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Educational TechnologyWhat Kind of History?
EDC&I 51030 Sept 2009
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Definition?
• “…the scientific study of the practical or industrial arts” (Here, “education” = a “practical art”?)
• Oxford English Dictionary, sense 1.a
• “the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life”
• Encyclopedia Britannica
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Possible Approaches-WHAT to Consider
• Devices– Film projector, computer, chalkboard
• Symbol systems– Writing, number systems, musical notation
• Theoretically based methods – Skinnerian programmed instruction, Ausubel
lecture method• Production systems
– Textbook writing and editing
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Possible Approaches-HOW to Consider It
• Devices and their perfection over time• Heritage of ideas
– Behaviorism– Cognitive psychology/learning sciences– Critical theory
• Policy development and implementation• Social anthropology of classroom use
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DEVICESBooks (manuscript and printed)
• The “original technology” for education?
• Complexity and expensive production limited access
• “Discipline” of copying as a “moral good”
• Mediaeval scriptorium
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DEVICES The Hornbook
• Early aid to basic literacy
• Horn layer = “student-proof technology”
• Reusable, simple production
• 17th century hornbook
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DEVICESEarly Textbooks
• New England Primer (from mid-17th c.)
• Picture-verse combinations aid memory
• Common cultural experience
• Primer from 1784
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DEVICES Wall Charts and Maps
• Mid-19th century (Germany, Netherlands)
• Easy, large-class display
• Better printing technology allows easier production
• Kny’s botanical charts, ca. 1874
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DEVICESThe Chalkboard
• Most successful educational innovation of the 19th c.?
• (And maybe 20th?)• Ease of use,
reusable, user-friendly
• (Except for teacher-back-turned problem)
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DEVICES Clever Combinations
• Chautauqua Desk• “Swiss Army Knife” of
educational material• Part of larger
“movement” for self-improvement, home education
• Chautauqua desk, ca. 1916
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DEVICESOverhead Projector
• Really?!? But this thing is so simple…
• Yeah, but: It spread around US classrooms faster than any other “device”
• Why?
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SYMBOL SYSTEMSWriting systems
• From 4000 BCE• Codify knowledge• Cultural continuity• Systematize thought
– Papyrus with hieroglyphs
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SYMBOL SYSTEMSInstructional text
• The Thousand Character Classic
• Ca. 520 CE, by Zhou Xingsi
• Explicit “instructional design”
• Meaning and sound represented
• Calligraphic version
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SYMBOL SYSTEMS Mathematical Representation
• “Symbol systems” for representing knowledge
• Encoding, operations, etc.
• Reisch, Margarita Philosophica, 1508; Arithmetica instructing an
algorist and an abacist
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SYMBOL SYSTEMS Other Representation Forms
• LABANOTATION– Represent dance
movements, including speed, direction, lights source, etc.
– Cf. musical scores– Other similar systems
for rhythm, etc.
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SYMBOL SYSTEMSSo Do They Have Cognitive Effects?
• Orality vs. Literacy debate
• McLuhan’s theses• Tufte on PowerPoint,
etc.
• Walter Ong
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THEORETICALLY BASED METHODSSkinnerian Programmed Instruction
• Skinner’s behaviorist learning theory
• Wide popularity in late 1950s-1960s
• B o r i n g . . .
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PRODUCTION SYSTEMSTextbook writing, editing, revision
• From simple book to industrial complex
• Production team model
• Systems for regular revision
• Competition: OER
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Possible Approaches-HOW to Consider It
• Devices and their perfection over time• Heritage of ideas
– Behaviorism– Cognitive psychology/learning sciences– Critical theory
• Policy development and implementation• Social anthropology of classroom use
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Our Approach Here:View from the Past
Devices Emergence of new symbol systems to
capitalize on what those devices make possible
Incorporation of those symbol systems into educational materials, products, experiences
Research studies to determine if those materials (etc.) are effective
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Our Approach Here:View from the Present
• Research studies (done in the past) • More contemporary studies or reviews that
address those or related themes • Understanding* of the contributions of past
work– * Knowledge and appreciation– Extension of existing lines of work– Avoidance of pitfalls and blind alleys!
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What Else?
Comments, extensions, arguments?
Thanks!Steve Kerr