ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 47
Oriental Geographer
Vol 60 No 1amp2 2016
Printed in March 2019
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS
REDUCTION THROUGH BUILDING INTEGRATED
PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) SYSTEMS IN DHAKA CITY
FARIAZZAMAN1
MD HUMAYUN KABIR2
Abstract The study evaluates the potential application of Building Integrated
Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Dhaka City and explores major barriers for such application
BIPV referring to the integration of photovoltaic devices as building materials for
electricity generation in one hand and to contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction
on the other hand With regard to the application of BIPVs the present research has
evaluated as many as 120 stakeholdersrsquo (15 policy and decision makers 15 architects 15
building developers 15 installers and 60 building owners) perception experience and
suggestions on issues challenges and potentials of the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Based on in-depth interviews with two sets of questionnaires the research findings reveal
that among the stakeholders all have been found conscious and willing to promote
BIPVs except the ignorance of building developers and owners The force field analysis
indicates that due to the restraining forces the application process of BIPVs in Dhaka is
slowing down Major reasons identified by the stakeholders that are hindering the
application process include high costs and lack of awareness Despite these issues the
effective diffusion strategy can overcome all the existing barriers and BIPV scan viably
be installed in Dhaka within next 10-15 years
Keywords Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Electricity generation Force field
analysis Greenhouse gas emission reduction Diffusion strategy
INTRODUCTION
Electrical power is considered the driving force for development economic growth
automation and modernization in todayrsquos world while both energy usage and demand
are gradually increasing globally and most of the energy demand projections show that
current and expected energy sources are not sustainable (Hosenuzzaman et al 2015)
Therefore energy transition to a more equitable and sustainable world is essentially
necessary and at the same time all should have access to the energy services required for
a secure and healthy livelihood (Amin et al 2016) Currently the world is using fossil
fuel at an alarming rate that not only will strain the resources in the near future but will
1 Fariazaman is Postgraduate Thesis Student Department of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Bangladesh 2 Dr Md Humayun Kabir is Professor Department of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Bangladesh
48 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
result in a great amount of pollution as well (Jelle et al 2012) As a result the worldwide
energy systems are currently undergoing a transition from highly centralized fossilized
and nuclear power plants to decentralized small and medium sized renewable power
plants
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply
difficulties exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts The
worldrsquos demand and focus on renewable energy and non- polluting energy together with
energy efficiency are ever increasing while zero energy and zero emission buildings are
also gradually drawing attention (Jelle and Breivik 2012)The global contribution from
buildings towards energy consumption both residential and commercial has steadily
increased reaching figures between 20-40 in developed countries (Lombard et al
2008) As a part of wider international framework that intents to reduce national energy
dependence on conventional fuels deter environmental pollution continued global climate
changes a growing number of countries view distributed photovoltaic systems as power
source with large potential for the future and are correspondingly starting to construct and
operate Building Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV system on a large scale (Kartesis
et al 2006)
With a population of 160 million Bangladesh is one of the worlds most populated
countries In Bangladesh electricity is the most widely used form of energy However
since its independence from Pakistan in 1971 the country has struggled to generate
adequate electricity to meet the demand (Islam and Khan 2017) Combustion of fossil
fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere causing global warming
Bangladesh can be badly affected by greenhouse effect and global warming These
problems can be mitigated by incorporating renewable energy sources (eg solar wind
hydro biomass etc) to the countrys electricity generation (Baky et al 2017)
Dhaka the Capital of Bangladesh is one of the most demanding cities in terms of energy
consumption From the assessment of the energy consumption data of Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB) Hossain (2009) reported that about 86 of the total
electrical energy of Dhaka City is consumed by the residential buildings and only 11 is
consumed by the commercial buildings (BPDB 2007 cited in Hossain 2009) With the
dramatic growth of the size of the city population the demand for energy consumption
has also been increased manifold in Dhaka City However the geographical attributes of
Dhaka City offer huge potential (around 1000 MW with roof-top grid connected PVs)
for electricity generation through solar Photovoltaic systems (Kabir et al 2010 Kabir and
Endlicher 2012 Kabir and Endlicher 2013)
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can be installed as mainstream of
renewable energy source to contribute to electrical energy demand and to significantly
reduce greenhouse gas particularly carbon-di-oxide Among all the clean technologies
BIPV is considered as the one that can achieve the sustainability in the construction
sector and energy sector (Shukla et al 2017) As energy saving is a very important
determinant for using photovoltaic in buildings nowadays it is generally expected that in
the next century photovoltaic will be able to contribute substantially to the mainstream
power production (Bakos et al 2003)
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 49
Considering the importance of BIPVs in Dhaka city the study identifies the stakeholdersrsquo
(the policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and building
owners) level of awareness and interest of BIPV adoption in Dhaka city through in depth
interviews with two sets of detailed questionnaires With data gathered from the
questionnaires and in depth interviews force field analysis is done which is considered to
be the principal aim for data analysis This force field analysis helps in analyzing data for
ranking the potential barriers Finally the study proposes a lsquodiffusion strategyrsquo which if
we put into our traditional practice could enhance the viability importance and image of
BIPV technology in Dhaka city This analysis has been done to understand the
importance of adopting BIPVs in Dhaka city in order to identify further steps to introduce
BIPVs
BIPV-AN OVERVIEW
The most abundant energy source among all the renewable sources available is solar
energy which is abundant in both direct and indirect forms The solar energy can be
converted into electricity through PV cells at different efficiency varying between 7 and
40 (Debbarma et al 2016)The source of the solar energy is the nuclear interactions at
the core of the sun where the energy comes from the conversion of hydrogen into helium
(Foster et al 2009) Bangladesh receives a daily solar radiation intake of about 40 to 65
kWhm2 (Amin et al 2016) Solar PV technology has certainly turned out to be one of
the most suitable and promising systems due to its total compatibility with the long-term
environmental economic social and geopolitical objectives of sustainable energy
systems (Gardner 1996) Photovoltaic is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on
site directly from the sun without concern for energy supply or environmental harm In
other word BIPV is considered as a functional part of the building structure or they are
architecturally integrated into the buildingrsquos design(Jelle et al 2012) BIPV includes two
types of grid-connected applications i) where the PV modules actually become an
integral part of the building often serving as the exterior weathering skin and ii) PV
modules are installed over the existing building exterior
Integrated photovoltaic technology in buildings is a new and promising way to integrate
renewable energies in the constructed environment BIPV is reported to be one of the
fastest growing segments of the solar industry worldwide with an assumed capacity
growth of 50 or more from 2011 to 2017 in the next few years (Debbarma et al 2016)
The global market of BIPV reached $14 billion by 2017 (Shukla et al 2017)
STATE OF ELECTRICITY IN DHAKA CITY
Dhaka the primate city of Bangladesh is a significant consumer (55) of total electricity
produced in the country Demand of electricity is actually increasing in all parts in
Bangladesh with a gradual focus on industrialization (Hossain et al 2017) However the
installed capacity of electricity generation was 12365 MW in the fiscal year 2016 and the
maximum peak generation was 9036 MW (BPDB 2016) (Figure 1)
50 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 1 Generation Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Bangladesh
Source BPDB 2016
Dhaka by accommodating around 20 million people has to supply electricity for diverse
group of consumers (Karim et al 2017) The capital city of Bangladesh Dhaka
consumes almost 55 of total generated electricity the largest share of which is claimed
by its domestic sector according to the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC)
(Haider and Ahmed 2016) However Figure 2 shows that nearly half of total power
(49) is consumed by residential sector followed by industries (36) commercial
(11) and others such as street lighting and agriculture (4) (DESCO 2017)
Figure 2 Power Consumption in Dhaka City
Source (DESCO 2017)
The city dwellers in the city of Dhaka along with the other parts of the country have been
experiencing severe deficit of electrical power and the resultant consequences In the case
of Dhaka city power supply is quite inadequate compared to its peak demand (Kabir and
Endlicher 2012) Besides the shortage of power has been affecting the Dhaka city
severely During the summer season frequent load shedding is very general phenomena
with the daily outage of electricity for around 2-3 hours in cities and 5-7 hours in rural
areas (Karim et al 2017) DPDC and DESCO are responsible for the electricity
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 51
distribution in Dhaka City The electricity demand of the city is growing at an alarming
rate of 12 which is higher than the countryrsquos overall growth rate of 10 (Parveen
2016) The city has a recent peak electricity demand of about 2000 MW (Sikder et al
2016) Until 2017 the demand was around 1500 MW against the installed capacity of
2500 MW (Figure 3)
Figure 3 Maximum Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Dhaka City
Source (BPDB 2016)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the present study is to assess the potential application of building
integrated photovoltaic systems for electricity generation in Dhaka City based on the
perception analysis of stakeholder institutions and individuals However the specific
objectives include--
to evaluate relevant stakeholder institutions and individualsrsquo experience and
perception on BIPV system and its potential application in Dhaka
to evaluate BIPV based electricity generation potential identifying major barriers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present study both primary and secondary data have been used while primary
were collected from different relevant stakeholders in Dhaka City The stakeholders ie
policy and decision makers architects developers and installers have been purposively
selected in order to include all relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals and
ultimately to evaluate their perception on BIPV application in Dhaka Stakeholder
institutions considered for the study include Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakha (RAJUK) Infrastructure Development Company
Limited (IDCOL) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)
52 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)
Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group
Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of
stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and
the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building
construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15
policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted
with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of
Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given
the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force
field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also
considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional
sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions
Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception
Policy and Decision Makers
One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field
of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
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Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
48 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
result in a great amount of pollution as well (Jelle et al 2012) As a result the worldwide
energy systems are currently undergoing a transition from highly centralized fossilized
and nuclear power plants to decentralized small and medium sized renewable power
plants
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply
difficulties exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts The
worldrsquos demand and focus on renewable energy and non- polluting energy together with
energy efficiency are ever increasing while zero energy and zero emission buildings are
also gradually drawing attention (Jelle and Breivik 2012)The global contribution from
buildings towards energy consumption both residential and commercial has steadily
increased reaching figures between 20-40 in developed countries (Lombard et al
2008) As a part of wider international framework that intents to reduce national energy
dependence on conventional fuels deter environmental pollution continued global climate
changes a growing number of countries view distributed photovoltaic systems as power
source with large potential for the future and are correspondingly starting to construct and
operate Building Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV system on a large scale (Kartesis
et al 2006)
With a population of 160 million Bangladesh is one of the worlds most populated
countries In Bangladesh electricity is the most widely used form of energy However
since its independence from Pakistan in 1971 the country has struggled to generate
adequate electricity to meet the demand (Islam and Khan 2017) Combustion of fossil
fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere causing global warming
Bangladesh can be badly affected by greenhouse effect and global warming These
problems can be mitigated by incorporating renewable energy sources (eg solar wind
hydro biomass etc) to the countrys electricity generation (Baky et al 2017)
Dhaka the Capital of Bangladesh is one of the most demanding cities in terms of energy
consumption From the assessment of the energy consumption data of Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB) Hossain (2009) reported that about 86 of the total
electrical energy of Dhaka City is consumed by the residential buildings and only 11 is
consumed by the commercial buildings (BPDB 2007 cited in Hossain 2009) With the
dramatic growth of the size of the city population the demand for energy consumption
has also been increased manifold in Dhaka City However the geographical attributes of
Dhaka City offer huge potential (around 1000 MW with roof-top grid connected PVs)
for electricity generation through solar Photovoltaic systems (Kabir et al 2010 Kabir and
Endlicher 2012 Kabir and Endlicher 2013)
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can be installed as mainstream of
renewable energy source to contribute to electrical energy demand and to significantly
reduce greenhouse gas particularly carbon-di-oxide Among all the clean technologies
BIPV is considered as the one that can achieve the sustainability in the construction
sector and energy sector (Shukla et al 2017) As energy saving is a very important
determinant for using photovoltaic in buildings nowadays it is generally expected that in
the next century photovoltaic will be able to contribute substantially to the mainstream
power production (Bakos et al 2003)
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 49
Considering the importance of BIPVs in Dhaka city the study identifies the stakeholdersrsquo
(the policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and building
owners) level of awareness and interest of BIPV adoption in Dhaka city through in depth
interviews with two sets of detailed questionnaires With data gathered from the
questionnaires and in depth interviews force field analysis is done which is considered to
be the principal aim for data analysis This force field analysis helps in analyzing data for
ranking the potential barriers Finally the study proposes a lsquodiffusion strategyrsquo which if
we put into our traditional practice could enhance the viability importance and image of
BIPV technology in Dhaka city This analysis has been done to understand the
importance of adopting BIPVs in Dhaka city in order to identify further steps to introduce
BIPVs
BIPV-AN OVERVIEW
The most abundant energy source among all the renewable sources available is solar
energy which is abundant in both direct and indirect forms The solar energy can be
converted into electricity through PV cells at different efficiency varying between 7 and
40 (Debbarma et al 2016)The source of the solar energy is the nuclear interactions at
the core of the sun where the energy comes from the conversion of hydrogen into helium
(Foster et al 2009) Bangladesh receives a daily solar radiation intake of about 40 to 65
kWhm2 (Amin et al 2016) Solar PV technology has certainly turned out to be one of
the most suitable and promising systems due to its total compatibility with the long-term
environmental economic social and geopolitical objectives of sustainable energy
systems (Gardner 1996) Photovoltaic is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on
site directly from the sun without concern for energy supply or environmental harm In
other word BIPV is considered as a functional part of the building structure or they are
architecturally integrated into the buildingrsquos design(Jelle et al 2012) BIPV includes two
types of grid-connected applications i) where the PV modules actually become an
integral part of the building often serving as the exterior weathering skin and ii) PV
modules are installed over the existing building exterior
Integrated photovoltaic technology in buildings is a new and promising way to integrate
renewable energies in the constructed environment BIPV is reported to be one of the
fastest growing segments of the solar industry worldwide with an assumed capacity
growth of 50 or more from 2011 to 2017 in the next few years (Debbarma et al 2016)
The global market of BIPV reached $14 billion by 2017 (Shukla et al 2017)
STATE OF ELECTRICITY IN DHAKA CITY
Dhaka the primate city of Bangladesh is a significant consumer (55) of total electricity
produced in the country Demand of electricity is actually increasing in all parts in
Bangladesh with a gradual focus on industrialization (Hossain et al 2017) However the
installed capacity of electricity generation was 12365 MW in the fiscal year 2016 and the
maximum peak generation was 9036 MW (BPDB 2016) (Figure 1)
50 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 1 Generation Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Bangladesh
Source BPDB 2016
Dhaka by accommodating around 20 million people has to supply electricity for diverse
group of consumers (Karim et al 2017) The capital city of Bangladesh Dhaka
consumes almost 55 of total generated electricity the largest share of which is claimed
by its domestic sector according to the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC)
(Haider and Ahmed 2016) However Figure 2 shows that nearly half of total power
(49) is consumed by residential sector followed by industries (36) commercial
(11) and others such as street lighting and agriculture (4) (DESCO 2017)
Figure 2 Power Consumption in Dhaka City
Source (DESCO 2017)
The city dwellers in the city of Dhaka along with the other parts of the country have been
experiencing severe deficit of electrical power and the resultant consequences In the case
of Dhaka city power supply is quite inadequate compared to its peak demand (Kabir and
Endlicher 2012) Besides the shortage of power has been affecting the Dhaka city
severely During the summer season frequent load shedding is very general phenomena
with the daily outage of electricity for around 2-3 hours in cities and 5-7 hours in rural
areas (Karim et al 2017) DPDC and DESCO are responsible for the electricity
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 51
distribution in Dhaka City The electricity demand of the city is growing at an alarming
rate of 12 which is higher than the countryrsquos overall growth rate of 10 (Parveen
2016) The city has a recent peak electricity demand of about 2000 MW (Sikder et al
2016) Until 2017 the demand was around 1500 MW against the installed capacity of
2500 MW (Figure 3)
Figure 3 Maximum Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Dhaka City
Source (BPDB 2016)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the present study is to assess the potential application of building
integrated photovoltaic systems for electricity generation in Dhaka City based on the
perception analysis of stakeholder institutions and individuals However the specific
objectives include--
to evaluate relevant stakeholder institutions and individualsrsquo experience and
perception on BIPV system and its potential application in Dhaka
to evaluate BIPV based electricity generation potential identifying major barriers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present study both primary and secondary data have been used while primary
were collected from different relevant stakeholders in Dhaka City The stakeholders ie
policy and decision makers architects developers and installers have been purposively
selected in order to include all relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals and
ultimately to evaluate their perception on BIPV application in Dhaka Stakeholder
institutions considered for the study include Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakha (RAJUK) Infrastructure Development Company
Limited (IDCOL) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)
52 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)
Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group
Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of
stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and
the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building
construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15
policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted
with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of
Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given
the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force
field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also
considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional
sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions
Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception
Policy and Decision Makers
One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field
of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 49
Considering the importance of BIPVs in Dhaka city the study identifies the stakeholdersrsquo
(the policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and building
owners) level of awareness and interest of BIPV adoption in Dhaka city through in depth
interviews with two sets of detailed questionnaires With data gathered from the
questionnaires and in depth interviews force field analysis is done which is considered to
be the principal aim for data analysis This force field analysis helps in analyzing data for
ranking the potential barriers Finally the study proposes a lsquodiffusion strategyrsquo which if
we put into our traditional practice could enhance the viability importance and image of
BIPV technology in Dhaka city This analysis has been done to understand the
importance of adopting BIPVs in Dhaka city in order to identify further steps to introduce
BIPVs
BIPV-AN OVERVIEW
The most abundant energy source among all the renewable sources available is solar
energy which is abundant in both direct and indirect forms The solar energy can be
converted into electricity through PV cells at different efficiency varying between 7 and
40 (Debbarma et al 2016)The source of the solar energy is the nuclear interactions at
the core of the sun where the energy comes from the conversion of hydrogen into helium
(Foster et al 2009) Bangladesh receives a daily solar radiation intake of about 40 to 65
kWhm2 (Amin et al 2016) Solar PV technology has certainly turned out to be one of
the most suitable and promising systems due to its total compatibility with the long-term
environmental economic social and geopolitical objectives of sustainable energy
systems (Gardner 1996) Photovoltaic is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on
site directly from the sun without concern for energy supply or environmental harm In
other word BIPV is considered as a functional part of the building structure or they are
architecturally integrated into the buildingrsquos design(Jelle et al 2012) BIPV includes two
types of grid-connected applications i) where the PV modules actually become an
integral part of the building often serving as the exterior weathering skin and ii) PV
modules are installed over the existing building exterior
Integrated photovoltaic technology in buildings is a new and promising way to integrate
renewable energies in the constructed environment BIPV is reported to be one of the
fastest growing segments of the solar industry worldwide with an assumed capacity
growth of 50 or more from 2011 to 2017 in the next few years (Debbarma et al 2016)
The global market of BIPV reached $14 billion by 2017 (Shukla et al 2017)
STATE OF ELECTRICITY IN DHAKA CITY
Dhaka the primate city of Bangladesh is a significant consumer (55) of total electricity
produced in the country Demand of electricity is actually increasing in all parts in
Bangladesh with a gradual focus on industrialization (Hossain et al 2017) However the
installed capacity of electricity generation was 12365 MW in the fiscal year 2016 and the
maximum peak generation was 9036 MW (BPDB 2016) (Figure 1)
50 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 1 Generation Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Bangladesh
Source BPDB 2016
Dhaka by accommodating around 20 million people has to supply electricity for diverse
group of consumers (Karim et al 2017) The capital city of Bangladesh Dhaka
consumes almost 55 of total generated electricity the largest share of which is claimed
by its domestic sector according to the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC)
(Haider and Ahmed 2016) However Figure 2 shows that nearly half of total power
(49) is consumed by residential sector followed by industries (36) commercial
(11) and others such as street lighting and agriculture (4) (DESCO 2017)
Figure 2 Power Consumption in Dhaka City
Source (DESCO 2017)
The city dwellers in the city of Dhaka along with the other parts of the country have been
experiencing severe deficit of electrical power and the resultant consequences In the case
of Dhaka city power supply is quite inadequate compared to its peak demand (Kabir and
Endlicher 2012) Besides the shortage of power has been affecting the Dhaka city
severely During the summer season frequent load shedding is very general phenomena
with the daily outage of electricity for around 2-3 hours in cities and 5-7 hours in rural
areas (Karim et al 2017) DPDC and DESCO are responsible for the electricity
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 51
distribution in Dhaka City The electricity demand of the city is growing at an alarming
rate of 12 which is higher than the countryrsquos overall growth rate of 10 (Parveen
2016) The city has a recent peak electricity demand of about 2000 MW (Sikder et al
2016) Until 2017 the demand was around 1500 MW against the installed capacity of
2500 MW (Figure 3)
Figure 3 Maximum Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Dhaka City
Source (BPDB 2016)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the present study is to assess the potential application of building
integrated photovoltaic systems for electricity generation in Dhaka City based on the
perception analysis of stakeholder institutions and individuals However the specific
objectives include--
to evaluate relevant stakeholder institutions and individualsrsquo experience and
perception on BIPV system and its potential application in Dhaka
to evaluate BIPV based electricity generation potential identifying major barriers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present study both primary and secondary data have been used while primary
were collected from different relevant stakeholders in Dhaka City The stakeholders ie
policy and decision makers architects developers and installers have been purposively
selected in order to include all relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals and
ultimately to evaluate their perception on BIPV application in Dhaka Stakeholder
institutions considered for the study include Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakha (RAJUK) Infrastructure Development Company
Limited (IDCOL) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)
52 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)
Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group
Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of
stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and
the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building
construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15
policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted
with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of
Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given
the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force
field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also
considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional
sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions
Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception
Policy and Decision Makers
One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field
of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
50 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 1 Generation Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Bangladesh
Source BPDB 2016
Dhaka by accommodating around 20 million people has to supply electricity for diverse
group of consumers (Karim et al 2017) The capital city of Bangladesh Dhaka
consumes almost 55 of total generated electricity the largest share of which is claimed
by its domestic sector according to the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC)
(Haider and Ahmed 2016) However Figure 2 shows that nearly half of total power
(49) is consumed by residential sector followed by industries (36) commercial
(11) and others such as street lighting and agriculture (4) (DESCO 2017)
Figure 2 Power Consumption in Dhaka City
Source (DESCO 2017)
The city dwellers in the city of Dhaka along with the other parts of the country have been
experiencing severe deficit of electrical power and the resultant consequences In the case
of Dhaka city power supply is quite inadequate compared to its peak demand (Kabir and
Endlicher 2012) Besides the shortage of power has been affecting the Dhaka city
severely During the summer season frequent load shedding is very general phenomena
with the daily outage of electricity for around 2-3 hours in cities and 5-7 hours in rural
areas (Karim et al 2017) DPDC and DESCO are responsible for the electricity
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 51
distribution in Dhaka City The electricity demand of the city is growing at an alarming
rate of 12 which is higher than the countryrsquos overall growth rate of 10 (Parveen
2016) The city has a recent peak electricity demand of about 2000 MW (Sikder et al
2016) Until 2017 the demand was around 1500 MW against the installed capacity of
2500 MW (Figure 3)
Figure 3 Maximum Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Dhaka City
Source (BPDB 2016)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the present study is to assess the potential application of building
integrated photovoltaic systems for electricity generation in Dhaka City based on the
perception analysis of stakeholder institutions and individuals However the specific
objectives include--
to evaluate relevant stakeholder institutions and individualsrsquo experience and
perception on BIPV system and its potential application in Dhaka
to evaluate BIPV based electricity generation potential identifying major barriers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present study both primary and secondary data have been used while primary
were collected from different relevant stakeholders in Dhaka City The stakeholders ie
policy and decision makers architects developers and installers have been purposively
selected in order to include all relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals and
ultimately to evaluate their perception on BIPV application in Dhaka Stakeholder
institutions considered for the study include Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakha (RAJUK) Infrastructure Development Company
Limited (IDCOL) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)
52 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)
Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group
Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of
stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and
the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building
construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15
policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted
with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of
Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given
the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force
field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also
considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional
sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions
Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception
Policy and Decision Makers
One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field
of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 51
distribution in Dhaka City The electricity demand of the city is growing at an alarming
rate of 12 which is higher than the countryrsquos overall growth rate of 10 (Parveen
2016) The city has a recent peak electricity demand of about 2000 MW (Sikder et al
2016) Until 2017 the demand was around 1500 MW against the installed capacity of
2500 MW (Figure 3)
Figure 3 Maximum Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Dhaka City
Source (BPDB 2016)
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of the present study is to assess the potential application of building
integrated photovoltaic systems for electricity generation in Dhaka City based on the
perception analysis of stakeholder institutions and individuals However the specific
objectives include--
to evaluate relevant stakeholder institutions and individualsrsquo experience and
perception on BIPV system and its potential application in Dhaka
to evaluate BIPV based electricity generation potential identifying major barriers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the present study both primary and secondary data have been used while primary
were collected from different relevant stakeholders in Dhaka City The stakeholders ie
policy and decision makers architects developers and installers have been purposively
selected in order to include all relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals and
ultimately to evaluate their perception on BIPV application in Dhaka Stakeholder
institutions considered for the study include Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakha (RAJUK) Infrastructure Development Company
Limited (IDCOL) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)
52 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)
Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group
Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of
stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and
the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building
construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15
policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted
with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of
Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given
the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force
field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also
considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional
sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions
Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception
Policy and Decision Makers
One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field
of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
52 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)
Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group
Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of
stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and
the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building
construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15
policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted
with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of
Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given
the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force
field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also
considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional
sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions
Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception
Policy and Decision Makers
One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field
of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 53
group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate
change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision
makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating
climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy
is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any
sort of renewable energy sources
Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs
whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about
BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10
years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs
Architects
Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in
adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The
architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time
to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon
dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are
aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy
and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs
might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate
installation of BIPVs in their projects
Building Developers
The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned
about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another
source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable
energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building
developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in
Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be
viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never
thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if
people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency
Installers
The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat
concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread
use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in
installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have
learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe
that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed
interest in adopting BIPVs
Building Owners
The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not
concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
54 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that
they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the
traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners
tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much
technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies
Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs
ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV
The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only
the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria
according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not
concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different
viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental
concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that
at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional
fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a
technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such
technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to
adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental
concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2
nd ranking The architects also
said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great
extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of
the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other
hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is
damaging at an alarming rate
Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as
well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The
installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said
that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in
Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from
enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is
affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of
the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to
think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a
possible solution for Dhaka city
POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV
From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for
slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and
decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city
which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that
there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 55
policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as
2nd
and low financial incentives as the 3rd
barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city
The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city
dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high
cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the
people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers
influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The
perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major
portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of
BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical
appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are
installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed
to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how
plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology
FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS
Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually
used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a
given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this
technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka
City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on
BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces
that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in
Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales
from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)
The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted
stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the
larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the
factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been
found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can
be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers
need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be
done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned
into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can
also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense
that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City
then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of
BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful
diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
56 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis
Source Field Study 2018
DIFFUSION STRATEGIES
After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the
factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy
and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial
incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers
competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this
city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential
use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to
that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive
cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that
though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor
which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 57
stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an
important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the
installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system
integrating in a building
According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of
public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the
successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high
cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process
The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building
materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper
policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if
the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target
to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial
incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand
that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced
energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that
sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion
strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka
Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka
Source Field Study 2018
While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the
stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not
satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is
very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard
to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)
The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
58 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV
in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all
the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in
Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first
world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh
However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take
another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future
on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in
Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found
aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to
the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found
aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of
appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers
and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high
potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten
years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study
based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions
puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to
promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but
also to address climate change issues
Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned
agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole
Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the
city
Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by
the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)
More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to
be carried out
Acknowledgement
This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography
and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the
Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the
accomplishment of the thesis
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 59
REFERENCES
Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable
Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences
6(2) 1-12
Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building
Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and
Buildings 35757-762
Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in
Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 731184ndash1197
BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka
Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A
Review Resource Efficient Technologies
DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka
Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the
Environment New York CRC Press
Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of
Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and
Application 4 269-277
Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of
Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-
special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286
Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar
A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar
Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-
297
Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http
wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)
Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in
Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC)
Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110
611 ndash 618
Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow
Energy Procedia 2078-87
Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-
of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar
Cells 100 69-96
Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power
Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing
House
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099
60 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER
Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in
A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on
Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom
chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11
Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar
PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)
Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016
Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)
Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an
Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and
Environmental Quality of Buildings
Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption
Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398
Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh
Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash
Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21
Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-
Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential
Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability
Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34
1092ndash1099