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Economic LiberalizationNOT
Political Liberalization
• Democracy Wall (1978)– Movement for increase in civil rights and liberties.– Deng Xiaoping shut it down.
• Tiananmen Square (1989)– Initially student protests– Spread throughout country– Crushed by PLA
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Economic LiberalizationNOT
Political Liberalization
• Charter 08 (2008)– 60th Anniv. Of Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.– Liu Xiaobo (Nobel Prize Winner)
jailed along with others.
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“Crackdown Continues on Activists in China”
• Zhu Yufu, 58-year old poet
• 7 years in prison. • Inciting subversion of
state power.
It’s TimeIt’s timeIt’s time, Chinese people!It’s time,The square is ours,The feet are ours,It’s time to use our feet to go to the square and make a choice.
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Local People’s Congress & Village Elections
• Independent candidates allowed.Are elections “free and fair?”
• CCP must confirm candidates.• CCP controls election
committee.• CCP sets election laws.
Problems faced by independent candidates?
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“China from the Inside: Village Elections”
• If the CCP is not “infatuated with democracy,” why do they allow elections in the villages?
• “Grassroots democracy is like water. You have to channel it to keep it from flooding.”
• Will successful local elections increase or decrease the demand for larger democratic reform?
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Google in China
“Don’t Be Evil”-- Google’s motto
• Agreed to self-censorship in order to operate in China.
“While removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission.”
--Google senior policy counsel Andrew McLaughlin
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Google.cn
• Head of Government Relations fired for giving gifts of iPods to Chinese officials.
• “Google Suggest” suggested links the Communist Party found offensive.
• China hacked Google’s system.– Gmail accounts of dissidents and activists
• Google ended self-censorship• Google.cn now just a referral page to
Google.hk
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Open Net Initiative
http://map.opennet.net/filtering-pol.html
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Censorship In China
• WHAT HAPPENED?– CCP Propaganda Official substantially rewrote “Southern
Weekly’s “ article without knowledge of editors.• WHY?– Article expressed a “dream” for constitutional government
in China.• WIEBO?– Government confiscated “Southern Weekly’s” account and
posted messages saying the editors approved of the changes.
• FALLOUT? – Large protests and strike by journalists.
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Religion in China
• Atheism (official state position) Majority • Buddhism (From India) 8-15%• Christianity About 2%• Islam 1-2%• Taoism (Native to China) Less than 1%
• Various other folk religions
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Religion in China
• Technically protected by Constitution• 5 state-sanctioned “patriotic religious
associations. . .” Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, & Protestantism– Strictly monitored and regulated • Catholics cannot profess loyalty to the Vatican• Religious can only proselytize in registered places• Tibetan Buddhists cannot venerate the Dalai Lama.
• Other religious groups are outlawed.
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Questions for “The Rise of Tao”
• Give examples of how the Chinese government closely regulates religious life.
• Overall, does the Chinese government seem to be cracking down or loosening restrictions on religion?– Give examples.
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Falun Gong
• Founded in 1992• Physical and Spiritual
Well-Being• 1999: Demonstration in
Tiananmen Square– Attended by 10,000
• Outlawed as an “evil cult.”• Practitioners were jailed,
beaten, and killed in police custody.
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Social Cleavages
Urban and Rural
• URBAN 690.8 million 51.3%(United States=82%)
• RURAL 656.6 million 48.7%(United States=18%)
• China’s National Bureau of Statistics, April 2011
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UrbanHouseholds
RuralHouseholds
SIGNIFICANTINCOMEINEQUALITY
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Geographical CleavageWest & East
Ethel Wood. AP Comparative Government and Politics. 4th Edition (Wood Yard Publications, Pennsylvania, 2009.
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6%
8%
10%17%
8%
4%
11%
27%
8%
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http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_map_folio/txu-oclc-588534-54932-10-67-map.jpg
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Hukou System
• System of registering people by household & region.– Registered by city, town, or village
• Used by Mao to keep poor farmers out of cities.• Perpetuates urban-rural division• Rural migrants living in cities cannot receive:– Subsidized housing, public education past elementary,
public medical insurance, or welfare payments.
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Social Cleavages
Rich and Poor
• GINI Coefficient Index:• Measures amount of income inequality in a
country.• 0=perfect equality 1=total inequality
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GINI Coefficient Index
• Norway .26• United Kingdom .36• Russia .40• United States .41• Iran .43• Nigeria .44• Mexico .46• China .47
• UN Human Development Report, 2008
GINI Coefficient
Index
Measures amount of
income inequality
in a country.
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“The End of the Chinese Dream”
• “My father is Li Gang.”
• “It’s not simply income equality that bothers people.”
• “Inequality of privilege”
• Guanxi
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Uighurs of Xinjiang Inner Mongolia
Tibet
Beijing
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The People of China
• Han Chinese 91%• 55 recognized minority groups 9%– Tibetans– Uighurs– Mongolians
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• http://www.daniellazar.com/category/prc-politics/
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TIBET
• Since 13th Century: periods of Chinese rule• 1911-1949: China withdrew• 1950: Mao reasserted control• 1959: Dalai Lama fled• 1965: Tibetan Autonomous Region– Part of China– Theoretically has greater self-control
• 2008: series of riots– Year of the Beijing Olympics
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China’s Approach to Ethnic Minorities
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Uighurs
• Muslims of Turkish descent
• Autonomous Region of Xinjiang
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Uighurs
• Victims of discrimination• 2009 Riots: Protest of the death of 2 factory workers
(turned violent)• Uighurs targeted Hans. 197 killed.
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China’s Approach to Ethnic Minorities
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Mongolians
• Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia
• 2011 protests• Mongolian
herder run over by Han coal truck driver.
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China’s Approach to Ethnic Minorities
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Chinese Government’s Approach Towards Ethnic Minorities in Autonomous Regions• Crackdown on religious rights (especially Tibet and Xinjiang)• Shutdown access to information• Arrests and show of force– large security presence• Closed-circuit cameras • Large-scale financial investment
– Economic development zones: Han benefit– Discourages traditional way of life
• Relocation of minorities encouraged through govt. subsidized housing • Mongolians driven from grasslands; Against traditional culture• Flood regions with ethnic Han
– Intermarriage with Han– Han given preferable jobs and economic opportunities
• Emphasize Chinese– not minority– culture through education.• Exemption from one-child policy (Mongolians)
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One-Child Policy (1980)• 1950: 500,000 million• 1980: Almost 1 billion
• Extra Child?– Pay a fine (varies; but usually at least=annual income).
• Punishment for not paying fine.– No hukou for child.– Loss of job; property destroyed– Forced abortions/sterilizations– Government abductions (some cases)
• Enforced by Family Planning Officials• Lax enforcement in countryside
– Mongolians allowed 2
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Issues Accompanying One-Child Policy
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Issues Accompanying One-Child Policy
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Population Pyramids
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Taiwan• 1949: Nationalists
(KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek fled to island
• China claims sovereignty over Taiwan
• No separate seat at UN
• One-party state until 1990s.
• Transitioned into a democracy.
• Strong economy: computer technology
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Taiwan
Tensions with China
• Efforts at formal independence.
• U.S. supplies weapons to Taiwan.
• Chinese missiles pointed at Taiwan.
Easing Tensions with China
• 2009: Leaders exchanged messages.
• 2010: Trade Pact
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Hong Kong“One Country, Two Systems”
• Formerly a British colony• 1997: Special Administrative region of China• High degree of autonomy– Separate currency– HK Constitution:
Democratic Process• Beijing has some veto
power
• Service-based economy– Corporate and banking
center