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Logical Reasoning: Cause and Effect
Summer, 2012
Miki Loschky
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CIMA © 2008
Understanding Complex Relationships in Logic
• Content Objective: Interpret cause and effect statements
• Language Objective: During reading academic text, identify cause and effect patterns, while also paying attention to signal words
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Different Ways in Which Cause-Effect Relationships Can Be StatedCause Effect
Ex. I was caught in traffic (action); therefore, I missed my first class (result).
Effect Cause
Ex. I missed my first class (result) because I was caught in traffic (action)
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Signal Words (Yaworski Chapter 9)
Words that Signal Causes
Words That Signal Effects
Cause ReasonSince … Many factorsDue to … If…, then …Because (of) … This prompted …
Therefore ThusResulting in … .. .is the result of …So ConsequentlyEffect ThenAffect
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Identifying Cause and Effect Statements
• Underline the signal words that are related to cause and effect relationships in the following paragraph:
Cosmic radiation is reduced at seal level because of the protective blanket of the atmosphere. Thus, at higher altitudes cosmic radiation is more intense. For instance in Denver, the “mile-high city,” a person receives more than twice as much cosmic radiation as at sea level.
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Cosmic radiation paragraph continued
A couple of round-trip flights between New York and San Francisco cause us to be exposed to as much radiation as we receive in a chest X ray. The air time of airline personnel is limited because of this extra radiation.
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Answer
• Cosmic radiation is reduced at seal level because of the protective blanket of the atmosphere. Thus, at higher altitudes cosmic radiation is more intense. For instance in Denver, the “mile-high city,” a person receives more than twice as much cosmic radiation as at sea level. A couple of round-trip flights between New York and San Francisco cause us to be exposed to as much radiation as we receive in a chest X ray. The air time of airline personnel is limited because of this extra radiation.
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Exercise 1
• Identify the cause-effect relationships for the following sentence:
• 1) Anita missed breakfast, which made her hungry, so she stopped at the coffee shop for a donut.
A caused B: Anita missed breakfast (cause), and ________________ (effect)
B caused C: _________________ (cause), and she stopped at the coffee shop for a donut (effect).
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Exercise 1 Answer Keys
A caused B: Anita missed breakfast (cause), and she felt hungry (effect)
B caused C: Anita felt hungry (cause), and she stopped at the coffee shop for a donut.
Chain of Reasoning:
Cause Effect
(Cause) Effect
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Exercise 2 (Cambridge Preparation for
the TOEFL Test)Complete the following sentence by choosing the phrase/clause that would likely follow the underlined word.
According to dental researchers, a vaccine that could significantly reduce the number of microorganisms thought to cause cavities will soon be ready for human trials. Consequently, _____________________
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Exercise 2 Answer Choices
• A) cavity prevention program may soon be eliminated.
• B) immunization of test animals will no longer be necessary
• C) children will be able to consume more sugary foods and drinks.
• D) long-term protection against tooth decay could soon be available on the market.
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Exercise 2 Answer Key
According to dental researchers, a vaccine that could
significantly reduce the number of microorganisms thought to
cause cavities will soon be ready for human trials.
Consequently, D) long-term protection against tooth decay
could soon be available on the market
Vaccine (Cause) Reducing microorganism (Effect)
Microorganism (Cause) tooth decay (Effect)
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Exercise 3: The Invasion of Alien Species
In many parts of the world, alien species are harming the environment and causing other problems. An alien species is a species of plant or animal that has moved from its original home to a new area. Sometimes people have purposely introduced the new species; sometimes it arrives accidentally, as a side effect of international trade. In its new location, the alien species has no natural enemies, so it can grow and multiply without limit. Over time-sometimes decades, sometimes a few years-the new species takes living space and food away from the native plants and animals. The result can mean drastic change in the natural landscape and problems for people.
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Partially Completed Discourse Graphic Organizers to Increase Text Comprehension
(Adapted from Grabes & Jiang, 2010)
Cause 1: New species are introduced purposely or accidentally
Cause 2: ______________
______________
______________
therefore
Effect 1: ______
______________
__________________________Effect 2: _______________________________________Effect 3:
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Completed Discourse Graphic Organizers
Cause 1: New species are introduced purposely or accidentally
Cause 2: The alien species has no natural enemies in its new location.
“therefore”
Effect 1: Grow and multiply without limit
Effect 2: Take living space and food away from the native plants and animals.
Effect 3: Change in landscape and problems.
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References
• Gear, J. & Gear, R. (2012). Cambridge preparation for the TOEFL test
• Grabe, G., & Jiang, X. (2010). Reading comprehension of text structure.
• Yaworski, J. (2006). Getting ahead: Fundamentals of college reading.