Download - Ecosystems and Living Organisms
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Ecosystems and Living Organisms
Chapter 4
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Evolution
• Genetic changes in a population through time.
• Occurs through natural selection
Overproduction
Variation
Struggle for existence
Differential reproductive success
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Evolution
Darwin’s Finches
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Evolution
Kingdoms of Life
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Biological Communities
Rotting Log Community
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Biological Communities
Succession:
How Communities Change over Time
Primary succession –
Lichens
Mosses
Rocks
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Biological Communities
Succession: How Communities Change over Time
Primary succession –Rocks
Lichens
Mosses
Grasses
Shrubs
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Biological Communities
Succession: How Communities Change over Time
Primary succession –Rocks
Lichens
Mosses
Grasses
Shrubs
Trees
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Biological Communities
Secondary Succession
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Interactions Among Organisms
Symbiosis –
• one species living in or on another species
• results from coevolution
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Interactions Among Organisms
Symbiosis –
Three types
1) Mutualism
Without mycorrhizae With mycorrhizae
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Interactions Among Organisms
Symbiosis –
Three types
2) Commensalism
Epiphytes
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Interactions Among Organisms
Symbiosis –
Three types
3) Parasitism
Tracheal mites
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Interactions Among Organisms
Predation – predators consuming prey
Most common method:Pursuit and Ambush
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Interactions Among Organisms
Animals that consume plants = herbivores
Animals that consume animals = carnivores
(can be further subdivided based on prey type, such as an insectivore)
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Interactions Among Organisms
Defenses against predators:
Plant defenses –
• spines, thorns
• leathery leaves
• toxic chemicals
• thick waxes
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Interactions Among Organisms
Defenses against predators:
Animal defenses –
• armor, spines• toxic chemicals
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Interactions Among Organisms
Defenses against predators:
Animal defenses –
• armor, spines• toxic chemicals
• camouflage
• running away
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Interactions Among Organisms
Competition –
individuals attempting to utilize common resources
• Intraspecific competition
• Interspecific competition
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The Ecological Niche
• An organism’s adaptations, use of resources, lifestyle, and habitat.
Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
Example: Tale of Two Anoles
Green Anole Brown Anole
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The Ecological Niche
Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
Fundamental Niche of Green Anole
Fundamental Niche of Brown Anole
Ove
rlap
Brown anole out-competes green anole, therefore . . .
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The Ecological Niche
Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
Realized Niche of Green Anole
Ove
rlap Realized
Niche of Brown Anole
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The Ecological Niche
Limiting Resources
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The Ecological Niche
Competitive Exclusion
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The Ecological Niche
Competitive Exclusion
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The Ecological Niche
Competitive Exclusion
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The Ecological Niche
Resource partitioning
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Keystone Species
• Single species that strongly influences an entire community.
• Example: figs
- frugivores depend upon fruit
- usually avoid figs, but during certain times of the year, figs are only species bearing fruit
- if figs were eliminated, many frugivores would die out
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Species Richness
Number of different species in a community
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Species Richness
Forest Grassland
EC
OT
ON
E
Where edge effect occurs
Typically greater species richness
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Species Richness
Species Richness and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Ecosystem services
Forests,Grasslands
Purify air / waterProduce / maintain soilAbsorb CO2
Wildlife habitat
Freshwater systems
Moderate water flowMitigate floodingDilute / remove pollutantsDrinking water
Recreation
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Species Richness
Species Richness and Community Stability
Greater the richness = Greater the stability