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Bio 356 announcements
Lab meets Wednesday at the UnionBay Natural Area
Field class 7 due Wednesday
Field class 8 due MONDAY at 5 pmin Kincaid 516
Office hours: Monday 9-10 and 1-3in Kincaid 516
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What are the biodiversity consequences of habitat loss?
Thomson et al. 2003
Area A
If half of a habitat is lost or transformed, what fraction ofthe species are expected to go extinct?•Half•More than half•Less than half
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Biology 356: Lecture #11
Spatial Ecology
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Dec4• Introduction to spatial ecology
• Landscape fragmentation consequences
• Island biogeography
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Levels of ecological study
IndividualsPopulations
Communities
Ecosystems
Landscapes
Physiological EcologyPopulation Ecology
Species InteractionsBiodiversity
Community EcologyEcosystem Ecology
Spatial Ecology
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• A landscape is a heterogeneous area consistingof distinctive patches.
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• A landscape is a heterogeneous area consistingof distinctive patches.• A patch is a contiguous area of a defined habitat.
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• A landscape is a heterogeneous area consistingof distinctive patches.• A patch is a contiguous area of a defined habitat.• The matrix is the area between patches.• A corridor is a strip of habitat connecting twopatches.
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• A landscape is a heterogeneous area consistingof distinctive patches.• A patch is a contiguous area of a defined habitat.• The matrix is the area between patches.• A corridor is a strip of habitat connecting twopatches.
•Edge : border between two contrasting habitats
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Patch shape: Edge (perimeter) depends on rulerlength and fractal geometry
Relatively long ruler (scale) generates relatively shortedge
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Patch shape: Edge (perimeter) depends on rulerlength and fractal geometry
Relatively short ruler (scale) generates relatively longedge
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• Patch shape: S =
Patch shape: Shape depends on perimeter relative toarea
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Patch shape
S =
S = Patch shapeP = Patch perimeter
A = Patch area
Which habitat has thegreater value of S?
a)
b)
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Patch shape
S =
S = Patch shapeP = Patch perimeter
A = Patch area
Which habitat has thegreater value of S?
a)
b)
Patch shape is the ratio of patch perimeter to theperimeter of a circle with an area equal to patch area.
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Lab preview
Record species composition of invertebrates under
each plywood“
island”
at UBNA
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Lab preview
Define: patch, matrix, area, perimeter (edge), shape,
corridors
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Lab preview
How does plywood“
island”
area affect speciesrichness?Does the density of a given species change with area?
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• A landscape is a heterogeneous area composedof ecosystems that form distinctive patches.
• Landscape structure includes the area, shape,composition, and position of patches in a
landscape.
• Landscape structure influences the flow ofenergy, materials, and species across a landscape.
Introduction to spatial ecology: conclusions
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Dec4• Introduction to spatial ecology
• Landscape fragmentation consequences
• Island biogeography
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How do abundance and diversity change with area?
Thomson et al. 2003
Area A
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Species abundance increases with area
# butterflies(individuals)
d d l h
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But species density declines with area
Patch area (m 2)
butterfly density(individuals / m 2)
# butterflies(individuals)
Low density ina small area =too fewindividuals topersist
S i i h i i h
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Species richness increases with area
# of birdspecies
Species-arearelationships are log-log plots
logS = logc + b logA
b~ 0.25-0.4
S i i h i i h
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Species richness increases with area
# of birdspecies
On linear axes, fewerspecies are addedwith each increment of
areaS = c A b
b~ 0.25-0.4
S i i h i i h
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Species richness increases with area
# of birdspecies If half of a habitat is
lost or transformed,
what fraction of thespecies are expectedto go extinct?•Half
•More than half•Less than half
L d f i l i
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• Species richness increases with patch area,while species density declines.
• Human activity has fragmented habitatsworldwide. For b=0.25, loss of 50% of area predicts16% extinction. For b=0.4, loss of 50% of area
predicts 24% extinction.
Landscape fragmentation: conclusions
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Dec4• Introduction to spatial ecology
• Landscape fragmentation consequences
• Island biogeography
Wh d i i h i ith ?
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Why does species richness increase with area?
Potential mechanisms:• Species coexist better on large islands, wheredensities are lower.
• Island size correlates with heterogeneity; largerislands support species with different habitatrequirements.
• Island biogeography: Island size and proximityinfluence colonization and extinction rates
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Eq ilib i th f i l d bi g g h
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Immigration rate(species / time)
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
# species present
When few species are present, each immigrant islikely to represent a new species; when manyspecies are present, immigrants are less likely torepresent new species.
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
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Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
# species present
When many species are present:• there is a larger pool of potential extinctions• the population size of each species mustdecrease, increasing the likelihood of extinction• competitive interactions are more likely
Extinction rate(species / time)
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
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Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
# species present
Extinction rate(species / time)
Immigration rate(species / time)
Change in species richness =rate of immigration - rate of extinction
Dynamic equilibrium of species richness whenimmigration rate = extinction rate
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
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Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
near
far
# species present
Immigration rate(species / time)
Proximity to other islands increases immigration rate.
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
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Extinction rate(species / time)
small
large
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
# species present
Extinction rate decreases with island size.
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
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small
large
small, far
large, farsmall, near
large, near
Equilibrium theory of island biogeography
near
far
# species present
Immigration rate(species / time)
Extinction rate(species / time)
Species turnover
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Species turnover
Dynamic equilibrium species richness doesnot always have the same speciescomposition
Turnover = Dis-similarity in speciescomposition
Experimental work on island biogeography
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Experimental work on island biogeography
Simberloff and Wilson
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Experimental work on island biogeography
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Simberloff and Wilson
• Experimental islands fumigated
Experimental work on island biogeography
Experimental work on island biogeography
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Simberloff and Wilson
Time (days)
# speciespresent
Near
Far
Proximity to other islandsincreased immigration rate.
Experimental work on island biogeography
Composition: species arrive and go extinct
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Composition: species arrive and go extinct
Species richness: 20 2 14 17
Island biogeography: conclusions
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• Island biogeography theory predicts that species richnessis a dynamic balance of immigration and extinction rates.Immigration rate depends upon proximity to otherislands, and extinction rate depends upon island size.
• Species composition on islands is expected to changeover time, even if species richness is at a dynamicequilibrium. Species turnover is also likely in space – islandswith similar species richness can have different composition.
Island biogeography: conclusions