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Effects of Blasting on the
Engineering Properties ofAggregates
Stan VittonAssociate Professor
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Michigan Technological University
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Effects of Blasting on theEngineering Properties of
Aggregates
Introduction
High Strain Rate Effects
Crushing & Grinding
Dynamic Fracture
Conclusions
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Jakes Law
Anything hit with a big
enough hammer will fallapart
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Project Plowshare 1950sPeaceful use of nuclear weapons
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Related Dynamic AggregateResearch
Petroleum Coke Crushing
Aggregate Interlock PCC Pavements
Vibration Effects of Green Concrete
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Aggregate Interlock Test Setup
0.50 inch
3 kip
3 kip
NormalForceReaction
Test Frame
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Concrete Fracture Device
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Aggregate Interlock System
Vertical Actuator(Shear loading)
Horizontal Actuator(Normal resistance)
a
a
projectedface
Load-bearing holder
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Aggregate Interlock System
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Aggregate Interlock System
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Blasting Effects on GreenConcrete
Little is known about the effects of blast vibrationson green concrete (less than 24 hours old)
Specification limitations: Engineers want a project done correctly
Contractors want to make money and be safe
Owners want a project done quickly, correctly, and
inexpensively
Politicians want to ensure public safety and protectpublic interests, while cutting budgets and personnel
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Reasons
Fast track scheduling
Construction areas arebecoming more dense
Quarries are subjected tourban encroachment
Society is becoming morelitigious
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Previous Studies
Hulshizer No critical limitfound, but set max to 2-4 in/sdepending on age
Hong Kong - Damage happensat large intensities by impact(100+ in/s)
OriardDoesnt see damagebut sets limit to 4 to 6 in/s, onage and distance
Howes 5 in/s had nodetrimental affect
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Time of Concrete Mixing
Used thermocouplesPlaced in concretecylinders
Compare to ambienttemperature
Maturity occurs wheninternal temperaturereturns to ambient
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Concrete Maturity Curve
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (Hrs)
Temp(F)
Cylinder #2 Cylinder #1 Cylinder #3 Cylinder #4 Ambient
Open
Door
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Project Site: Turunen Quarry
Located Near Pelkie, MI
Active Limestone/Dolomite Quarry
Work Area
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Blast Components
BlastingCaps
Explosives
Hole Loading
Seismometers
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Site Characterization
Load Hole
Place
Seismometers
DetonateShot
Cleanup
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Sample Preparation - Field Batch
Components
MixComponents5-2-4 Minutes
ConsolidateConcrete at10,500 rpm
(175 Hz)
PlaceContainers atAppropriateSite
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Conclusions
There is generally no difference in the meansof the data
More evidence supports a gain of strength at
2 hours than a loss at any other age Weak bonds may be broken and concrete
experiences self-healing
Vibrations up to 10.6 in/s MPRV have little orno detrimental affect on this mixof greenconcrete
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Effects of Blasting on theEngineering Properties of
Aggregates
Introduction
High Strain Rate Effects
Crushing & Grinding
Dynamic Fracture
Conclusions
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Strain Rate Sensitivity?
Aluminum
Steel
Geologic Materials
Ceramics
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Dynamic Effects??Strain Rate??
o
L
Strain L
StrainStrain Rate Time
L
Lo
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Dynamic Strength
Strain Rate
Strength
10-6/second
ASTM Concrete
Testing
102/second
Blasting
100/sec
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Why?
Slow Fast
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Why?
Slow Fast
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Split Hopkinson Pressure BarEquipment Setup
StrikerBar
Incident Bar Transmission Bar
Specimen
Nicolet Digital Oscilloscope
WheatstoneBridge
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Three-inch Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
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Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
Transmission Bar Incident Bar Striker
Concrete Specimen
Strain Gages
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Dynamic Compression Testing
SHPB was used
35psi chamber pressurefired striker bar
Pennies were used totransform square wave totriangular wave
Specimens completelycrushed
Data collected usingoscilloscope
60 Specimens tested
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Effects of Blasting on theEngineering Properties of
Aggregates
Introduction
High Strain Rate Effects
Crushing & Grinding
Dynamic Fracture
Conclusions
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Various Crushing & GrindingUnits
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Cone, Jaw, Hammer Crushers
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Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI)Crusher
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Crushing & Grinding - Aggregate
Crushing
Hammer
Cone Jaw
VSI
Grinding
LA Abrasion
Micro-Deval
Aggregate Interlock(PCC)
Handling & Storage
Resilient Modulus
Friction-Polishing
Effects of Blasting on Rock
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Effects of Blasting on RockRecent International Society of ExplosiveEngineers (2001-2004):
The Effects of Blasting on Crushing and GrindingEfficiency and Energy Consumption
Effects of Blasting on the Strength of Rock Fragmentation
Small Scale Study of Damage Due to Blasting andImplication on Crushing and Grinding
Effects of Blasting on the Strength of Rock Fragments
Degree of Fragmentation Under High Strain Rates
Blasting Induced Rock Fragmentation Prediction Usingthe RHT Constitutive Model for Brittle Materials
Damage to Rocks and Cementitous Materials from SolidImpact Erosion (wear) of rock and concrete
Autogenous
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Abrasion(Wear)Crushing
Differential
BreakageR
ate
SizeLarge (
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General Conclusions:
Increased evidence indicates that blastinghas a significant impact on crushing andgrinding
Blasting affects both the physical and rockmechanics properties
An important component of optimum
fragmentation appears to be micro-fracturingwithin individual fragments
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Effects of Blasting on theEngineering Properties of
Aggregates
Introduction
High Strain Rate Effects
Crushing & Grinding
Dynamic Fracture
Conclusions
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Aggregate Location
Ontario TraprockQuarry
Algoma Steel Co.Moyle Quarry
Port InlandQuarry Cedarville
QuarryPresque Isle StoneBay County RoadCommission Quarry
EDW. C. Levy Company
Rockwood Stone Quarry
France Stone Co.DennistonFarms Quarry
MichiganUSA
OntarioCanadaLake Superior
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Aggregate Type and Specific Gravity
#Source(MDOT ID) Material Type
Orientation toBedding Gab GB GB,SSD
Porosity(%)
1.Algoma Steel
Air-Cooled Blast
Furnace Slag
Porous Region
Dense Region
2.973
2.888
2.09
2.40
2.41
2.57
30
17
2 Algoma Steel Water Quenched BlastFurnace Slag Random 2.942 2.43 2.61 17
3 Levy Co. Water Quenched BlastFurnace Slag Random 2.985 2.42 2.61 19
4 Presque Isle StoneLimestone Random 2.687 2.51 2.58 6
5 Bay CountyLimestone Perpendicular 2.697 2.63 2.68 2
6 Port InlandLimestone Random 2.69 2.68 2.68
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Air-Cooled Slag
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Water-quenched Slag
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Presque Isle Limestone
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Bay County Limestone
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Port Inland Limestone
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Cedarville Dolomite
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Dennison Farms Dolomite
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France Stone Dolomite
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Basalt - Rapid Geologic Cooling(Flood Basalt)
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Diabase - Slower Geologic Cooling(Traprock)
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Dynamic & Static CompressionStrength Results
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Sample Type
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
FailureStrength(MPa)
Dry Rock
1.5
2.5
3.5
AggregateBulkDensityB(g/cm
3)
Dynamic
Static
Bulk Density
A
B
CD
E
A' -- Super High Strength
A -- Very High Strength
B -- High Strength
C -- Medium Strength
D -- Low Strength
E -- Very Low Strength
A'
Sla g Lime stone Dolomite Igneous
next geometric progression
Slag
Limestone
Dolomite
Igneous
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Dynamic to Static Strength Ratio, D/S
d
s
Dynamic Strength D
Static Strength S
d sf
d
s
dd(log )
log
Strain Rate Sensitivity Factor,
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Dynamic to Static Strength Ratios
Material Dynamic/Static(Dry) Dynamic/Static(Saturated)Slag 1.93 2.68Limestone 2.30 2.23Dolomite
1.64 1.83Igneous 1.78 2.55
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Strain Rate Sensitivity ValuesIDNumber
Strain Rate Sensitivity, Aggregate Average
1.0 Algoma air cooled blast furnace slag
porous section 3.00
4.2
1.2 Algoma air-cooled blast furnace slag dense section 9.81
2 Algoma water-quenched blast furnace slag 2.93
3 Levy water-quenched blast furnace slag 1.27
4 Limestone, Presque Isle 9.975 Limestone, Bay County 13.59 16.46 Limestone, Port Inland 25.52
7 Dolomite, Cedarville 10.27
8.6
8 Dolomite, Denniston
8.779 Dolomite, Rockwood 4.52
10 Dolomite, France Stone 10.81
11 Basalt, Portage Lake Lava Series, Moyle 26.90
29.112 Diabase, Ontario Traprock 31.30
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Aggregate Dynamic & StaticStrength Conclusions
D/S: Ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 Slag and igneous had similar D/S and were affected by saturation
Carbonates: limestone had a significantly higher D/S than dolomite
while neither were affected by saturation
Strain Rate Sensitivity Parameter, : Igneous: = 29.1
Limestone: = 16.4
Dolomite: = 8.6
Slag: = 4.2
Variations in appear to be due to the aggregate's microstructure,e.g., Limestone primary precipitate
Dolomite secondary replacement
Eff t f Bl ti th
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Effects of Blasting on theEngineering Properties of
Aggregates
Introduction
High Strain Rate Effects
Crushing & Grinding
Dynamic Fracture
Conclusions/Thoughts
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Conclusions/Thoughts
Aggregate materials are rate sensitive
The D/S ratio appears to indicates the typeof crystalline structure
The rate sensitivity parameter appears tocorrelate with microstructure
Dynamic fracture testing may provide a
means to test micro-structure to betterunderstand friction and other properties
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