Download - Ecology
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EcologyEcology
Marie ČernáMarie Černá
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Ecology
from the Greek words: oikos – home
logos – to study
the scientific study of the interactions
between organisms and the environment
These interactions occur at a hierarchy of scales
that ecologists study, from organismal to global.
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The biological hierarchy
• Organismal ecology – physiology + behavior
• Population ecology – the same species
• Community ecology – different species
• Ecosystem ecology -
• Land(sea)scape ecology – joint ecosystems
• Global ecology = biosphere
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Ecosystem
• the community of organisms in an area
• the physical factors
with which those organisms interact
Ecosystem ecology emphasizes
energy flow and chemical cycling
between organisms and the environment.
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Products of ecosystem processes
Resources critical to human survival + welfare
- the food we eat
- the oxygen we breathe
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Energy flow and Chemical cycling
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Energy cannot be recycled - external source
Energy flows through ecosystems.
Matter cycles within and through them.
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Human activities now dominate most chemical cycles on Earth
• Nutrient Enrichment (agriculture: fertilizer in groundwater + surface-water → algal growth)
• Acid Precipitation (burning of fossil fuels, coal-oil-peat: nitric or sulfuric acids in rain + snow)
• Toxins in the Environment (↑ concentration in successive trophic levels of food webs)
• Greenhouse Gases + Global Warming (↑CO2)
• Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone (chlorine-containing pollutants → the penetration of UV)
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LiteratureLiteratureBiology, eighth edition,
Campbell, Reece
Unit eight: Ecology
Chapter 55: Ecosystems
Pages 1222 – 1244