![Page 1: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ECE 695 Project Presentation
Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm
Karthik Raman
Pranav Vaidya
Spring 2006
![Page 2: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
Introduction & Background Proposed Genetic Algorithm (GA)
Solution Experiment Setup and Results Demonstration of Application Conclusion & Future Work
![Page 3: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction & Background
Sensor Networks Popular, wide range of applications
Military, environment, health Small, lightweight, battery powered wireless
nodes distributed over large area large communication distance from nodes to base
station drain energy & reduce network life Our goal
Use GA to cluster sensor network to minimize the total communication distance and prolong the network life.
![Page 4: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cluster Head
Base Station
Sensors
Example of Clustered Network
![Page 5: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Clustering the Network
Partitioning nodes into independent clusters
Various methods for clustering Ex. K–means, Fuzzy c-means clustering
Drawback Assume the number of clusters beforehand
Our contribution Dynamic Sensor Network
![Page 6: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Background on Genetic Algorithm (GA)
One of the major areas in Evolutionary Computation (EC)
EC consists of machine learning optimization and classification paradigms based on genetics and natural selection
GA mimics survival of the fittest strategy in nature by preferentially selecting a fitter genetic pool so that future generation will have fitter population members
![Page 7: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
GA Terminology Population: set of points in problem domain, each
member being a potential solution. Generated randomly
Fitness: A value proportional to the function we want to optimize Fitness value and fitness function
Selection: selecting a pool of high fitness population members
GA Operators: mimic reproduction Crossover: pass information from one generation to next
to guide population to acceptable solution Mutation: introduce diversity to tunnel through local
optima
![Page 8: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
GA Algorithm The series of operations carried out when
implementing a canonical GA paradigm are:1. Initialize the population (randomly),2. Calculate fitness for each individual in the population,3. Reproduce selected individuals to form a new population,4. Perform crossover and mutation on the population and5. Loop to step 2 until some condition is met.
![Page 9: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Proposed GA SolutionProblem Representation
Nodes N0 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9
Bits 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Represent the population member in a binary format Each bit represents a node A normal node is represented by a 0 at the specific bit
location If the node is a cluster head then we have a 1 at the
corresponding bit position Nodes N0, N2 and N9 are the cluster heads Nodes N1, N3 – N8 are the normal nodes.
Cluster Head Cluster Head Cluster Head
![Page 10: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fitness Function Discussion To transmit a k-bit message across a distance of
d, the energy consumed can be representedE(k,d)=Eelec* k + Eamp * k * d2
Where: Eelec is the radio energy dissipation
Eamp is a transmit amplifier energy dissipation To receive a k-bit message, the energy consumed
is as follows: ERx(k) = Eelec * k
![Page 11: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Our Fitness FunctionF=w*(D-distancei)+(1-w)*(N-Hi)+α*Battery_State
Where: w is the biasing factor; D is the total distance of all nodes to the sink; Distancei is the sum of the distance from regular
nodes to cluster heads plus the sum of the distances fro all cluster heads to the sink;
Hi is the number of cluster heads; N is the total number of nodes; α is weighting factor for Battery_State; Battery_State is a measure of current battery life;
![Page 12: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Selection Method-Roulette Wheel Section
Roulette Wheel Selection
10%
20%
33%
7%
30%
![Page 13: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GA Operators-Crossover
One-Point Crossover
Before Crossover:
Indv1: 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
Indv2: 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Crossover Point
After Crossover:Child1: 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Child2: 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
![Page 14: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
GA Operators-Mutation
Before Mutation:
Indv: 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
After Mutation:
Indv: 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
![Page 15: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Experiment Setup and Results
Application Demo
Conclusion & Future Work
![Page 16: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Experiment Setup and Results Simulation Test Bed
C# and .Net 1.0 Framework
![Page 17: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Experiment Setup and Results
Description of Experiment 5 random deployment scenarios using the
simulation test bed 100 sensor nodes and data collector performed clustering using GA and analyzed the
results against the criteria listed below Performance of GA to maximize distance savings Performance of GA to minimize number of cluster heads Performance of GA to minimize energy dissipation in
overall network
![Page 18: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Results Performance of GA to maximize distance savings
Distance Saved V/S Generations
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99
Generations
Dis
tan
ce S
aved
Distance Saved
![Page 19: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Results.. Performance of GA to minimize number of cluster heads
No Of Cluster Heads V/S Generations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99
Generations
No
Of C
lust
er H
eads
No Of Cluster Heads
![Page 20: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Results.. Performance of GA to minimize energy dissipation in overall network
First Random Walk
Energy Dissipation
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Epoch
No
rm
ali
zed
En
erg
y
Normalized EnergyWithout Clustering
Normalized EnergyWith Clustering
![Page 21: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Results..Second Random Walk
Normalized Energy V/S Epoch
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43
Epoch
No
rmali
zed
En
erg
y
Normalized EnergyyWithout Clustering
NormalizedEnergy+Sheet2!$1:$1With Clustering
![Page 22: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Results..Third Random Walk
Normalized Energy V/S Epoch
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31
Epoch
No
rm
ali
zed
En
erg
y
Normalized EnergyWithout Clustering
Normalized EnergyWith Clustering
![Page 23: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Results… Summary
Scenario performance% cases performance of order 2
1st random walk > order 2 99%
2nd random walk > order 2 90%
3rd random walk > order 2 99%
![Page 24: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Application Demo
![Page 25: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Conclusion & Future Work Our application provides a GA based
method to reduce the communication distance in sensor networks via clustering.
We have shown successfully that our algorithm performs better to the order of 2 in almost 99% of the cases.
![Page 26: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conclusion & Future Work Extending the simulation test bed to use other mobility
models. Evaluation of clustering algorithm using Linear Vector
Quantization (LVQ) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and comparison with GA
The fitness function can be based on a lot of other optimization parameters namely battery charge and discharge of the nodes.
routing protocol for the setup, steady state and tear down phase for the sensor networks with cluster head authorization from data collector, cluster head advertisement and fault tolerance techniques.
![Page 27: ECE 695 Project Presentation Clustering Sensor Network using Genetic Algorithm](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56813654550346895d9dd9ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
REFERENCES [1] W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless
Micro-sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Science, Maui, Hawaii, 2000. [2] Selim, S. Z. and Ismail, M. A. K-means type algorithms: A generalized convergence theorem and characterization of
local optimality. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 6, 81–87, 1984. [3] Russell C. Eberhart and Yuhui Shi “Computational Intelligence: Concepts to Implementations”. Indiana [4] J. C. Bezdek (1981): "Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algoritms", Plenum Press, New York,
http://www.elet.polimi.it/upload/matteucc/Clustering/tutorial_html/cmeans.html [5] Tracy Camp, Jeff Boleng and Vanessa Davies: “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research”, Golden, CO,
2002 [6] Seapahn Meguerdichian, Farinaz Koushanfar, Miodrag Potkonjak and Mani B. Srivastava: “Coverage Problems in
Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks”, Los Angeles, CA, 2001 [7] F. L. LEWIS: “Wireless Sensor Networks”, Ft. Worth, Texas, 2004 [8] Jason Lester Hill: “System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks”, University of California, Berkeley, 2000 [9] Silvia Nittel, Kelvin T. Leung, Amy Braverman: “Scaling Clustering Algorithms for Massive Data Sets using Data
Streams”, Los Angeles, CA, March 2004 [10] Xiaohui Cui, Thomas E. Potok and Paul Palathingal: “Document Clustering using Particle Swarm Optimization”, Oak
Ridge, TN, 2005 [11] Wendi Heinzelman, Anantha Chandrakasan and Hari Balakrishnan: “Energy-efficient Communication Protocols for
Wireless Microsensor Networks”, Maui, HI, January 2000 [12] A. Bruce McDonald and Taieb F. Znati: “A Mobility-Based Framework for Adaptive Clustering in Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks”, 1999 [13] Guolong Lin, Guevara Noubir and Rajmohan Rajaraman: “Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Simulation”, Boston,
MA, 2004 [14] Greg Badros: “Evolving Solutions: An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms”,
http://www.duke.edu/vertices/update/win95/genalg.html, 1995