electrochemical Capacitors
Energy
Power
Pumped Hydro(Taum Sauk)400 MW
Sodium SulfurBattery2 MW
Flywheels1 – 20 MW
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Lead Acid Batteries
Conventional
Low cost
Critical Load Backup/ Energy ManagementLead Smelter: Battery Recycling5 MW, 3.5 MWH VRLA Battery
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Advanced Batteries
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Hybrid LA-Supercap and PbC
• Lead acid battery positive electrode • Supercapacitor negative electrode made of activated carbon.
Pb-Ca grid alloy instead of Pb-Sb alloy, improving the corrosion-resistance of the positive grid.
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New >200MW East Penn Battery Manufacturing Plant at Lyon Station, PA
500-kW/1-MWh Adv LA: Time-shifting 900-kWh Adv Carbon Valve-regulated: PV Smoothing
Utility PSOC Cycle-Life10% DOD
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
PSOC Cycle Number
% O
f Ini
tial C
apac
ity
VRLA Battery
UltraBattery
Li-ion (Li-FePO4)
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ARRA – East Penn, PNM Prosperity Project
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First 1 MW/6 hr in 2007, three in 2009.
New types of Na/S cells(e.g., flat, bipolar, low-temperature, high-power)
molten sulfur +electrode
molten sodium -electrode
solid beta alumina ceramic electrolyte
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Sodium-Sulfur (NAS)
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Lithium Ion
Li-FePO4
Li-CoO2
Li-NO2Li-MnO2
Li-AlO2
Li2TiO3
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Flow Batteries
Vanadium Redox Zinc Bromine Other electro-chemistries New flow battery couples
including iron-chrome and zinc/chlorine (Zn/Cl)
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Electrochemical Capacitors
• All high power applications• Transmission stability• Power quality• Distributed resource support
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Other Leading Edge Electro-Chemical Technologies
Metal-air batteries Na-ion batteries including
Na-halide chemistries
Currently, not enough data is available to make an objective assessment of these technologies’ suitability for use as utility-scale storage devices.
Zinc Air Batteries
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Non Electro-Chemical Electricity Storage
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Flywheels
Low Speed – PQ
High Speed – early commercial and development
Composite Rim
Vacuum Chamber
Magnetic Bearing
Hub
Motor Shaft
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Bulk Electric Energy Storage
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Pumped Hydro
Aquifer Archimedes’ Screw Below Ground Reservoir Energy Island In ground storage pipe with piston In-reservoir tube with bubbles Ocean Pumped Variable-Speed
Conventional
Novel
Energy Island
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Compressed Air Energy Storage(CAES)
2 existing plants worldwide~20 prospective CAES projects 2 projects active in DOE
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Novel CAES
Near Isothermal Adiabatic Diabatic Renewable Liquid Air Energy Storage Underwater/Ocean Adsorption Enhanced Hydrokinetic Transportable Vehicle Compression“Energy Bags”, Pimm, University of Nottingham
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Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Stores Energy in a Magnetic Field No Conversion of Electrical Energy required Super conducting wires result in virtually no losses Cryogenic Hardware required
SMESMagnet
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DOE International Energy Storage DatabaseSample Screen
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Technology Challenges
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Electricity Storage Must Be A Complete System
DC
AC
Power Conditioning System• DC to AC conversion• Charging control• Reactive power
management• Integration point
to the grid
All components must be safe, reliable, low-cost, and seamlessly integrated
Balance of Plant• Data acquisition and controls• Thermal management• Physical structure• Shipping and Installation
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Technology – Power Electronics
Power Electronics make up 25-60% of system cost. Power Electronics presently do not have the
desired reliability Power conversion from storage to grid adds
size, complexity and cost.
Emitter Turn-off Thyristor
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Technology – Reliability
Cycle Life Limited systems in operation Cycle life unknown over 7 to 10+ year time frame
Annual Cost Replacement costs Operational costs
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Technology – Capabilities
Need storage systems that can serve multiple applications Need technology that has Energy and Power
features
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Cost – Challenges Present estimated costs have poor ROI Hard to get well defined budgeting costs
Capital Operational Hidden costs
How to recover costs Who takes the risks Who reaps the various and varying benefits
Example?
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Capital Cost for Various Technologies
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Capital Cost per Cycle
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Cost – Select Storage Technologies by Service Applications
Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
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Source: DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
Cost: Select Storage Technologies by Service
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Energy Density and Cost
Sources: Sandia National Laboratories and ESA
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Regulatory Issues
Old regulatory policies = bias towards traditional technologies
Lack of experience with energy storage leads to questions about: its definition
its necessity
its cost-effectiveness
This is especially important as most utilities are risk adverse about new technologies
• its utilization
• its funding and revenue streams
• Complexity of optimizing these technologies in a market context
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Regulatory Issues Jurisdictional difficulties in classification of energy storage
Who has jurisdiction when it comes to:
setting policy Standards cost recovery making approvals
How to address these issues?
One way is to equalize the playing field:
FERC order 755 & Pay for Performance Mandates or incentives? Pricing Externalities: Carbon Tax or Cap & Trade?
FERCPU
CISO
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DOE International Energy Storage Database
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/
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Electricity Storage Tools EPRI/DOE Electricity Storage Handbook
In Collaboration with NRECA http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdf how-to guide for selection and installation of stationary
energy storage systems in the electric grid comprehensive cost database
DOE Energy Storage Database
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/ database of built energy storage systems and US policies
ES-Select tool:
http://www.sandia.gov/ess/esselect.html scores and ranks the feasibility of various storage technologies
to serve the selected applications
http://www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/SAND2013-5131.pdfhttp://www.energystorageexchange.org/http://www.sandia.gov/ess/esselect.html
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Electricity Storage Websites
DOE Home Page http://www.doe.energy.gov/storage.htm
EPRI www.epri.com
DOE/Sandia Energy Storage Program http://www.sandia.gov/ess/
Electricity Storage Association http://www.electricitystorage.org/
EESAT Conference http://www.sandia.gov/eesat/
http://www.doe.energy.gov/storage.htmhttp://www.epri.com/http://www.sandia.gov/ess/pubs_home.htmlhttp://www.electricitystorage.org/http://www.sandia.gov/eesat/2011/index.html
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Electricity Storage: Free to the Public
Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A White Paper Primer on Applications, Costs and Benefits(EPRI 1020676) Available at: http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001020676
Executive summary (EPRI 1022261) available at:http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022261
Functional Requirements for Electric Energy Storage Applications on the Power System Grid (EPRI 1022544)Available at:http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022544
DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA: Coming July 2013
http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001020676http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022261http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt?Abstract_id=000000000001022544
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Questions?
Thank You...
Electricity Storage Basics
Electricity Storage BasicsWhat is Energy Storage?How Energy Storage WorksHow is Energy Stored Currently?Electricity Storage is Not NewElectricity Storage – TodayWhy Electricity Storage?The Grid TodayThe Success of the GridHow the Grid is ChangingRenewables PenetrationElectricity Storage ServicesElectricity Storage Provides �Grid Security Fossil Fuels and Electricity StorageStorage Enables�Increased Value of Renewables and DGThe Roles of StorageStorage on the grid todayElectrical Energy Storage TechnologiesLead Acid BatteriesAdvanced BatteriesHybrid LA-Supercap and PbCARRA – East Penn, PNM Prosperity ProjectSodium-Sulfur (NAS)Lithium IonFlow BatteriesElectrochemical CapacitorsOther Leading Edge Electro-Chemical TechnologiesNon Electro-Chemical Electricity Storage�FlywheelsBulk Electric Energy StoragePumped HydroCompressed Air Energy Storage�(CAES)Novel CAESSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)DOE International Energy Storage Database�Sample ScreenTechnology ChallengesElectricity Storage Must Be A Complete SystemTechnology – Power ElectronicsTechnology – ReliabilityTechnology – CapabilitiesCost – ChallengesCapital Cost for Various TechnologiesCapital Cost per CycleCost – Select Storage Technologies by Service ApplicationsCost: Select Storage Technologies by Service Energy Density and CostRegulatory IssuesRegulatory IssuesDOE International Energy Storage DatabaseElectricity Storage ToolsElectricity Storage WebsitesElectricity Storage: Free to the PublicElectricity Storage Basics