Download - EFEK PERTANIAN TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN
EFEK PERTANIAN TERHADAP
LINGKUNGAN
Diabstraksikan oleh: smno.jurstnh.fpub.sept2013
Bahan kajian pada MK. Pertanian Berlanjut
GENESIS TANAH
PEMBENTUKAN TANAH
Lima faktor pembentukan tanah:1) Climate (temp. & precipitation)
physical & chemical changes in soil/rock (weathering) – clay, leaching
2) Parent material- weathering in place or transported- outwash plain, alluvial, lacustrine, dunes, tephra
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Lima faktor:3) Organisms (macro and micro)
4) Topography – relation to water movement & soil condition/type
5) Time *4.5 - 3.5 billion yrs before present(ybp)* relation to other 4 factors
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
PEMBENTUKAN TANAH
Proses-prose Pedogenik
The pedogenic processes can be grouped into four. These are:
– Additions or Gains – Losses or Removals – Translocations or Transfers– Transformations
Each major pedogenic process is made up of a number of processes acting singly or in combination
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Additions or Gains• Enrichment
– General term for addition of material to a soil body. e.g., adjoining pedons as in depressions.
• Cummulization– Aeolian and hydrologic additions of mineral particles to the surface of a soil.
The effects are more pronounced in depressions. • Littering
– The accumulation of vegetable and associated faunal debris (litter) including humus on the mineral soil surface to a depth of less than 30cm
• Melanization– The darkening of light-colored mineral materials which are initially
unconsolidated by admixture of organic matter. Melanization involves some translocation.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Kehilangan atau Pengusiran• Erosi
– surficial removal of material from the surface layer of a soil This is effected by raindrop splash, runoff waters, wind, creep, and other mass wasting processes.
• Pencucian– General term for washing out or eluviating soluble
material from the solum.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Translokasi - Transfer • Eluviation
– Movement of material out of a portion of a soil profile as in an albic horizon.
• Illuviation– Movement of material into a portion of soil profile as in argillic or
spodic horizon• Lessivage
– Washing in suspension of fine clay and lesser amounts of coarse clay and fine silt down cracks and other voids in a soil body; leading to the depletion of clay in the A horizon and enrichment of clay in the B horizon.
• Pedoturbation– Biologic, physical (freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles) churning and cycling
of soil materials thereby homogenizing the solum in varying degrees
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Calcification– Processes including the accumulation of calcium carbonate in a Ck
and possibly other horizons of a soil. • Deca1cification
– Reactions that remove calcium carbonate from one or more soil horizons.
• Salinization– The accumulation of soluble salts such as sulfates and chlorides of
calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in salty (salic) 'horizons. • Desalinization
– The removal of soluble salts from salic horizons. • Alkalization (solonization)
– The accumulation of sodium ions on the exchange sites in a soil. • Dealkalization (solodization)
– The leaching of sodium ions and salts from sodium-rich (natric) horizons.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Leucinization – The paling of soil horizons by disappearance of dark organic materials either
through transformation to light- colored ones or through removal from the horizons.
• Braunification, Rubification and Ferrugination-– Release of iron from primary minerals and the dispersion of particles of iron oxide
in increasing amounts; the progressive oxidation or hydration, giving the soil mass brownish, reddish-brown and red colors, respectively. (Also transformation).
• Gleization– The reduction of iron under anaerobic water-logged soil conditions, with the
production of bluish to greenish-gray matrix colors, with or without yellowish-brown, brown and black mottles and ferric and manganiferous concretions. (Also transformation:
• Podzolization (silication)– The chemical migration of aluminum and iron and/or organic matter, resulting in
the concentration of silica (i.e. silication) in the layer eluviated. (Also transformation)
• Laterization (desilication, ferrugination, ferritization, allitization)– The chemical migration of silica out of the soil solum and thus the concentration
of sesquioxides in the solum (goethite, gibbsite, etc.)
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Transformasi• Dekomposisi
– The breakdown of mineral and organic materials • Mineralisasi
– The release of oxide solids during decomposition of organic. It concerns the biochemical breakdown of dead plant tissues by soil micro-organisms to produce simple-structured soluble organic substances, purely mineral compounds like nitrates, and metal cations and gases (mostly carbon dioxide)
• Humifikasi– Transformation of raw organic material into humus. In this the
simple structured soluble organic substances are grouped into lager molecules by polymerization They then become poorly soluble and are stabilized to form a major component of humus
• Sintesis– The formation of new particles of mineral and organic species.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Paludisasi– The accumulation of deep (> 30cm) layers of organic
matter- as in mucks and peats.
• Penuaan – Pematangan (Ripening)– This refers to the chemical, biological, and physical
changes in organic soil after air penetrates the organic deposits, making it possible for microbial activity to flourish.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Proses-prosesnya• Each of the major pedogenic processes may affect many compounds and
components which make up the soil. • For example, there may be additions, losses, transfers and
transformations of organic matter, soluble salts, carbonates, sesquioxides.
• Organic matter may be added to the soil by littering; it may be transformed by decomposition; it may be translocated by podzolization and it may be lost by erosion.
• These processes can all be going on singly or in combination with other processes to give rise to the soil profile.
• However, not all of the processes will necessarily promote horizon differentiation.
• Some of the processes may actually retard or offset differentiation e.g. pedoturbation.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Proses-proses nya
Losses
Translocations Translocations
Additions
Transformations
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
• Perkembangan Horison A– Accumulation of organic matter– Clumping of individual soil particles– Distinct from parent material and other layers
• Perkembangan Horison B dan C– Carbonic and organic acids are carried by water into soil where dissolve
various minerals (transformations)– Soluble materials (ions –Ca2+, CO32-, SO42-, etc) are carried by water and
precipitate in the soil from upper to lower horizons (translocation)– Weathering of primary minerals into secondary minerals– Wetting and drying cracks soils and makes structures.
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
Perkembangan Horison Tanah
Perkembangan Horison Tanah
DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013
PROFIL TANAH
• soil profile: cross-section view of soil horizons
• horizon: layers of soil that share attributes of texture, structure, etc…
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Horizon Utama:• O horizon (organic layer)• A horizon (topsoil, humus, life)• E horizon (leaching zone)• B horizon (subsoil, accumulation zone)• C horizon (parent material, field stone)• R horizon (bedrock)
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
PROFIL TANAH
SUMBERDAYA AIR
Kelangkaan air?1) Human Population2) Consumption - ag.,industry,resident
3) Efficiency4) Problematik Distribusinya5) Pencemaran (udara, tanah dan air)
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Water Cycle?
replacement period: time to complete cycle (9 days to 37,000 years)
• Unequal distribution of precipitation- US 102 cm - MI 81 cm- Death Valley 4 cm- Pacific NW 368 cm
• Evaporation & TranspirationDiunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
AIR PERMUKAAN & Groundwater
• Surface water (lakes, streams) - may be potable, municipal use
• Groundwater – water infiltrates into soil• percolation into aquifer (porous soil stratum of
sandstone or limestone) • zone of aeration: plant roots, capillary water in
pore spaces• zone of saturation: pore filled from water table
down to bedrock
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI
watershed: area drained stream/river• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Flood Control 1) Levees – raise river banks with
earthen/stone dikes • develop floodplains• floods prevented, almost• increase flood severity?
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Pengendalian Banjir2) Pengerukan (Dredging )– pengambilan
sedimen dan polutannya
3) Channelization – straightening streams (NRCS) – floods & drainage, Everglades
4) Dams – pembendungan aliran nsungai– Pekerjaan umum• potable water, irrigation, recreation,
energy• loss of habitat, evaporation,
sedimentation, $$Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Proteksi DAS dan Lembah sungainya
• watershed protection as proactive & sustainable flood control mgt.
• Zonasi DAS• Kontrol banjir nonstructural
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
TIPE-TIPE PENCEMARAN
1) Sediment2) Inorganic Nutrient3) Thermal4) Disease-Producing Microorganisms5) Toxic Organic Chemicals6) Heavy Metals7) Organic Wastes
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
PENGELOLAAN PENCEMARAN
pollution control: (output control)manage pollutant post hoc- pollutant dispersion
pollution prevention: (input control)avoid pollution a priori
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
1) Pencemaran SedimenBerkaitan dnegan erosi tanah dan penggunaan lahan
Sources: agriculture, logging, construction, strip mines
Biaya: $1 million per day in USclog irrigation canals, hydro- electric
turbines, harbors, life of dams shortened
- carries toxins- turbid water & sedimentation “kills” coldwater
fish/bivalve habitat
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Pengendalian Pencemaran Sedimen
- Kontrol input sedimen, termasuk: conservation tillagecontour-strip farmingshelter beltsterracingcover crops/increase OM
- Kontrol Output, termasuk:sediment filtration systems (artificial & natural)dredging
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
2) Pencemaran oleh Hara Anorganik
- Sistem akuatik memerlukan hara kimia tertentu untuk mendukung kehidupan akuatik:
- includes C, O, N, H, P among others- N & P often are limiting factors because of their
reduced abundance;- P > N in importance as limiting factor
- > N & P = > produktivitas sistem akuatik
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Gradien Produktivitas Danau
1) Oligotrophic: Danau miskin hara- Productivitasntya rendah- Biomasa tumbuhan/binatang – Rendah- e.g., Lake Superior = young lake
2) mesotrophic: moderate nutrient base- swimming, fishing
3) Eutrophic: Kaya hara- dense algal blooms- reduced dissolved oxygen, diminished fishery
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
3) Polusi Thermal
- Peningkatan temperatur sistem akuatik- Harmful effects:
- reduced dissolved oxygen- reduced fish reproduction- spread of disease
- Manfaat:- increase growth rate of some fish- heating homes
- Use of coolant towersDiunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
4) Organisme yg menghasilkan penyakit
- infectious organisms introduced to water; cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, polio, Cryptosporidium
- better sanitation & water treatment can reduce diseasee.g., chlorination for bacteria and oxygenation
for enteric disease (intestine-dwelling; anaerobic)
- coliform bacteria count: index of microorganism-based water pollutioncoliform = usually harmless bacteria in human gut Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
5) Toxic Organic Chemicals
- Carbon-based compounds; synthetic derivatives such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) = toluene
- Synthetic Organics = resist decomposition & therefore persistent
- Disrupt normal enzyme function in organisms; interfere with normal chemical reactions in cells
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Polutan air
Pilihlah satu jenis polutan dan jelaskan:
a) Nama polutan; b) provide an explanation of its use;c) indicate its source & its prevalence in the Great Lakes; andd) Efek terhadap kesehatan manusia
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Logam berat:
e.g., lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium (fundamental chemical elements)
- Tambang & groundwater yang tercemar- Mines & tailings (Clarks Fork of Yellowstone)
- Mengganggu fungsi ensim yang normal- lead contamination (soil & water) from
paint & plumbing pipe (solder)- mercury contamination (methyl Hg in air
& water) from industry; in muscle tissueDiunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
7) Limbah Organik: Mengurangi oksigen terlarut dalam air
- decomposition of wastes by bacteria uses oxygen; release of nutrients -- cyclic
- Oxygen-demanding organic wastesbiological oxygen demand (BOD): index of
amount of organic matter in water sample; indexed via rate of oxygen use by bacteria
- aquatic indicator species (bio-sentinels or bio-indicators) – also application to other pollutants (may flies, trout, bullheads, carp, sludge worms, mink)
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Limbah organik: Mengurangi oksigen tersedia
- decomposition of wastes by bacteria uses oxygen; release of nutrients -- cyclic
- Oxygen-demanding organic wastesbiological oxygen demand (BOD): index of
amount of organic matter in water sample; indexed via rate of oxygen use by bacteria
- aquatic indicator species (bio-sentinels or bio-indicators) – also application to other pollutants (may flies, trout, bullheads, carp, sludge worms, mink)
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Gulf of Mexico - Watershed
• Zone Hiposik• Konsentrasi
oksigen terlarut kurang dari 2 mg/L, atau 2 ppm
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012
Gulf of Mexico - Watershed