Download - Ecology
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Ecology and the Biosphere
The Study of Ecology
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Ecology
Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical environment
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Ecology comes from the Greek Word “oikos”, which means “house”
The Earth is our house. The “house” includes the environment in which organisms live, the interactions of organisms with one another, and the interaction of organisms with the nonliving environment
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What is the Biosphere?
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“The Living Globe”
The Biosphere is that part of the Earth in which life exists
Biosphere
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Includes all land, air, and water
Extends from about 8 km above the Earth’s surface to as far as 8 km below the surface of the ocean
Living organisms are not distributed uniformly (few in polar regions and many in tropical regions)
Biosphere
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Ecosystems are small ecological units
Consist of a given area’s physical features and living organisms
Nonliving Physical Features are called abiotic factors
Water, sunlight, soil type, rocks, temperature, humidity, elevation, and rainfall
Living organisms are called biotic factors
Bacteria, reptiles, fish, birds, animals, plants, and fungi
Ecosystems
All of the biotic and abiotic factors in a given area make up an ecosystem
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There are many different types of ecosystems in nature…
LakeStream
Prairie Forest Wetland
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All Ecosystems are Interconnected!!!!
Stream
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Ecologists who study ecosystems identify the living organisms as part of a…..
Population: a collection of individuals of the same species in a given area who can breed with one another
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Community: all the populations of organisms living in a given area (all of the biotic factors)
Ecologists who study ecosystems identify the living organisms as part of a…..
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What Does it Mean to Succeed???
Ecological Succession
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Ecological Succession
The process by which an existing community is gradually replaced by another community
Every organism affects environmental conditions around it
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Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
Begins as a thriving pond community….
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The pond begins to fill with organic matter like leaves, and silt, a fine soil…..
Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
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Over a period of time, the pond fills and becomes a marsh…..
Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
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Eventually the marsh becomes dry land inhabited by a stable community called a climax community
Ecological Succession of a Pond Community
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Succession often leads to a fairly stable collection of organisms
The Biomes of the World are Large Climax Communities with a Stable Collection of Characteristic Plant and Animal Life!
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There are 2 types of succession that occur in nature…..
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
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•Occurs in places where no living community existed before (on a newly formed volcanic island)
•Pioneer species begin to grow
Hardy organisms that can tolerate harsh conditions
Primary Succession
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• Occurs in areas where natural disasters or human activities have
wiped out an existing living community
•Pioneer species colonize the area and gradually change conditions so that they are favorable for other species
Secondary Succession
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Energy and Nutrients in the Ecosystem
Ecosystem Dynamics
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All living things are made up of….
Chemical ElementsCarbon (C) Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O)Nitrogen (N)
Chemical CompoundsWater (H2O)Glucose (C6H12O6)Proteins (CHON)
And use ENERGY!!!!!
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Energy……..The ability to do work
Builds cells and tissuesGrowthReproductionResponding to environment
Energy
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Ecosystem Dynamics and Energy Transfer
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Energy is passed from organism to organism by feeding relationships in the ecosystem!!!
Trophic Levels
Each step in the transfer of energy in a community
•Producers•Consumers•Decomposers
Energy
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Organisms that can make their own food
Autotrophs (Self-Feeding)
• Use photosynthesis to convert sunlight chemical energy• Produce carbohydrates for immediate use or storage for later
• Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria
Producers
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Animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria that cannot make their own food
Consumers are Heterotrophs (obtain food by eating other organisms)
Types of Consumers:•Primary Consumers•Secondary Consumers•Tertiary Consumers
Consumers
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Herbivore
•Eat only plants
•Primary consumers
•Deer, caterpillars, giraffes
Classification of Consumers
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Carnivore
•Eat only other animals
•Secondary and tertiary consumers
•Lions, wolves, eagles, sharks
Classification of Consumers
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Omnivore
•Eats both plants and animals
•Can be primary, secondary, or tertiary consumer
•Raccoons, bears
Classification of Consumers
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Some consumers are scavengers
•Scavengers are animals that eat the flesh of dead organisms•Biological “clean-up crew”•Vultures, hyenas, crows
More About Consumers
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Decomposers are organisms that obtain their energy from dead organisms
•Break down complex organic matter (decompose or decay)•Nutrients from break down of tissues are returned to the soil•Nutrients are recycled (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)•Bacteria, earthworms
Decomposers
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Energy flows through an ecosystem. From the sun to producers to consumers to decomposers, energy powers the interactions of ecosystems.
The Flow of Energy
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•Shows the flow of energy from one organism to another through each trophic level
•Energy flow is represented by an arrow
•Arrow goes in direction of energy
Food Chains
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•A food web is a representation of all of the interconnected food chainsin an ecosystem
•Food webs show multiple feeding relationships
Food Web
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The Food Web
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Ecologists use ecological pyramids to represent the relationships among trophic levels
There are 3 types of ecological pyramids:• Pyramid of Energy• Pyramid of Biomass• Pyramid of Numbers
Ecological Pyramids
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Shows total amount of incoming energy at each trophic level
The 10% rulepredicts that only 10% of the energy in one trophic level is available to the next level
Pyramid of Energy
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Shows total mass of living tissue at each level
Pyramid of Biomass
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Shows the total number of organisms at each trophic level
Pyramid of Numbers
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Trophic Levels, Energy Flow, and Ecological Pyramids
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Ecological Niche
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Factors That Control Population Growth
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In nature, population growth is limited to the carrying capacity of the environment
Carrying capacity is determined by a variety of limiting factors.
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Population Limiting Factors
• Factors that control population growth
• Maintains population levels between extinction and overpopulation
• Two types:
• Density-dependent limiting factors
• Density-independent limiting factors
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Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
• Operate only when a population is large
• Examples include:
• Competition
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Overcrowding
• Stress
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Competition
Competition occurs when two or more species rely on similar
limiting resources such as space or food.
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Competitive Exclusion PrincipleWhen two species are competing for the same resources, one must
– migrate to another area
– shift its feeding habits or behavior
– suffer a sharp decline in population or become extinct
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Predation
One species hunts the other and uses it for food.
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Predator-Prey Relationship
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Parasitism
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Density-Independent Limiting Factors
• Operates equally well regardless of population size
• Examples include:
• Natural disasters like volcanoes, floods, etc.
• Annual climate fluctuations
• Produces “Boom or Bust” growth curves
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Relationships in Ecological Communities
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Symbiosis
A relationship between 2 different species
“Living together”
3 Types:
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
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Parasitism
Relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed
• 1st species (+)
• 2nd species (-)
Ex. Tick sucking blood from a dog
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Mutualism
Relationship where both species benefit from their interaction
• 1st species (+)
• 2nd species (+)
Ex. Bee pollinates a flower
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Commensalism
Relationship where one species benefits and the other is unaffected
• 1st species (+)
• 2nd species (0)
Ex. Cattle Egret