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EcologyMovement of
energy
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Know the 3 “E’s”
Ecology = the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem = all the living and nonliving components of an environment and how they interact.
Environment = an organisms immediate surroundings consisting both living and nonliving things.
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Community = interacting organisms in an environment.
Habitat = actual place (location) where an organism lives in an ecosystem.
Niche = specific way of living for each organism . NO TWO SPECIES HAVE THE SAME NICHE!!!
A niche includes habitat, environment, ecosystem, diet, defenses, etc..
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Types of Organisms:Producers = Autotrophs
Make their own foodPhotosynthesis
Consumers = Heterotrophs Get energy by eating other
organisms...can not make own food.They eat other consumers or
producers.
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Herbivores = eat producers
Carnivores = eat consumers
Omnivores = eat consumers and producers
Decomposers = cause decay. Break down complex molecules into simpler molecules, recycle nutrients (ex. Bacteria / Fungi)
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Predator = an organism that will hunt, catch, and eat other organisms.
Ex) Wolf
So is a predator a producer or consumer??
Prey = the organism that is being hunted, caught, and eaten!!!
Ex) Rabbit
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Population = # of organism of the SAME species, living within a certain area at a particular time.
Populations can’t grow forever and forever….
Limiting Factor = any factor that keeps a population from growing indefinitely/forever.
Ex) predators, death, disease, lack of food/water/shelter/land (resources)
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Carrying capacity – the maximum number/amount of organisms a population can support.Every population has a “carrying capacity”.
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Energy Flow
To eat is to obtain energy from breaking down molecules
Energy flows from the sun to producers to consumers
Trophic level – position in the sequence of energy transfers
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
1st Trophic Levelplants and other organisms that
make their own foodi.e., producersaka autotrophs
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
2nd Trophic LevelEat the 1st trophic levelconsumers, herbivores
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Energy Flow in Ecosystems
3rd Trophic LevelEat the 2nd trophic levelorganisms that eat herbivoresconsumers, carnivores
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This diagram has 4 trophic levels
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•Fewer organisms at higher trophic levels than at lower trophic levels (pyramidal shape).
•An ecosystem can hold 5 trophic levels at the most because the energy decreases as you move up the levels.
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What do you think the ultimate source for energy is for all
trophic levels??
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Food ChainA single pathway of feeding relationshipsGrass eaten by mouse which is eaten by a
snake which is eaten by a hawk
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Food WebMore complex than a food chainShows some (or many) feeding
relationships in an ecosystem
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Energy TransfersPlants absorb energy from the
sun to make sugar/glucose
Each trophic level loses energy as you move up.
10% Rule = Loss of energy as you move up the food pyramid/chain/trophic levels.
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•10% Rule in more detail….•Higher trophic levels contain less energy and therefore can support fewer individuals.•An herbivore eats a plant and only gets 10% of the plant’s energy (rest of the energy is lost doing work, or as heat)•A carnivore eats an herbivore and also only gets 10% of the energy in the herbivore
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In food chains and food webs there is something called
BIOMAGNIFICATION that can occur.
•Biomagnification - the increase of a pollutant as you move up trophic levels/food chains. Example: DDT chemical
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So…as you move up the trophic levels or up the food
chains….the pollutant INCREASES!!!
BioMAGNIFICATION… get bigger!!!!