Download - Electricity, Development and Emissions--Competing Policy Choices and Public-Private Partnerships
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Electricity, Development and Emissions –Competing Policy Choices &Public‐Private Partnerships
Suresh V. Garimella
Goodson Distinguished ProfessorAssociate Vice President for Engagement
Purdue UniversityInauguration of Technology Transfer Center / Seminar on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency
Instituto Tecnológico de Costa RicaSanta Clara, San Carlos, Costa Rica
7 September, 2012
What is Access to Energy?
• Access to energy is NOT only minimal access to a light bulb, with minimal impact on global emissions.
• Access means much more. Natural progression of access from lights to appliances to factories in a short timespan…
Must plan for large‐capacity clean energy generation!
• Access to plentiful, clean electricity key to development.
Energy security is the ability to access the energy needed to develop and maintain economic activity, political autonomy and environmental integrity.
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Energy Populations
Developed world: established centralized grids, distribution systems, good capacity and governance
Large, urban populations in the developing world without reliable, clean energy: large‐scale access problem with significant impact on emissions, development and stability
Remote and off‐grid populations
Energy Inequalities Contribute toRegional Inequalities
EIA 2008
16X
270.0
161.6
142.8
124.7
73.5
55.046.3
16.6
North America Eurasia Europe Middle East World Central & SouthAmerica
Asia & Oceania Africa
Per Capita Primary Energy Consumption (mBTU)
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WP Conclusion: While populations of China and India dwarf that of the U.S., the carbon emitted by an American far outweighs the emissions generated by the average Chinese or Indian.
Washington Post 12/10/10
So What About Emissions?
Africa contributes 1/30th of global
emissions
per capita Numbers
• WP graphic (December 2010) uses 2007 numbers
• 2009 numbers for U.S. fell to 4.82 and China rose to 1.59 – the ratio decreased from 3.84 to 3 in two years!
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Up 5.9% in 2010
per capita Emissions Track Energy Access
Circle size proportional to CO2 emissions
L Monari, World Bank
Saturation in electrification reached early in GDP growth, but emissions keep rising past this point
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20
40
60
80
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0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
% of households with electricity
GDP per capita in 2005 US$ at PPP
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HDI & Energy Consumption
HDI = life expectancy at birth + adult literacy & school enrolment+ GNP/capita at PPP
Innovations
Move “saturation line” to left through S&Tinnovations and improved financial models: Technical/Policy solutions to Energy –Prosperity –Environment Tension
Benka, Phys Today 2002
Extreme Scarcity<500
Scarcity500‐1,000
Stress1,000‐1,700
Adequate1,700‐4,000
Abundant4,000‐10,000
Surplus>10,000
Ocean/Inland Water
m3/person/year
Water Availability: 1975Water Availability: 1975Water Availability: 2000Water Availability: 2000Water Availability: 2025Water Availability: 2025Sub‐national Water Availability: 2003
Coca Cola
No Data
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Climate Change a Multiplier for Instability
Water Scarcity Demography Crop Decline Hunger Coastal Risks Recent Conflicts
Source: UK Government, 2007
Complexity of Energy‐Related Decisions
Strong interdependencies between energy, water, food, health,
transportation, development, …
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Available Options
Challenges with Renewables
• Energy density (except for nuclear)
• Intermittency and variability (storage)
• Grid integration and distribution
• Scalability
• Siting and land‐use
• Ecological effects
• Complexity
• Cost
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Gas is the Big Unknown…
Source: Schlumberger
(red denotes in‐production)
Shale gas exploration – Poland, Hungary, China, India, South Africa, Germany, Austria, UK, Sweden, Argentina, …
Sustainable Development viaPublic‐Private‐Academic Partnerships
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Purdue University Strategic Plan
o West and Central Africa – Hermetic grain storage bags saving farmers hundreds of millions of dollars annually (supply chain, training)
o Afghanistan – educational programs in agriculture, engineering, education (with USAID)
o Kenya – health care delivery, diabetes treatment, water resources
o Brazil – 30 year Purdue involvement in Cerrados, opportunities for Indiana Agribusiness
Purdue’s Global Engagement for Sustainable Development
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o 20 Universities with EPICS Programs
o Purdue is EPICS Headquarters
o Networking/support of EPICS programs
• Collaborate for funding
• Share resources
• Broaden Impact
EPICS Goals:• Prepare students for professional practice through authentic experiences• Address compelling community needs through long‐term partnerships
with community organizations
Access and Abilities
Environment Education Human Services
Teams of Students
Corporate and University Partners
Community
Multi‐disciplinaryDesign
Professional Skills
Engagement
Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)
Lori SnyderPurdue Agronomy
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2011 Independent Study Reports:
• $1.3 billion annual economic impact on Indiana.
• 4,000 Indiana jobs.
• Top 20 private employer in Indiana.
• $63,000 average annual wage.
• $48 million contributed to state and local taxes.
• $49 million in Federal grants for startups since 1987.
• Park companies fund $2.5 million annually in sponsored research at Purdue University.
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97
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Northwestern
Minnesota
Wisconson (Madison)
Michigan
Iowa
Illinois (C-U)
Indiana
Michigan State
Purdue
Ohio State
Penn State
Georgia Tech
Texas A&M
MIT
Stanford
Utah
License Agreements Executed
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10 11
0
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25
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Nu
mb
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f S
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-Ou
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Startup Company Formation
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Established in 2007• 228 graduates.
• 53 Indiana counties participated.
• 57 students received tuition vouchers.
• 65% attending Purdue.
• 80% interested in creating a startup.
Impacting Our World
George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
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Miyako City, 2011 Iwate Prefecture I‐10 Los Angeles, 1994 Northridge CA
Accelerate improvements in seismic design and performance of the infrastructure by supporting efforts of NEES users to:
(a) improve performance‐based design procedures, evaluation methods & strengthening techniques
(b) develop the next generation of researchers, educators, and engineers
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University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara
University of TexasAustin
University of CaliforniaLos Angeles
University of CaliforniaDavis
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Oregon State University
University of Buffalo
University of CaliforniaBerkeley
University of Illinois- Urbana
University of Minnesota
Lehigh University
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Cornell University
University of NevadaReno
University of CaliforniaSan Diego
Solutions – ‘Low‐Hanging Fruit’
• End‐use efficiency improvement (cars/trucks, refrigerators, manufacturing) is the cleanest, fastest, cheapest, safest, most reliable leverage on reducing GHG emissions
• Locally‐appropriate conservation and efficiency measures
• Explore mini‐hydro, run of the river hydro, geothermal, nuclear…
• Substitute gas for coal and oil
• Clean up existing fleet of coal plants
• Educate the public, starting with school kids
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Needs• Energy storage and cross‐national transmission grids
• Viable financing, policy and profitable business model innovation and implementation
• Governments cannot pick winners and losers, but must facilitate innovation in scalable clean‐energy solutions
• Public‐private partnerships, clean‐energy research
• Diversify supply and technologies
• Solutions must suit regional and local conditions
Expand the reach & scope of policy discussions beyond pet technologies and
evaluate candidate solutions in a portfolio approach
Contacto: ECPA ClearinghouseEmail: [email protected]