Download - Ecology and ecosystems notes
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Ecosystem & Ecology Unit Goals
1. Living & Non Living Factors in an Ecosystem
I am able to predict what may happen to an ecosystem if one or more:
a. abiotic factors change or
b. biotic factors are added or removed from the ecosystem.
2. Flows of Matter & Energy within an Ecosystem
I can analyze the flow of matter and energy in a local ecosystem with these
three models:
a. Energy pyramid
b. Food web
c. Matter cycler
3. Examining Environmental Issues
I can thoroughly investigate environmental issues and properly evaluate the
trade offs involved in solving each issue
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Unit E: Ecology - Learning Goals Name:
Period:
Instructions: Use the performance expectations sheet to help you assess your current level of understanding (1-4) for each learning goal once an activity is done.
Unit E – Ecology Learning Goals
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Living & Non Living Factors in an Ecosystem
1. I am able to predict what may happen to an ecosystem if one or more:
a. abiotic factors change or b. biotic factors are added or removed
from the ecosystem.
Flows of Matter & Energy within an Ecosystem
2. I can analyze the flow of matter and energy in a local ecosystem with these three models:
a. Energy pyramid b. Food web c. Matter cycler.
Examining Environmental Issues
3. I can thoroughly investigate environmental issues and properly evaluate the trade offs involved in solving each issue.
Unit D: GeneticsPerformance Expectations
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Learning Goal #1:
I am able to predict what may
happen to an ecosystem if
one or more:
a. abiotic factors change or
b. biotic factors are added or
removed from the ecosystem.
I can accurately define:
Abiotic factors,
Biotic factors,
Carrying capacity
Carnivore
Competition
Decomposer
Ecosystem
Herbivore
Mutualism
Omnivore
Populations
Predator-prey relationship
I can give examples of:
3 local ecosystems
5 biotic & abiotic factors in
a local ecosystem.
3 specific abiotic or biotic
factors that a particular
organism depends upon.
I can explain:
The varied strategies, or niches,
organisms use to compete for the
limited resources in their habitat.
How organisms and populations
are affected by a change in the
amount of resources in an
ecosystem.
I can describe to others, using examples,
how:
Ecosystems are constantly
changing.
Changes in biotic or abiotic
factors increase or decrease
populations.
The biodiversity of an ecosystem
can be used to tell the health of
the ecosystem.
Learning Goal #2:
I can analyze the flow of matter
and energy in a local ecosystem
with these three models:
a. Energy pyramid
b. Food web
c. Matter cycler.
I can accurately define:
Consumer
Energy
Energy pyramid
Food chain
Food web
Habitat
Matter cycling
Niche
Producer
I can explain with examples:
How producers transform
light energy into usable
chemical energy by
photosynthesis.
I can create a:
Local food chain showing how energy & matter cycles through different organisms in the environment.
Given data, I can show & analyze the flow of
matter and energy in a local ecosystem using
A matter cycler
an energy pyramid and
a food web
I can explain to others how:
Matter and energy can transfer
between both living & nonliving
things at any niche.
The atoms that make up
organisms are cycled between
living & nonliving parts of the
ecosystem.
Learning Goal #3:
I can thoroughly investigate
environmental issues and properly
evaluate the trade offs involved in
solving each issue.
I can accurately define:
Biodiversity,
Ecosystem services
Endangered species
Threatened species
Species of concern
Trade-off
I can give local examples of:
Endangered species
Threatened species
Species of concern
I can give local examples of:
Ecosystem services that
humans rely on.
I can investigate with evidence, why a local
species is endangered, threatened or of
concern by:
Defining the problem
Understanding the natural history
Researching causes
Evaluating recovery issues &
explaining the trade offs of using
different solutions.
I can explain to others, with examples,
how changes in biodiversity can affect the:
Resources available to humans & other
living things
Ecosystem services required to maintain a
healthy ecosystem.
Abiotic Factor: Any non living factor in the environment that affect living organisms. . (Wind, Temperature, Light, Fire, Snow, Cloud cover etc)
Adaptation: a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
Biotic Factor: Living factors in the environment. Plants, animals, fungi, protist and bacteria and other factors like competition, disease, and overpopulation are all biotic factors
Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Biome: Areas on the earth with similar temperature, rainfall, soil, ex: Desert, tundra, tiaga, rainforest)
Carnivore: An organism that gets energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly from animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging.
Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of individuals of a given species that can be supported in an area…. sustainably . "
Competition: Competition is also a situation in which the various organisms living in the same area try to compete for a limited supply of food, water, space, etc.
Consumer : A organisms that eat food produced by another organism. (Ex: Rabbit eating grass)
Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 1
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Decomposers Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead plant and animal material and wastes. The decayed matter is then released as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling.
Ecology: The study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Sometimes called the “Study of what goes on in our House”
Ecological Relationships: The relationships between organisms within an ecosystem. All organisms in an ecosystem are connected. Each population interacts with one another in a complex web of relations.
Ecosystem: A biological system consisting of all the living organisms or living factors (biotic) in an area and the nonliving factors (abiotic) that the organisms interact with, such as air, mineral soil, water and sunlight.
Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Includes: Provisioning services such as food and water; Regulating services such as flood & disease control; Cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services such as nutrient cycling that maintain the conditions for life on Earth.
Energy Types: Forms of energy that do work in a system (e.g. Solar, Nuclear, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical, Gravitational, etc)
Energy Pyramid: An energy pyramid is a graphical model of energy flow in a community. The different levels represent different groups of organisms that compose a food chain.
Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 2
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Food chain: A simple way of showing how energy passes through organisms in the environment
Food Web: A series of overlapping food chains which show how energy moves through an ecosystem.
Habitat: The physical location where an organism lives. ex: wetland, salt marsh, forest, lake, grassland
Herbivores: A type of consumer that feeds directly on green plants (or another type of autotroph).
Introduced, Endangered, Threatened or Species of Concern Lists: Two Federal or State cautionary lists. • The Endangered, Threatened, or species of concern list tells about organisms whose survival in
the wild are of concern.• The Introduced species list tells about all non native organisms introduced (invasives) into an
area that threaten the ecology of this area.
Matter: A substance that occupies space and has mass
Matter cycling: The circle of life. When matter goes through different forms in the environment. (Ex: Plant => Cow => Human => Worms => Robin => Hawk => Owl => Worms etc.)
Mutualism: A relationship in which two or more different organisms benefit. (Anenome – Clownfish)
Niche : The role of an organism in an ecosystem… how the organism gets its energy. ex: producer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, top carnivore, decomposer
Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 3
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Omnivores: Organisms that feed on both plant and animal matter for energy.
Plankton: any drifting organisms (animals, plants, archaea, or bacteria) that inhabit the open waters of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water.
Photosynthesis: A process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy. A simplified formula for photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + sunlight → Sugar (C6H12O6)) + O2
Population: all the organisms that belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area
Predator – Prey relationship: An interaction between two organisms of different species when one is the predator who captures & feeds on the other organism that serves as the prey.
Example of the Predator-Prey relationship:• In ecology, predation is a mechanism of population control.
• When the number of predators is scarce the number of prey should rise. When this happens the predatorswould be able to reproduce rapidly.
• As the number of predators rises, the number of prey decline. T his results in food scarcity for predatorsthat can eventually lead to the death of many predators.
Producers: Organisms in an ecosystem (primarily green photosynthetic plants) that use the energy of the sun and other materials to make energy and grow.
Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions 4
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Ecosystems and Ecology Definitions Final
System: A group of parts working together that forming a complex whole. (e.g. body systems, ecological systems, railroad system, Interstate highway system)
Trade Off: An exchange of one thing for another, especially giving up of one benefit or advantage for another that is more desirable: (See example below)
Wolf example: If wolves are reintroduced into an area where they weren’t for many years, there are many positive and negative trade-off
Positive NegativeWolf eats sick & weak animals Wolf threat to ranchers, possibly eats cattle
Food web has healthier, fitter animals Moose, Elk , Deer populations decrease overall
Habitat restored with more vegetation Sheep and Cattle wary, gain weight slower
More food for birds, small mammals Possible, though unlikely, threat to humans
Possible hunting season for wolves
Ecosystem more diverse
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Ecology is the study of “our house”
Kramer USFWS
Topics• Habitats• Niches• Predatory -Prey Relationships• Matter Cycling• Food Chains & Food Webs• Energy Pyramids• Carrying Capacity
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What things are happening in our house?
We have introduced many invasive species… some on purpose, some not. … some were ok, others not!!
Redworms
Zebra Mussels
Zebra Mussels spread throughout the US Clogging pipes and costing millions!
Redwormsdecompose decaying
matter ,returning valuable
nutrients to the soil!
4. Predict Future Ecosystem Changes: I can predict what may happen to an ecosystem if living
or nonliving factors change
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Feral Swine & Wild Boar BullfrogRuss Ottens, University of Georgia
Tansy Ragwort
We have introduced many invasive species.
Each is changing the ecology of WA State.
4. Predict Future Ecosystem Changes: I can predict what may happen to an ecosystem if living or nonliving factors change jschmied©2016
Asian Carphttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_Carp.jpg
Threatened & Endangered Species report
Fisher
Great Horned Lark
Taylor’s Checkerspot
Mardon Skipper
Pygmy Rabbit5. Master an Environmental Issue: I can investigate a local environmental issue by:
• defining the problem • researching causes,
• explaining the underlying science, • evaluating the trade-offs of different solutions.jschmied©2016
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8. References Reference all sources used in your report. (minimum of 3 resources)
7. Recovery Issues and Trade-offsa. Describe attempts that are being made to restore the species. b. Tell at least 2 positive and 2 negative trade-offs that have to be made to restore this species.
6. Reasons for becoming endangered:Explain, in detail, why this species has become endangered, etc. (e.g. habitat needs, role within ecosystem, development etc.)
3. Adaptations4 or more adaptations your creature has and… How each adaptation helps the creature to survive/function better
4. Food web:What niche is species in the food web? (e.g. producer, consumer, second level consumer, etc... also herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, top carnivore,decomposer?)
5. Effects on ecosystems:Explain what the effect would be on the ecosystem if this species become extinct.
2. Distribution:a. Where is it located?
b. How many of this species are in Washington State?
1. Comprehensive Description & HabitatDescribe the organism and its habitat in a way others can understand
Title Page
The Introduction of Nile Perch into Lake Victoria changed the lake’s ecology!
4. Predict Future Ecosystem Changes: I can predict what may
happen to an ecosystem if living or nonliving factors change
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Habitats vs Niches Habitat – The physical location where an organism lives
ex: wetland, salt marsh, forest, lake, grassland
Niche – The role of an organism in an ecosystem
ex: producer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, top carnivore or
decomposer.
I can show & analyze the flow of matter & energy in a local ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food chain, food web or matter cycler
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Food ChainA food chain is a simple way
of showing how energy passes through organisms
in the environment
2. I can show & analyze flows of matter & energy in an ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food web or matter cycler,
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Food Chain and Population Dynamics
Fern
Snail
Frog
Large Mouth Bass
Great Blue Heron
G.H. Owl
The populations of theorganisms higher on
a food chain decreaseat each level…
Why is this so?
The populations oforganisms higher on
the food chain decrease at each level because they have less food energy
available!
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…and (how) are the populations
of decomposers affected?
AdaptationsAll creatures have evolved
over time to “adapt” to their niche.
2. I can show evolutionary adaptations of organisms in an ecosystem.
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Long bill for catching fish quick.Long neck to extend reachLong legs for wading Eyes face forward to focus better
Fast accellerationCamouflaged bodyLarge mouth to catch preySpiny fins to avoid being eaten
Large eyes to detect movementGood jumper to escapeCamouflaged body
Moves fast to escapeSlender body to get in small spacesFlexible Eats large variety of foods
Protective shellRasping “tongue” to scrape plantsAntenna to feel, smell & seeHides during day
Compound leaves increase surface area to catch lightMore light more photosynthesis, more food etc.Ferns connect with fungi via roots to get more water
& give fungi sugars
Extraordinary EyesightCan twist head 270°Acute hearingOpposing Talons.. Etc.
What is the Basic Process of Evolution?The basic theory of evolution is surprisingly simple. It has three key parts:
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1. It is possible for the DNA of an organism to occasionally change, or mutate.
A mutation changes the DNA of an organism in a way that affects its offspring, either immediately or several generations down the line.
2. The change brought about by a mutation is either beneficial, harmful or neutral.
• If the change is harmful, then it is not likely the offspring will survive to reproduce, so the mutation dies out.
• If the change is beneficial, then it is likely that the offspring will do better than other offspring and so will reproduce more. This is called an Adaptation.
• Through reproduction, the beneficial mutation spreads. The process of culling bad mutations and spreading good mutations is called natural selection.
3. As mutations occur & spread over long periods of time new species form.
Over the course of many millions of years, the processes of mutation and natural selection have created every species of life we see in the world today, from the simplest bacteria to humans and everything in between.
What types of evidence do we have that organisms adapted, or evolved, over time?
Understanding Evolution
- The history of living things is documented through multiple lines of evidence that converge to tell the story of life through time.
- The lines of evidence include:
Fossil evidence
Homologies
Distribution in time and space
Evidence by example
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PhotosynthesisPlants & some Bacteria
Mitochondriaconverts glucose into
Chemical Energy during Cell Respiration
O2 + Glucose (C6H12O6)
In Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O
Air Roots & Air
3. I can explain how energy from the Sun is converted by producers via photosynthesis into chemical energy for all living things.
Out VacuoleStorage
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Food Web
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A food web is a:• series of
interlocking food chains
• which show how energy moves through an ecosystem.
2. I can show & analyze flows of matter
& energy in an ecosystem using an
energy pyramid, food web or
matter cycler.
Food Webs – The rest of the story
Food webs are often simplified A predator’s prey varies with the time of the year, weather, age of predator & available food .
Compare this food web to the data below:
Great Horned Owl’s really eat:• Over 253 species of prey: Spiders, insects,
crayfish, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, turtles, ducks, herons, pheasants, geese, rabbits, rats, mice, voles, skunks, opossum, muskrats & woodchucks.
• Great Horned Owls mostly feed on: Rabbits, hares, squirrels, rats and muskrats.
• Great Horned Owls prey on other owls Barred Owls, Barn Owls, Screech Owls,
Saw-whet Owls, but not Snowy Owls.http://www.ecologyedu.com/ecology_education_resources/owls_of_new_jersey/great_horned_owl_fact_sheet.html
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http://mrsmaine.wikispaces.com/Southeast+1
2. I can show & analyze flows of matter
& energy in an ecosystem using an
energy pyramid, food web or matter cycler.
Trophic Level: The trophic level of an organism is the position the
organism is in a food chain
Trophic levels are based on the ways organisms get food. Here these are:
Producer - plants or algae that use Carbon Dioxide and Water and Sunlight to make their own food using photosynthesis
Consumer - animals who cannot make their own food and need to consume other organisms for energy.
Three types: o Herbivores: Animals that eat primary producers (like plants) o Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals o Omnivores: Animals that eat both plant and other animals
Decomposer – organisms that get energy by breaking down dead plant and animal material and wastes. The decayed matter is then released as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling.
Trophic Levels – 10% of energy is passed on, 90% lost as heat etc.1: Primary producers - Plants and algae 2: Primary consumers - Herbivores 3: Secondary consumers – Carnivores that eat herbivores 4: Tertiary consumers - Carnivores which eat other carnivores
5: Top predators - have no predators and are at the top of the food chain.
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A matter cycler shows how matter cycles in the environment & also shows niche & trophic level info.
Matter Cycler
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AlgaeProducer
HerbivorePhytoplankton1st Level Consumer
Dinoflagellete
ChinookSalmon(King)
Bacteria
Killer Whale(Orca)
Sea Lion
Sun
Krill
Euchalon(Smelt)
2. I can track Flows of Matter & Energy: I can show & analyze the flow of matter and energy in a local ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food web or matter cycler, while showing niches, relationships & transfers of energy.
Use these organisms to create a Matter Cycler & an Energy Pyramid
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Dinoflagellete
Primary Producer
KrillOmnivore Euchalon
Omnivore
1st Level Consumer
2nd Level Consumer
Chinook SalmonCarnivore
3rd Level Consumer
Sea LionCarnivore
4th Level Consumer
Killer WhaleTop Carnivore
5th Level Consumer
BacteriaDecomposer
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Aquatics Matter Cycler
• Start with 1,300,000,000 cal. at the Diatom (Producer)Level• Properly complete both Niche and Energy data.
Energy Pyramids
compare the energy available at each trophic
level of a food chain
in an ecosystem.
1,300,000,000
130,000,000
13,000,000
1,300,000
130,000
13,000
1,170,000,000
117,000,000
11,700,000
1,170,000
117,000
Producer
Omnivore1st level Consumer
Omnivore2nd level Consumer
Carnivore3rd level Consumer
Carnivore4th level Consumer
Top Carnivore
5th level Consumer
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Symbiotic Relationships –Symbiosis: An interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, often to the advantage of both
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Example 1A: Mutualism (Win – Win) both benefit
Lichens are made of a fungus in a mutualistic relationship with an alga.
The algae provide : • Carbon• Energy to the fungi
The fungi supplies:• Minerals &• Protection to the algae
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Example 1B: Mutualism Mycorrhizal Interface (Win-Win)A Mycorrhizal interface occurs when a plant’s root network interconnects with the vast fungi networks in the soil.
The plant roots provide : • Energy in the form of surplus
sugars & starches
The fungi supplies:• Nutrients
• Water from the fungi network
Fully-formed mycorrhizal networks can increase the water absorption of plant roots by a hundred to a thousand times!
Symbiotic Relationships
Coniferseedling
Fungi
Mycorrhizal interface
Symbiotic Relationships
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Example 2: Commensalism (Win – Not Harmed)One organism benefits, the other is not harmed
Squirrels use hole in
living tree chiseled by woodpecker.
The Squirrels get:
• Shelter from predators
The Tree is:
• Not harmed
Symbiotic Relationships
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Example 3: Parasitism (Win – Lose )One organism benefits, the other is harmed!
Mistletoe is a Tree
parasite
The Mistletoe gets:
• Nutrients
• Water from Tree
The Tree Loses:
• Nutrients &
• Water
Predator – Prey Relationships
• There is often a lag in time after populations of predators decrease and populations of prey increase.
• There is often a lag in time after populations of prey increase and populations of predators increase.
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What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a system containing:
A community of living organisms (plants, animals and
microbes) and other biotic factors (living) (predation,
mutualism…) and:
Abiotic (or nonliving factors) of the environment heat,
cold, air, water, fire, wind, mineral soil etc…
Linked together through:
Nutrient cycles (Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorous…)
Energy flows
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1. Know what an Ecosystem is: I can explain that an ecosystem is an area with populations
of organisms, other living (biotic) factors) & nonliving (abiotic) factors.
What do we study about Ecosystems Location of local ecosystems
The limiting factors that govern each
( Desert = rainfall, Tundra = temperature…)
How each change over time.
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Ecosystems – Climate change
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Abiotic Factors affect the Earth’s systems. Massive amounts of CO2, CH4 (methane) & other
chemicals released by burning fossil fuels are warming the atmosphere + disrupting the Earth’s
entire temperature balance.
A combination of Biotic and Abiotic
Factors out of balance are challenging
Earth’s Systems.
Know your local Ecosystems
Atoms to Universe prezi
I can give LOCAL examples of ecosystems and describe their boundaries and contents. Olympic National Forest, Columbia Plateau, Cascades, Palouse, Puget Sound, Skyview’s Environmental Center, a wetland pond, one square foot of lawn).
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Ecosystems are Changing!Presently our population is driving
environmental change. Some reasons:• Resource Extraction & Uses
• Mining, wells, timber harvest, soil loss
• Climate Change
• Burning of Oil, Gas, Nat’l Gas & Wood
• Extinction – Introduced Species
• Decrease in diversity, loss of genetic resources
• Pollution
• Water, Air, Soil
• Need more space for humans means….
• Less space for other living things
We are changing the face of the Earth, a little bit of a time
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6. Identify Factors that affect Ecosystem Health:
7. Predict Ecosystem Disruption:
A combination of Biotic and Abiotic
Factors out of balance are challenging
Earth’s Systems.
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The Earth is a limited system.
The Earth’s systems are thrown off
balancewhen people aren’table to balance their
personal “wants” with our
community’sneed to have a
healthy,sustainable, environment
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Act 86a - Abiotic Factors in the Center Field Study
6. Identify Factors that affect Ecosystem Health: I can Identify factors that reduce the ability of an ecosystem to support populations
Forest Structure
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Act 86 – SJHS Forest Ecosystem Field Study
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Figure One – Fill in the class keynote template:
Organisms in the Trail Center
Layer:
Good Image of Organism here
Organism Name:
Niche:
Eats: (two or more except Producers)
Eaten by: (two or more)
Adaptations: (two or more)
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Figure One – Overall Layout: You can use the class template to save
valuable layout time, or chose another. However, your figure should have at least 6 equal layers (excluding Title). Instruction sheet link.
1. Know what an Ecosystem is: I can explain that an ecosystem is an area with populations of organisms, other living (biotic) factors) & nonliving (abiotic) factors.
• I can give LOCAL examples of ecosystems and describe their boundaries and contents.
Common Name:
Scientific Name:
Niche:
Important Fact 1:
Important Fact 2:
Draw Plant
close up here
Shrub Layer
Papilio rutulus
Niche: Herbivore
Fact 1: Caterpillars eat leaves of willow, alder, cherry, ash, & cottonwood trees. Adults drink nectar of flowers.
Fact 2: Predators are birds, spiders and amphibians. W. Tiger Swallowtails have an eyespot & makes a foul smell that helps to deter predators.
Forest Layer
Common Name
Scientific Name
Important Fact 1
Important Fact 2
Niche
Image
Western Tiger Swallowtail
Act 86 – Fig 1 - SJHS Forest Ecosystem Field Study
Act 86: Fig 1 - SJHS Forest Ecosystem Field Study
2. Track Flows of Matter & Energy: I can show & analyze the flow of matter & energy in a local ecosystem using an energy pyramid, food chain, food web or matter cyclerjschmied©2016
5 Rules of the Environment
1. Population drives most issues in our environment.
2. You can’t appreciate what you don’t understand… and If you don’t appreciate the environment, its easy to treat it with disrespect
3. The Tragedy of the Commons “exists” in everyoneAir, Water, Soil, Oceans, Energy, Fish and Land Animals…
People acting independently and in their own self-interest will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource… even when it is clearly not in anyone’s long term interest for this to happen
…. Even though you may know that what you want to do is not good for future generations, you are inclined to do so because it is in your own best interest.
4. No one Silver Bullet (solution) can solve an environmental issue.The Lone Ranger quagmire – competing “goods”
5. With great power, comes great responsibility.The Spider Man dilemma
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2. You can’t appreciate what you don’t understand… and If you don’t appreciate our environment, its easy to treat it with disrespect
Environmental Grounding Where does your….
Recycling Go?
Yard Waste Go?
Solid Waste Go?
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This 85-pound Chinook salmon, a true June hog, was caught at Astoria by fisher Tony Canessa (pictured) in 1925. Photo: Columbia River Maritime Museum
3. The Tragedy of the Commons
The June Hog run
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Even though you know that what
you want to do is not good for
future generations, you are inclined
to do so because
….. it is in your own best interest.
4. No one “Silver Bullet” can solve an environmental issueThe Lone Ranger quagmire – competing “goods
Kramer USFWS
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