Elder L. Lionel KendrickOf the First Quorum of the Seventy
• It has been from the beginning and it will be till the end that the natural man will have a tendency to rationalize and to blame his behaviors on others or on certain circumstances. When we attempt to place responsibility for our choices on others, we are responding in a less than Christlike manner. Blaming is an unrighteous form of communication.
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Learn about HTML and XHTML
• Work with XHTML DTDs
• Study elements and attributes
• Work with basic body elements
• Link your Web pages
• Validate your Web pages
6XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)
• A well formed document is a document that conforms to the rules and requirements of XHTML.
• <!DOCTYPE> determines the XHTML DTD with which the document complies.
• DTD (Document Type Definition) defines the tags and attributes that can be used in a document.
XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)
• Three types of DTDs can be used with XHTML documents: Transitional, Strict, and Frameset.
• Deprecated elements are elements that are considered obsolete and they will be eventually removed from a language.– Examples of deprecated HTML elements: <applet>,
<basefont>, <center>, <dir>, <menu>…
– http://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asp
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/index/attributes.html
XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)
• A Transitional DTD allows the use of deprecated style tags in HTML documents:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN”
“http://www/w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”>
XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)
• The Frameset DTD is identical to the Transitional DTD, except that it includes the <frameset> and <frame> elements:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC“-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN”
“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd”>
XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)
The Strict DTD eliminates deprecated elements in the Transitional DTD and Frameset DTD:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN”
“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd”>
Introduction to HTML
The general form of an HTML document is as follows:
<html>
<head>
<title>title goes here</title>
</head>
<body>
The body of the document goes here
</body>
</html>
9XHTML Elements and Attributes• An element is the tag pair and the information it
contains.
• Elements that do not include a closing tag are called empty elements.
• Content is the information contained within an element’s opening and closing tags.
XHTML Elements and Attributes• There are two basic types of elements: block-
level and inline.
• Block-level elements: give the Web page its structure.– Examples of block-level elements: <p>, <h1>, <h2>,
and <h3>
• Inline elements: used to describe the text that appears on a Web page.– Example of inline elements: <b> and <br />.
Introduction to HTML
• Attributes are used to configure HTML tags.
• The src in the following image tag is an example of an attribute:
<img src=“myhouse.gif”>
• To insert spaces in an HTML document, use the <p> and <br> tags.
11XHTML Elements and Attributes• Standard attributes are attributes that are available to
almost every element.– Examples of standard attributes: class, dir, xml:lang, and style.
• lang and xml:lang designate the language of the elements.
• dir is used with lang. Its values are “ltr” (left to right) and “rtl” (right to left).
• title provides descriptive text for an element.
13Basic Body Elements
– Headings <h1> through <h6>
– Paragraphs and line breaks <p> </p> <b />
– Horizontal rule <hr />
Headings:
• They are block-level elements that are used for emphasizing a document’s headings and subheadings.
20Linking Web Pages
• Hypertext links are text or graphics that the user can click to open files or to navigate to other documents on the Web.
• Anchor is a text or image used to represent a link on a Web page.
• The <a> element is used to create basic hypertext links:<a href=“AWebPage.html”> A Web Page </a>
24Linking Web Pages
• The <a> element can be used to create a link to an external document or to a bookmark inside the current document.
• Any element that includes an id attribute can be the target of a link.
<h3 id=“cpp”> C++, the language</h3>
27Linking Web Pages
• To create a link to a bookmark, an id value should be assigned to an href attribute.
<a href=“#cpp”>Read about C++</a>
• Next Day
Linking Web Pages
• href is the hypertext reference.
• Relative URL specifies the location of a file according to the location of the currently loaded Web page.
• Absolute URL refers to a specific drive and directory or to the full Web address of a Web page.
Creating Lists
• Three types of lists can be added to a Web page:
– Unordered lists– Ordered lists– Definition lists
Creating ListsList elements and their description:
<ul> Block-level element that creates an unordered list
<ol> Block-level element that creates an ordered list
<li> Inline element that defines a list item
<dl> Block-level element that creates a definition list
<dt> Inline element that defines a definition list term
<dd> Inline element that defines a definition list item
Creating Lists
• An unordered list is a list of bulleted items.
• The <li> elements are nested within the <ul> elements as follows:
<ul>
<li> list item 1 </li>
<li> list item 2 </li>
</ul>
Creating Lists
• An ordered list is a list of numbered items.
• <li> elements are nested within the <ol> elements:
<ol>
<li> Bill Clinton </li>
<li> George Bush </li>
</ol>
Creating Lists
• A definition list is a list of terms and their definitions.
• Definition lists are created using the <dl> element. Within the <dl> element, <dt> elements are nested for term names and <dd> elements for term definitions.
Creating Lists
<dl>
<dt><b>Ohm</b></dt>
<dd>Measurement unit for electrical resistance or impedance.</dd>
</dl>
30Validating Web Pages
• A validating parser is a program that checks whether an XHTML document is well formed and whether the document conforms to a specific DTD.
• A validator is available on:
http://validator.w3.org
• English and many Western languages use the ISO-8859-1 character set.
