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ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
Populations SymbiosisSuccession
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Populations
• Group of the same type of organism living in the same geographic area at a given time.
• Limiting Factors – Food
• Carrying Capacity - limits size
• Zero Growth (Steady State)
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Measuring Populations
• Census – count all of the organisms in a population• Direct count
• Sampling – count a small sample and use it to estimate the total population
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Techniques for Sampling
• Quadrat Method• Good for counting sessile things• Construct a grid• Count several random quadrats
http://www.psychology.ex.ac.uk/lundy/images/quad.jpg
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Capture-Recapture Method
• Assumes population remains constant
• Capture, mark and release organisms
• Capture again, use formula:
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Population Density
• Need: population size and area• Ex. 40 oak trees in 10 acres
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Population Distribution
• Clumped• Uniform/Even• Random
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Symbiosis Species Interaction
• Predation• Predator – consumes another individual, the
prey
• Plants – adaptations to prevent predation (thorns)
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~bsbowen/ZOOL-EEOB507/images/predprey-cheetahgazelle.jpg; http://www.bigfoto.com/themes/closeup/thorn-photo_if.jpg; http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/Tapeworm%5B1%5D.JPG
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Parasitism
• Parasite – feeds on host, harming but not killing it
• Ectoparasite – external (ticks)• Endoparasite – internal (tapeworm)
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~bsbowen/ZOOL-EEOB507/images/predprey-cheetahgazelle.jpg; http://www.bigfoto.com/themes/closeup/thorn-photo_if.jpg; http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/Tapeworm%5B1%5D.JPG
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Competition – species compete for same limited resource (water)
• Mutualism – both species benefit
(clown fish, sea anemone)
• Commensalism – one species benefits, the other unharmed
(human, apple tree)
http://www.sandyart.com/Clown_Fish_.jpghttp
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Succession
• The gradual change in a community over time.
• Primary community – development of a community where none existed before.
(Bare rock succession)
• Secondary community – reclamation of a previously existing community
(Farmer’s field succession)
• Climax community – long-term, generally stablestable( Old forest community)( Old forest community)
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