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• Monday, double lecture in computer lab– 13:30-15:00 & 15:15-16:45
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• http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm
Frequency and Synchronicity
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UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
LS
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On the very day of the reconnection, October 10 2004, the key steps were the following:
– Preparation: all interconnecting overhead lines ready for operational use and idle.
– The command to Bucurest to take over the frequency regulation in 2nd synchronous zone (Romania regulates the frequency, Greece, Bulgaria and EKC only the exchange).
– The command to Budapest to discontinue the pluralistic CENTREL regulation and to assume the regulation by itself.
– 9:34 after fulfilling conditions ΔU< 20kV; α< 10°; 0,03 Hz < fII –fI < 0.05 Hz in Arad substation, Sandorfalva overhead line was connected (RESYNCHRONIZATION was carried out).
– 9:41 Subotica overhead line connected to Sandorfalva substation. – Command to all synchronous zone block 2 controllers to restore
the LFC regulation mode. – 9:58 Podgorica overhead line connected to Trebinje substation;
• Prior to the resynchronization, this overhead line had the biggest voltage difference (over 60 kV) which activated all compensation equipment in Croatia, the operating compensation generator in BIH was CHE Čapljina, and in Montenegro the aluminium factory was put out of operation for a few minutes in order to raise voltage.
– 10:07 Rosiori overhead line connected to Mukačevo substation. – 10:20 Mladost overhead line connected to Ernestinovo substation. – 10:58 220 kV Trebinje − Peručica, 220 kV Višegrad − Požega and
110 kV Trebinje − Herceg Novi overhead lines connected. – 11:00 – Main coordinators announced the successful completion
of the reconnection. • The sequence of connecting interconnection lines is shown in Fig. 4.• As no problems in system operation were observed by TSOs involved in the process during the test run commencing on October 31 2004, the test run, which was not approved for commercial contracts between former 1st and 2nd UCTE synchronous zone, was rated successful. • For the period between November 1 2004 and the end of 2004, UCTE issued the recommendation regarding the gradual increase of trade volume directed from the former 2nd UCTE zone towards the former 1st UCTE zone (monthly increase by 30% to complete NTC values).
http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2009/cambridge/EE/EE64.pdf
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UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
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•Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine
•Armenia•Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
•Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?•Uzbekistan, Tajikistan
http://so-ups.ru/index.php?id=ees
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03:26
All interconnectors are automatically disconnected
Frequency and Synchronicity
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Mini circuit breakersFrequency and Synchronicity
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High voltage circuit breakersFrequency and Synchronicity
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Why AC?
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Easy & cheap transformation
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. Transmission shortage in the EU
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03:26
Interconnectors very high loaded at night!
The future of the EU transmission network
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Internal EU market induces increase in cross-border trading
The future of the EU transmission network
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Massive deployment of wind and solar energy
The future of the EU transmission network
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European Climate
Foundation
Increase of almost
400%
The future of the EU transmission network
2050 Increase from 34 GW to 127
GW
How much does a transmission line cost per km?• 2- 5 M$ / km (overhead)• 8-25 M$ /km (underground)
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
“Cross-border transmission lines”
“Interconnectors”
Tree flashover!
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. Transmission shortage in the EU
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September 28th, 2003
Huge blackout cripples Italy!
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Transmission
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch• Meshed networks
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. Transmission shortage in the EU
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• Final Report of the Investigation Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy Final Report
• (https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/_library/publications/ce/otherreports/20040427_UCTE_IC_Final_report.pdf)
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Frequency and Synchronicity
AlternatingCurrent (AC)
50 Hertz
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Frequency and Synchronicity
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
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Frequency and Synchronicity
AlternatingCurrent (AC)
50 Hertz
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Out of phase possible?
Yes, loads can be inductive (mostly) or capacitive• Inductive: lags current relative to voltage (shifts current leftwards)• Capacitive: lags voltage relative to current (shifts voltage leftwards)
Need to restore this is called a need for reactive power.• Can be done by generators or devices (often capcitators)
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• The optimal generation mix - economics
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Markets refresher
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101010999777
Consumer:Maximum buying price
Producer:Minimal selling price
972
9662200
0
9
333
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Deriving a the equilibrium price
3 6 9 12
2
6
910
87
45
3
10
105421 7 8 11
11
Quantity ofdiamonds
P
Demand (function) 101010999777
Consumer:Maximum selling price
333
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Deriving a the equilibrium price
3 6 9 12
2
6
910
87
45
3
10
105421 7 8 11
11
Quantity ofdiamonds
P Supply (function)
972
9662200
0
9
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Deriving a the equilibrium price
3 6 9 12
2
6
910
87
45
3
10
105421 7 8 11
11
Quantity ofdiamonds
P
P*
Q*
Equilibrium price
Equilibrium quantity
Demand (function)
Supply (function)
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101010999777
Consumer:Maximum buying price
Producer:Minimal selling price
972
9662200
0
9
333
Free market mechanism imposes a rich structure
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Looking at total welfare
3 6 9 12
2
6
910
87
45
3
10
105421 7 8 11
11
Quantity ofdiamonds
P
P*
Q*
Equilibrium price
Equilibrium quantity
Demand (function)
Supply (function)
7 7 7
5 5 5
1 1
PS=38
3 3 32 2 2
CS=15W= 53
• You always pair the strongest buyer with the strongest seller.
• Until supply and demand intersect
• Isn’t that unfair?
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2
Other possible arrangements: Communist “fair” dictator
Wine3 6 9 12
2
6
910
87
45
3
10
105421 7 8 11
1010
109 997
773
33
97
0
9966
2 2
00
1 1 1
2 3 3
5 5 5
W= 35W(Free market)=53(difference =18)
Free market maximizes W=CS+PS
3 3 3
Consumer ProducerCould this be more efficient?
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Deriving a the equilibrium price
3 6 9 12
2
6
910
87
45
3
10
105421 7 8 11
11
Quantity ofdiamonds
P
P*
Q*
Equilibrium price
Equilibrium quantity
Demand (function)
Supply (function)
7 7 7
5 5
-61 1
PS=38
3 3 32 2 2
CS=15W= 53
Profit!
-6 -6
Trades with a negative value
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Prices in purely competitive
markets (energy only markets)
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D S
$/MWHUniform price auction
Baseload plants (MC=0)
Peaker plants
80PROFITS!
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D S
$/MWHUniform price auction
Baseload plants (MC=0)
Peaker plants
80
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D S
$/MWHUniform price auction
Baseload plants (MC=0)
Peaker plants
80
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D S
$/MWHUniform price auction
Baseload plants (MC=0)
Peaker plants
8060
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D S
$/MWHUniform price auction
Baseload plants (MC=0)
Peaker plants
8060
Quasi-PROFITS!
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Optimal Dispatch
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Fixed cost Power (MW)
years Days/ year
Hrs/ day
Hrs / year
total hours
FC/ MWh
1,300,000,000 500 30 365 24 8760 262800 9.9
5,000,000,000 500 30 365 24 8760 262800 38.1
≈40
≈10
Levelized costs of generation
Technology Costs Table
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Multitude of generation types
• Trade-off:– Economics of scale
– Flexibility
Baseload power plants
Midload power plants
Fixed cost per MWh
Variable cost per
MWhBaseload 40 0Midload 20 30Peaker 10 50
Peaker power plants
Technology Costs Table
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P
GWNuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage
0
20
30
50
67
The supply stack
(also called “merit order”)
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Shively, p32.
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Very Low
Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage
Exceptionally high
Very highModerateLow
0
20
30
50
Load curve
00 05 07 10 13 15 18 24
Very Low
Low
Moderate
Very high
Exceptionally high
Hours
69
P
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Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage
Exceptionally high
Very highModerateLow
Load curve
00 05 07 10 13 15 18 24
Very Low
Low
Moderate
Very high
Exceptionally high
Very Low
P
0
20
30
50
P=0
P=20
P=30
P=50 P=CAP
Hours
70
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• Monday, double lecture in computer lab– 13:30-15:00 & 15:15-16:45