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Ecography ECOG-03553Robert, L.-E., Sturtevant, B. R., Cooke, B. J., James, P. M. A., Fortin, M.-J., Townsend, P. A., Wolter, P. T. and Kneeshaw, D. 2017. Landscape host abundance and configuration regulate periodic outbreak behavior in spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.03553
Supplementary material
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Appendix1.ColorplatesmapsoftheBorderLakesLandscape(BLL)studyarea,illustratingkeypatterns
inforestlandscapeconfiguration,composition,andclimaticgradientspotentiallyrelevanttospruce
budwormoutbreakdynamics.OuranalysesofthesedataaredescribedintheMethodssectionofthe
primarypaper.
FigureCaptions:
FigureA1-A.PatternsinthetemporalsequenceofforestdisturbancesfortheBLL,asderivedusingland
coverchangemethodsbyWolteretal.(2012).Forestandnon-forestareasarerepresentedaswellas
theyearofdisturbancesforpixelrangingfrom<1980to2000.Pixelsassignedanumericalyearvalue
havebeendisturbedduringthe5-yearintervalprecedingtherecordedyear.
A)
B)
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FigureA1-B.ForestcompositioncompositemapusingtreespeciesbasalareaestimatedfromLandsat
TManalysescirca2002byWolteretal.(2008),wheretheRGBindexrepresentsthebasalareaof
deciduousspecies(red),spruce+fir(Green),andNonhostconifer(blue).
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FigureA1-C)Sprucebudwormgrowthindexbasedonphysiologicalconstraintsaffectingoverwinter
survivalandtheabilityofbudwormtocompletetheirlifecyclewithinasingleyear.(Régnièreetal.
2012).Valuesapproaching1.0(i.e.,warmercolors)representareaswherebudwormpopulationgrowth
rateisoptimal.
LiteratureCited
Régnière,J.,R.St-Amant,andP.Duval.2012.Predictinginsectdistributionsunderclimatechangefrom
physiologicalresponses:sprucebudwormasanexample.BiologicalInvasions14:1571-1586.
Wolter,P.T.,P.A.Townsend,B.R.Sturtevant,andC.C.Kingdon.2008.Remotesensingofthe
distributionandabundanceofhostspeciesforsprucebudworminNorthernMinnesotaand
Ontario.RemoteSensingofEnvironment112:3971-3982.
C)
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Wolter,P.T.,B.R.Sturtevant,B.R.,B.R.Miranda,S.M.Lietz,P.A.Townsend,andJ.Pastor.2012.Forest
landcoverchange(1975-2000)intheGreaterBorderLakesregion.ResearchMapNRS-3.
NewtownSquare,PA:U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,NorthernResearch
Station.17p.[Printedmapincluded].
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Appendix2.Time-seriesofpercentageoftreesaffectedbydefoliationthroughtimefromtheprogramOUTBREAKforeachsubarea:Ontario(O),Wilderness(W),andMinnesota(M).Thesecondletteristhelongitudinalareas(i.e.,west,“W”;east,“E”;center,“C).Thethirdletteristhelatitudinalsubareas(i.e.,north,“N”;andsouth,“S”)AcronymsusedforsubareasaredescribedinTable1andtheirgeographicpositionisdescribedinFigure1.BackgroundcoloroflabelsrepresenttheclustergrouptowhicheachsubzonesbelongstofromFigure3-4.Thehorizontaldottedlineindicatesthe25%thresholddefiningoutbreaksinapreviousstudy(Robertetal.2012),andisusedhereforreferenceonly.
LiteratureCited
Robert,L.E.,D.Kneeshaw,andB.R.Sturtevant.2012.Effectsofforestmanagementlegaciesonsprucebudwormoutbreaks.CanadianJournalofForestResearch42:463–475.