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ECE-362Microprocessor Systems and
Interfacing
Dr. Abdelrahman Abdelazim
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Module 1 MicrocontrollerProgramming Techniques
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Module 1
Learning Outcome: An ability to program a
microcontroller to perform various tasks
A. Microcontroller Architecture and Programming
Model
B. Microcontroller Instruction Set Overview
C. Assembly Language Programming Techniques
Control Structures
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Module 1
D. Assembly Language Programming Techniques
Control Structure Applications
E. Assembly Language Programming Techniques
Parameter Passing
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Module 1-A
Microcontroller Architecture
and Programming Model
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Reading Assignment: Lecture Note
Week 1
Learning Objectives:
List differences in world views regarding the
role of microprocessors
Define characteristics that distinguish
microprocessors
Describe the PIC16F87XA architecture andprogramming model
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Reading Assignment: Lecture Note
Week 1
Learning Objectives:
List differences in world views regarding the
role of microprocessors
Define characteristics that distinguish
microprocessors
Describe the PIC16F87XA architecture andprogramming model
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Outline
Characteristics that distinguish
microprocessors
Taxonomy of microprocessors from an
application viewpoint
Basic architecture of the PIC16F877A
Instruction formats and data types of thePIC16F877A
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Introduction
Two basic world views regarding the role of
microprocessors are applicable
general-purpose view :a microprocessor is an integral part
of a machine that runs shrink-wrapped software (or onwhich user-programmed applications can be shrink-
wrapped software (or on which user-programmed
applications can be developed and run)user
programmable
embedded view : a microprocessor is a basic digital system
building block that can be used to build intelligent
productsnon-user-programmable
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Introduction
Why this distinction is important:
different architectural/organizational characteristics of
microprocessors can make them more/less suited
for a given application the goodness or badness of a particular
microprocessor can only be evaluated in the
context of the intended application
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Microprocessor Control Systems
Digital control systems are designed to allow a particular set of logical
operations to be carried out. Digital electronic circuits, using logic gates,
can be used to control many devices.
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Hardwired Systems
Systems using logic gates are simple to design and are cheap and
easy to assemble in circuits. Individual chips can be interconnected to
provide complex control functions.
For example, D-type latches on their own are limited in their
capabilities, but with other identical chips can be made to produce
binary counters, shift registers and latches.
This type of circuit is known as Hardwired.
Hardwired systems can be made either by using individual components
(Integrated Circuits or ICs) on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) or
produced directly in a customised IC.
Drawback is that once a system is designed and manufactured, it
cannot be changed without redesigning the hardware used.
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Microprocessor Control Systems
Consider a customer buying a cup of coffee from a vending machine.
The customer pays, chooses the type of drink and places an empty cup
underneath the dispenser.
The machine detects the cup and fills itwith coffee, dispensing the exact amount
to fill the cup. This ensures that the cup is
not overfilled and that deliberate attempts
to fill larger cups are prevented.
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Hardwired & Software Controlled System
Consider that the manufacturer of the vending machine has decided
that the cup size being used is too small. All the vending machines
need to be updated to use the new size cups.
If a hardwired design had been used,
replacement or modification of the
hardware in each machine would be
required. This would be expensive.
If the machines are software controlled,
the software could simply be replaced or
modified at minimal cost.
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Hardwired & Software Controlled System
Below is a list of advantages and disadvantages of hardwired systems:
Simple to make, quickly and cheaply.
Hardwired systems cannot easily be upgraded or modified without
changing components.
Relatively easy to understand and gives a predicable output.
Hardwired systems usually have faster speeds of operation than
software controlled systems.
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Hardwired & Software Controlled System
Below is a list of advantages and disadvantages of software controlled
systems:
Versatile and can be used in a number of different applications.
Function can be modified by changing its program code in situ.
Can be more expensive to produce than hardwired systems
for simple projects.
Can contain errors (bugs) which cause unpredictable results.
Require greater amounts of testing due to the added complexity
of the system.
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A) Speed is slower than software systems
B) Expensive to make
C) Difficult to change function
D) Slow to assemble
Which of the following is a disadvantage of hardwired systems?
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A) Versatile
B) Less expensive to produce than hardwired systems
C) Does not require extensive testing
D) Works reliably first time
Which of the following is an advantage of software based control
systems?
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Structure of a Microprocessor System
This diagram represents a very simple microprocessor system.
As you can see, this is similar to the simple Input - Process - Output
system diagram:
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Structure of a Microprocessor System
Microprocessor systems have the ability to connect to several input and
output devices at the same time.
Inputs might include: mouse, keyboard, scanner.
Outputs might include: screen, loudspeaker, printer.
Some of these input and output devices are built into the system.
Others have to be plugged in to the system. Where an input or output
device is plugged in, it is accessed by the computer through a port.
Some devices that are plugged into computers are both inputs and
outputs: a modem for example both transmits and receives data.
There are several different types of port. Some transmit data serially
while others transmit data in parallel, for example, RS232 (serial),
Centronics (parallel), USB (Serial).
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Structure of a Microprocessor System
The processor connects to several input and output ports, as well
as memory, at the same time.
This requires a more complex connection system.
The processor needs to be able to select which sub-system it needs to
talk to, decide whether it is sending or receiving, and then send or
receive data.
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Structure of a Microprocessor System
The connection system
uses three buses.
The address busgoes
from the CPU to the
memory and input / outputports.
Each sub-system that the
CPU connects to has a unique address.
The CPU sends the address on the
address bus to identify the subsystem it
needs to connect to.
The control busdetermines whether the data is to be sent or received.
The data can then be transmitted along the data bus.
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A bus is just one or more conductors connecting the sub-systems
together.
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A) Address bus
B) Serial Port
C) Control bus
D) Data bus
Which connection system carries the signal that determines whether data
is to be written to or read from, memory?
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Single Chip Microprocessor Systems
A microcontroller is a single IC
containing a central processing
unit, memory, input / output ports
and internal clock.
Microcontrollers provide a one-
chip design instead of requiring
several separate components.
Microcontrollers are used in
domestic appliances, automobiles,electronic locks, security devices,
smart cards, timers, and serial
communication.
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A) Peripheral Intelligent Connector
B) Peripheral Interface Connector
C) Peripheral Interface Controller
D) Peripheral Intelligent Connector
What do the initials PIC stand for?
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A) 2000 - 2003
B) 1997 - 2000
C) 1995 - 1997
D) 1990 - 1995
Approximately, when did PIC use increase dramatically?
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Microprocessor Architectures
Two types of architectures used in modern processors. Von Neumann
architecture used in the Z80 to the modern Pentium chips.
PIC devices use the Harvard architecture. Differs from the Von
Neumann type by having separate memories for program code and
data, so can be accessed independently and simultaneously.
Von Neumann system stores data and program code together in one
memory space. Disadvantage of only allowing the CPU to access
either data or the program memory at any one time.
Advantage of the Harvard architecture is that it reduces the time
taken to retrieve the instructions, and so is more efficient.
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A) Z80
B) Harvard
C) Von Neumann
D) Pentium
What is the name of the architecture used in PICs?
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A) Harvard
B) Von Neumann
C) Z80
D) Pentium
Which architecture system stores program code and memory
code in different locations?
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A) Von Neumann
B) Pentium
C) Z80
D) Harvard
Which is the more efficient architecture for microcontrollers?
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Instruction Sets
Language used by the microcontroller is
divided into a number of instructions.
The Instruction Setdetermines
what functions the microcontroller
can perform and how instructions
need to be written.
This list of instructions is called
the instruction set.
Architecture of microcontrollers
may be further classified into the
types of instruction sets they use.
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A) A notice
B) An instruction
C) A message
D) A function
In order to get a microcontroller to do something, what must
we give it?
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Instruction Sets
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
Microcontrollers and microprocessor systems which use CISC systems,
have a large quantity of very detailed instructions.
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
A reduced instruction set is made up of a small number of key
instructions. PICs use this type of instruction set and have about 35
instructions.
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CISCs have a large number of detailed instructions. Is
this true or false?
Answer True or False.
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Approximately how many instructions can a PIC chip
programmed using RISC understand?
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Social and Economical Benefits
Microcontrollers have many advantages over microcomputers, primarily
because of the reduction in external components. This provides the
following benefits:
Reduction in costs - smaller number of components required.
Increased system reliability - fewer components mean a smallerlikelihood of the system failing.
Reduced power consumption - fewer components mean less powerrequired for the system.
Program Code can be upgraded, in situ, - programs can be written tothe PIC while in a system.
Reduced Electromagnetic emissions - having fewer componentsreduces the electromagnetic emissions produced by a device.
Size - the small size of a microcontroller enables it to be usedin small devices.
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A) Increased reliability
B) Reduced costs
C) Increased portability
D) Reduced number of components
A microcontroller has one main advantage over a
microcomputer, which gives rise to many benefits. What is
it?
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