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Education of Myanmar Muslims in the age of
Globalization:
Opportunities and challenges
Presented
By
Dr. Maung Maung@ HJ:Mohammed Hussein
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Introduction
The educational development of the
Myanmar Muslim community is quite far
behind global standard, as Myanmar has
been left behind globalization.
From primary education to tertiary level,
Myanmar Muslim needs to improve a lot.
However, Many Muslim Religious leaders
are encouraging the community to study the
religion only, and some see primarily Islam
as a set of ritual.
2
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According to the Sunna, we as Muslims should
seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave. The
Ilim (knowledge) here that our prophet Mohamad
(SWA) pointed out relates the knowledge
belonging both to this world and the here after.
Unfortunately, Myanmar Muslims are not aware
of this fact as well as the existence of the global
standard of education.
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Today, living in a highly competitive world,
Muslims also need to search for alternative
approaches or mean such as using the media, in
order to develop themselves, as well as for
protection.
Mass Media with its dependence on information
technology is flying very high and changing
rapidly, allowing its presence online, as well as
through print media.
4
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Opportunities and Challenges
Our community is following the traditional ways
and values.
They have closed their eyes to see the
opportunities and the new world.
In the context of the changing both political and
economic situations, it is very important to
strengthen our community to be in the time line.
5
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Education and Muslims in Myanmar
Although the Globalization has spread rapidly,
Myanmar did not get influenced by it, but rather
stood in her lonely planet.
As a result, education standard of Myanmar not
yet reached the level of its Asian counter parts,
which makes the educational level of Myanmar
Muslims to be at an even lower level.
6
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The main purpose of this presentation is to get an
idea and to share the knowledge of how to improve
Myanmar Muslim education in this 21st century.
If we want to make ourselves modernize, we must
seek modern technology consistent with the tenants
of Islam.
Though we need to stand on our belief firmly, we
need to show that Islam is not an aggressive one, but
the religion of PEACE.
In the previous centuries Muslims were educated.
The world‟s oldest university is a Muslim university
(Al Azhar) which is good reminder for us that our
ancestors had educated the world.7
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In the past, we had one of the best education system
in the world, but at present, we must admit that
studying religious matters alone is not sufficient.
We need to modify our teaching technique and
learning system which should systematically
integrate the formal education system together with
the teaching of religion.
We also need to change from using only the
quantitative approach to using the qualitative
approach as well.
Thus, it can be said that religious knowledge along
with modern knowledge should be the head and tail
of a coin.8
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In addition to this, without access to higher
education, we cannot hope to improve Myanmar
Muslim Society to the recognized standard.
Since its independence in 1948, Myanmar has
prided itself on its values of self-help and self
reliance.
For more than 60 years, it has been moving on its
own feet. After gaining independence from the
British, Myanmar still followed the British
education system.
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When the revolutionary Council came into power
in 1962, everything had changed, including the
education system.
Since 1964 onwards, all subjects in schools were
taught in Myanmar even though these subjects
were related to science or areas like international
relations, where the books were only available in
English.
All, including experts and those who gained the
knowledge from British Education System were
remained silent as they were not in the position to
express the frank views and comments.
10
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As the Myanmar language was the one and only
official language, all schools and universities had to
teach confined themselves to teaching in Myanmar
language.
In those days, Rangoon (Yangon) University was
very famous among the Asian Peninsula and
Indochina.
The University campus was full of international
scholars and faculties.
Among the universities in other Asian countries,
Rangoon University was the most gracious and
prestigious one.11
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In the era of revolutionary council, excessive
power was entirely in the hand of the leader, this
resulted to mismanagement and consequently the
situation was reversed.
The political way also changed to Burmese Way to
Socialism and the ruling party and those people
who handling the senior positions in inner circles
did not favor education.
They only look for passive listeners rather than
active participants.
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At that time, there were a lot of changes in global
education system with new information technology
emerging along with new teaching material, aids
and methods.
All these things required the use of the English
language, which unfortunately the Myanmar
students could not catch up with, leaving it in the
dark.
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Finally the 20th century education left the Myanmar
people far behind whereas the new millennium to
come in speedily and forcefully.
Nowadays, Myanmar people have started opening
their eyes and looking towards the global education,
which is still not too late for people who are really
keen to learn.
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For the time being, the government is building
many new colleges and universities but do not have
enough equipment, teaching staff, faculties and
materials as well.
So there are many gaps to fill up by ourselves such
as opening private universities, as we believe only
education can develop a community as well as a
nation .
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In the past, Myanmar Muslims served in judiciary
positions, administrative positions, as poets,
logisticians, teachers, military strategic planners
and commanders as well as in others.
During those days Myanmar Muslims were well
educated, where some of them held honorable
roles as reputed educators.
After sometimes the skills of Myanmar Muslims
decreased in every sector, including education as
they neglected formal education.
At present, the education levels of Myanmar
Muslims are nearly at the bottom if it is compared
to others.16
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As a result, lack of job opportunity is the major
impact.
Since General Ne win seized the power in 1962,
Muslims have been deliberately and systematically
excluded from official positions in the government
and in the army.
There were no opportunities for employments and
less value for earning degrees although parents are
trying very hard to send their children to respective
universities.
The other reason is that majority of Myanmar
Muslims who live in rural area and suburban areas
are needy.17
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Many work as daily wages-based laborers. May be
these are some of the reasons why Myanmar
Muslims are not interested in education.
In this Twenty-first century, nations become more
competitive and interdependent, and the future lies
on knowledge, skills and resourcefulness.
The impact of changing education system is not
only affect Myanmar Muslim society but also on
other societies of Myanmar.
It has said that globalization refers to :
„„shrinking space, shrinking time and disappearing
borders”, which “are linking people‟s lives more
deeply, more intensely and more immediately than
ever before‟‟ [UNDP -1999- page-1].18
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In this respect, education has much to offer, for it
plays an important role in the personal and social
development of the young, who are representatives
of the future.
As already mentioned, the previous generations of
Myanmar Muslims have been well educated. Thus
according to their well-being the government
respected them and reserved the rights for them.
For instance U Razak who was a teacher, a leader,
and also a martyr of Myanmar. He served as a
Minister for Education and National planning in
1947.
19
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He had used to be the principal of Mandalay
Central National High School which was one of
the two biggest national schools in the country.
U Razak, a teacher, a leader, a martyr of Myanmar
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First time in history: U Razak Day celebration in Mandalay.
National level senior monks are attended and deliver a speech about
U Razak.
21
20th January 2012
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As the whole nation is under developed, majority
of Myanmar people are below the poverty line,
which also includes Myanmar Muslims.
Some of them cannot even afford to send their
children to school to get primary education
(Though primary education is free, parents have to
spend some amount of money and children are
also to work on their family‟s farm.).
Some parents have to strive very hard to give their
children secondary education and only very few
people can afford to provide tertiary education.
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Today in Myanmar, new government is providing
100% free education to primary students. It is very
good and essential arrangement for poor families.
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In the four Medical universities in Mandalay, less than
4% is Muslim students. In post graduate studies, there
are only a few Muslim candidates, and it can be applied
by those who are in government service only.
According to the Muslims Medical Family in Mandalay, Muslim
students in Institutional Universities are as below:
Universities Enrollment
University of Medicine (Mandalay) new enrollment 20 to 25 students /yr/600
University of Dental Medicine (Mandalay)new enrollment 1to 5 students /yr/150
University of Pharmacy (Mandalay) new enrollment 2 to 5 students /yr/200
University of Medical Technology
(Mandalay)
new enrollment 3 to 7 students /yr/300
Government Technical College (Mandalay)new enrollment 30to 50 students/yr/1200
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In villages most of the Myanmar Muslims are out of
reach for education.
According to our observation, 27miles south of
Mandalay, there is one of the largest Muslim villages
is situated.
The population of the village is about 15,000 and all
of them are Muslims.
There are a government middle school and two
Islamic religious schools in the village.
In government school, the total numbers of students
are 1000 and total strength of teaching staff is 22.
Out of 22, only 2 teachers are Muslim and the rest
are non Muslims from other areas.
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The highest level is 8th standard and there are only
15 students studying at that level.
Most of the students leave school after primary
level.
They thought if they can read and write, it is
enough for Dunya ( worldly ) Education.
They thought if they were to learn more, that it
would be for nothing, as they cannot get good job
and they have set their minds to study for the
hereafter.
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In addition to this, higher education is very
expensive for them and hard to access.
Therefore, some male students join to Islamic
schools.
Girls stay at home and help their family benefit
substitution.
Some girls are studying in Hafiz class.
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In the previous year, some 10 students passed their
8th standard exam but could not join high school
since the nearest one is situated in another town
and also due to lack of funding and transportation.
Majorities of Muslims in rural area and some in
urban areas suffer the same situation.
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Islamic Schooling
29
There are two streams of Islamic studies in
Myanmar.
One is to study to become a Hafiz while the other to
become Maulvi (Imam Courses).
After primary school, students join to these schools
and spend for 3 to 10 years since their age about 10
to 12 years old.
So, some of our Imams and Hafiz‟s formal
education level stop at the primary level.
Only a few students have the knowledge of high
school level and some are bachelor degree holders.
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The practice and situation is very much similar in
almost all the traditional Islamic Schools across the
country.
Some outstanding students from those religious
schools mostly go either to India or Pakistan for
their further studies.
Only a few students can go to Madina International
University and Al Azhar University. So we need
some assistance to send our students to these
Universities.
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Traditional Islamic School
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Islamic Garden of Education, situated in Moulmein, Mon State,
Lower Myanmar,
conducted both formal & Islamic Education till become graduates.
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Our Current Activities
35
Educational support
Mandalay, the second largest city and once the
second capital is the hub of Myanmar businesses.
It has overall population of about 1.3 million and
estimated 10% of them make up the Myanmar
Muslim population.
Out of which, estimated about 7% are poor, and,
except for some wealthy people, where some live in
outskirt Mandalay and most live in villages.
In the prime area of Mandalay, there are quite a
number of Muslim quarters and (55) Masjids .
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Difficult to earn a degree and to get any good job.
They only work as daily-wages earner to make their
both end meet.
Many Muslim children are sent by their parents to
basic Islamic Schools (Maktab) which are near their
homes.
Although teaching styles in these schools are very
primitive, they gain only basic knowledge about
Islam , just to recite Qur‟an and to perform Salat.
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When these situations are noticed and recognized,
some of the well to do Muslims, who have good
education, better knowledge and good sense of well
being for Myanmar Muslim society are putting
their hands together and pooling some money and
forming educational supporting groups.
Eduzone,
The Educational Outreach Center is one of such
organizations which has its head office in city
center and provides grants for university students
from different parts of upper Myanmar who are in
need and cannot afford to go to universities.
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38
Eduzone is also conducting complimentary English
classes, Arabic Language class and classes for
knowledge of Islam to support Muslim community
for their development.
It is not a very big activity and not a beneficial for
the whole Muslim community .
We are trying our best to support as much as we
can for our community.
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Eduzone Educational Outreach CenterSunday Talk In Library
Volunteer English Teacher from USA Teaching Islamic Knowledge
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40
Furthermore, it is convinced that Islamic
Institutions should be conducted for both formal
education and Islamic faith teaching in dual way in
accordance with well recognized international
curriculum.
At this point I would like to request to all of you to
help and guide us the international Islamic high
school, university curriculum for all level which is
beyond our reach.
Take for instance, Busthanul Oulum Arabic School
in Pyin Oo Lwin which is located 42miles up north
east of Mandalay and uses dual education system.
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BUSTHANUL OULUM
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42
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Dual Learning System
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Understanding
Quran in Arabic,
English and Myanmar
courses from
Al-Qur‟an Academy
Hyderabad
General Science ,
English
Math and
Myanmar
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Teaching in Class room
Learning in Library
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Members of Eduzone are also take part in some
Islamic Organizations which are officially
recognized by the government and their activities
for education (and some others) are well accepted
by the whole community.
We have award giving ceremonies for outstanding
Muslim students who pass government high school
examination.
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Award giving Ceremony by Islamic Education Committee
(Islamic Religious Affair Council, Mandalay District)
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Haji Nyunt Maung Shein , President of the Islamic Religious affair Council
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Haji, Dr. Maung Maung Hussein, President of the Islamic Education Committee
Mandalay
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Awarding an all subjects distinction winner
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800 Muslim
Participants at
awarding ceremony
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For the time being, Eduzone has tried for its
students to get scholarship programs (both for
modern science education and traditional Islamic
education) from oversea nations, and provide
necessary preparations to students for those who
are eligible.
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This is a necessity for Myanmar Muslims to get
involved in these activities.
In Mandalay we have 5 major religions and among
them Buddhist is the majority with 74% of the total
population.
Christians and Muslims are the second largest
groups, together with 20%, and then Hindus and
Bahais constituted up to about 4%.These respected
religions are gathering and have fostering
relationship under interfaith emblem.
Interfaith activities in Mandalay
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Eduzone takes the leading role of this movement on
behalf of Mandalay Myanmar Muslims and
working together with these groups.
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When the country faced the big natural disaster
(Cyclone Nargis)in 2007, Myanmar Muslims
demonstrated their sympathy and generosity.
After that we successfully founded the Mandalay
Inter-faith Mercy Group.
Before that and after forming it, Eduzone works
both individually and collectively together with
other groups in many philanthropic works.
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X
‟
s
m
a
s
g
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
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Kyauk Se´ Flood
58
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Kyauk Se´ Flood
59
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Education
We live in an age of progress. In this age one who
does not develop, will stay behind and will recede.
Science and technology have to run side by side.
In this set up, we can guide our children towards
the scientific bend, if we have a system that put
science into their minds from an early age.
To set up such faculties in Eduzone is our future
dream.
Future prospects for Myanmar Muslims
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When speaking about global education, among
other subjects, Islamic Finance is also very
important area and that is why we would like to
introduce this subject in our community and in our
country too.
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In Myanmar, the stock market has not yet been
established. However, in the very near future
(hopefully within 2 years), Myanmar banking
sector will be upgraded and there will be a high
demand for finance professionals.
Next would be the healthcare sector in which the
demand for a good healthcare system and medical
education is very high. Hopefully, we will have a
chance to fulfill this gap also.
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Another opportunity lies within hotel and tourism
industry.
Although global warming has taken its effects,
Myanmar still has a lot of virgin lands and those
are very good attractions for tourism.
Now many hotels are being built throughout
Myanmar, but still in need more. Also the need for
skilled human resources is high in such service
sector.
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As for the Myanmar education sector is now being
changed to meet the global standard and we are in
need of a big number of resource persons who can
guide us to set up global institutions.
But, in order for this change to happen, we will
need to meet the ASEAN standard first.
Nowadays some affordable Muslim students are
studying in either Singapore or Malaysia.
Most of them are choosing Singapore because they
can work there to cover part of their expenses and
have the chance to obtain scholarship and the
permanent residency status in Singapore.
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We are sure that Myanmar Muslims prefer to go
and study in Malaysia.
We believe that Malaysia is becoming a hub of
higher education among the Islamic countries. So
we (Myanmar) also wish to be a part of the
education hub.
We are seeking new 21st century education and
prepare to establish a college university campus in
the very near future in Myanmar.
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We already have initial steps and made necessary
preparation for it.
InshaAllah. This is also one of the pictures of a
place which we chose from one of the famous and
oldest traditional Islamic Institutions near
Mandalay.
The campus area is about four hectares.
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Oldest Islamic Institution in Mandalay (Estd: 1964)
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This is our
second
option for
New
University,
belongs to
Muslim
National
Institute,
but we need
to apply back
from
Ministry of
Cooperative
who is now
utilising
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Muslim National Institute
This is our second option for new university,
belongs to Muslim National Institute, existed in
city centre.
Now under control and utilized by Ministry of
Cooperation.
We are plan to apply back from the concerned
department .
All legal documents are in our hand. Inshaallah ,
we will claim with clean hands.
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On behalf of Myanmar Muslims I would like to
thank to Allah(SWT),
and please accept my sincere thanks to
Albukhari Foundation, IDB, IIUM, CIMB Bank
(Malaysia) for their scholarship programs they
have been offering to Myanmar Muslim students,
even though it is a small percentage of quota for
Myanmar students, we are still very grateful.
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Conclusion
74
Human resources are being developed in all
countries, and when our country has undergone
many changes recently and our new government is
making sure to democratize the country.
We hope that is good for our community as well. By
this, I mean that there should be developments of
human standards.
We are not concerned only with material
requirements, but also with the quality of life.
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The only way to achieve this level, dual education
such as formal and non formal education and both
Islamic teaching and modern teaching for all will be
the best approach.
The time is now ripe to build up international
collaboration, by way of joint ventures, research,
education, and so on.
And also, Myanmar Muslim community should be
united with ASEAN Muslim community.
It is very important and essential for us to have a
close relationship with the Muslim community at
the national level and international level.
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After all, we would like to invite anyone, who is
interested in making improvement of Myanmar
Muslims, to come to Myanmar, to research, to
invest, to work together with us.
At present, we need to have experienced and
qualified teachers from inside and outside the
country, we need financial assistance to boost up
education from lower level to higher level, and we
want our students to get more scholarships to study
abroad.
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We need to have full scholarships, partial
scholarships and special rate for our under
graduate and post graduate students to study
abroad and within the country.
Inshallah, with the help of our Muslim brothers and
sisters, we believe we can improve the quality of life
in our Muslim community.
And we would like to invite you to invest in
Education sector in Myanmar and to visit our
country to see the people with your own eyes.
You all are warmly welcome .
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“ Allah (alone) is sufficient for us, and HE is the
Best Disposer of affairs (for us)”. [3:173]
ALL THE PRAISES AND THANKS BE TO
ALLAH ,THE LORD OF THE UNIVERSE, THE
MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL.
MAY ALLAH BLESS YOU AND PEACE BE
UPON YOU.
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THANK YOU