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Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity
Dr. Zdzislaw MusielakUTA Department of Physics
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OUTLINE
Einstein’s Miraculous Year 1905
Time and Space before 1905
Einstein’s Paper # 3
Time and Space after 1905
Impact of Einstein’s Ideas
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Albert Einstein in 1900-1905
Mileva Einstein-Maric
Graduated from Polytechnic Institute in Zurich in 1900
Started working at Swiss Patent Office in Bern
Married Mileva Maric in 1903
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Einstein’s Miraculous Year
In 1905, Albert Einsteinpublished five papers that changed the face of physics forever.
In Paper # 3, Einstein introduced Special Theory of Relativity.
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Einstein’s Paper # 3
The paper “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” was published in Annalen der Physik, 17, 891 (1905) – Sept. 1905!
Special Theory of Relativity was born!
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Modern Revolutions in Physics
Special Theory of Relativity (Einstein 1905)New view of time and space
General Theory of Relativity (Einstein 1915)
New description of gravity
Quantum Mechanics (1925-1927)New description of atoms
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Newton’s Annus Mirabilis
In 1666, Isaac Newton laid the foundations for much of the physics and mathematics that revolutionized XVII century science.
Newton’s laws of dynamics and gravity
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Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest.
An object in motion continues tomove with constant velocity.
Observer
V = 0
Blue car
V = 80 km/h
Red car
V = 110 km/h
Inertial frames of reference
Absolute time and space
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Maxwell’s Unification
In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell unified the laws of electricity and magnetism into one electromagnetic theory
The speed of light c is the fundamental speed of the theory
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Light as Electromagnetic Wave
Propagation speedc = 300,000 km / s
I owe more to Maxwell than to anyoneEinstein (1905)
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Before 1905
c - vc - v
c + v
A star in binary system
Incorrect view!!!Incorrect view!!!
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Special Theory of Relativity I
Observer
V = 0
Blue car
V = 80 km/h
Red car
V = 110 km/h
Inertial frames of reference
The laws of physics are the same in allinertial frames of reference
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Special Theory of Relativity II
The speed of light in free space is the same in all inertial frames of reference
The speed of light is ABSOLUTE!!!
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Special Theory of Relativity IIIThe theory applies to objects moving with velocities comparable to the speed of light c and predicts that no material object can travel faster than c
The absoluteness of c requires that space and time are RELATIVE and that they are MIXED together
The theory cannot describeaccelerated motion of thesetwo happy guys
because it deals only with inertial systems!
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Mixing of Time and Space I
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Mixing of Time and Space II
Your time and space My time and space
K.S. Thorne “Black Holes and Time Warps”
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Mixing of Time and Space III
What you call space is a mixture of my time and space.
What I call space is a mixture of your time and space.
No absolute time!No absolute space!
Newton, forgive me!Einstein (1905)
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Space-Time Diagrams I
Stationary observer at t = 0 Events at t = 0 and C are simultaneous
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Space-Time Diagrams II
slower faster
Moving observers
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Space-Time Diagrams III
Moving observers
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Newton and Minkowski Diagrams
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Lorentz Transformations)( vtxx −=′ γ
yy =′
zz =′
)( 2cvxtt −=′ γ
with221
1cv−
=γ
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The Light Cone
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Time Dilation
A clock in motion ticks slower than a clock at rest
Ashley Shukayr
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Twin Paradox Twin ParadoxOne of the twins leaves the Earth in a rocket ship traveling at high velocity.
60 years later, the rocket returns to Earth with the astronaut only 40 years old due to Time Dilation
Ashley Shukayr
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Space-Time Diagrams for Twin Paradox
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One More Space-Diagram
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Length Contraction
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Relativistic Addition of Velocities
Classical Mechanics Relativistic
Ashley Shukayr
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Energy – Mass Relation
2cmE =
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SUMMARY Special Theory of Relativity was developed by Albert
Einstein and published during Einstein’s Miraculous Year 1905.
The theory potulates that the speed of light is absolute and that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference.
The theory predicts: a mixing of space and time and formation of space-time, time dilation and twin paradox, length contraction and the energy-mass relation.
Space-time of Special Theory of Relativity is flat!
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