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Ecology –Ecology –Organisms & Their Organisms & Their EnvironmentEnvironment
Dr. Childs
Science Computer Lab
Spring, 2005
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EcologyEcology
Ecology is the interaction of living organisms and their environment
This lesson will emphasize:• Relationships between organisms• Food webs
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Biotic & Abiotic FactorsBiotic & Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors - Living organisms
Abiotic Factors–Nonliving
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Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors
Plants & Animals
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Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
Soil
Sunlight
Water
Climate
Rocks Air
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Aquatic Ecosystem
Population
Community
EcosystemTerrestrial Ecosystem
Organism
RelationshipsRelationships
Marine Ecosystem
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OrganismOrganism- A single living individual
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PopulatioPopulationn
-A group of organisms of the same species-Live in same area- Interact & interbreed
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CommuniCommunityty
- Populations of different species of plants and animals that live together and interact with each other
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EcosysteEcosystemm
- A community with biotic and abiotic factors.
- terrestrial land- aquatic fresh water- marine salt water
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EcosystemEcosystem
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Terrestrial Terrestrial EcosystemEcosystem
- Terrestrial ecosystem
- Examples:- forest- desert- field- jungle- large dead tree
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Aquatic EcosystemAquatic Ecosystem
- Aquatic ecosystem
- Examples:- lake- stream- river
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Marine EcosystemMarine Ecosystem
- Marine ecosystem
- Examples:- ocean- estuary- tidepools
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Community Community InterrelationshipsInterrelationships- Symbiosis:
-Mutualism-Commensalism-Parasitism
- Predation
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MutualismMutualism
- Both organisms benefit
Clownfish & anemone
Insects and flowers
Lichen – algae & fungi
Termite protozoa – digests cellulose
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CommensalismCommensalism
- One organism benefits, other not harmed
Remora fish on turtle
Barnacles on mussel
Cattle egrets with cowsSpanish moss on oak
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ParasitismParasitism
- One organism benefits, other harmed, but not killed
Tapeworm in intestine
Ticks on dog
Fungus on human
Malaria in human blood
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PredationPredation
- One organism benefits (predator), other is killed (prey)
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Food ChainsFood Chains
Food chains show how animals get their food. They also show how energy is gained and lost in an ecosystem.
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Autotrophs
Produce own carbon compounds (sugars)• Energy from sunlight - photosynthesis
• Includes algae and plants
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Heterotrophs
Carbon compounds from other organismsFungi (include decomposers)Protozoa and animals
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HerbivoresHerbivores
Herbivores are animals that eat only plants
Flat grinding molars
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CarnivoresCarnivores
Carnivores are animals that eat other animals- Meat-eaters
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CarnivoresCarnivores
Pointed canines for grasping and tearing
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OmnivoresOmnivores
Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals
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OmnivoresOmnivores
Both sharp canines & grinding molars
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And our favoriteAnd our favorite
Pizza-vores
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Food ChainsFood Chains
Sunlight
Producer
Secondary consumer
Primary consumer
Scavenger
Decomposer
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SunlightSunlight
Sunlight is the source of energy in an ecosystem.
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ProducersProducers
Producers:
- are green plants- capture energy from the sun- convert to sugars by photosynthesis- fix CO2 into sugars- release oxygen (O2)- are autotrophs
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ProducersProducers
Algae
Microscopic plankton
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Primary Consumers / Primary Consumers / HerbivoresHerbivores
Primary consumers eat producers / plants- herbivores- heterotrophs - among the smallest and largest creatures
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Primary Consumers / Primary Consumers / HerbivoresHerbivores
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Secondary Consumers
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
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Secondary Consumers
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ScavengersScavengers
Scavengers:- Eat dead and rotting meat
Vulture Hyena
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DecomposersDecomposers
Decomposers:
Digest and break down dead bodies into simple molecules. Recycle nutrients.
- Includes: fungiinsects bacteriaworms
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Decomposers
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Food WebsFood Webs
-The interactions among animals for food is never as simple as food chains. For example, bears may eat plants or small animal. Eagles may eat fish or small mammals.
-These interactions are called a “food web”.
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Food Webs - TerrestrialFood Webs - Terrestrial
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Food Webs - MarineFood Webs - Marine
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
- Levels is a food chain may be defined in terms as energy as “trophic levels”.
-Energy is lost through each trophic level. This energy is used to maintain the organism or even lost as heat.
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
-Organisms are the same trophic level get their energy from the same sources.
-There are rarely more than 4 or 5 trophic levels because of the amount of energy lost.
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Sunlight
1st trophic Level
2nd trophic Level
3rd trophic Level
4th trophic Level
Note: grasshopper and rabbit are at the same trophic level
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Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids
Energy pyramids represent the amount of total energy in a trophic level. May be represented as “calories” or “joules”
Producers are at the bottom and each trophic level in on top.
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Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids
-The size of each level represents the biomass – the sum of the mass of all the organisms at that level.
-Be aware that sometimes the producer levels are smaller than the consumers because the producer may reproduce much faster.
- There may be only about 10% of energy from one level to the next.
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Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
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Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
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Energy Energy PyramidPyramid
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