Download - Eas321 unit 6
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Last Week: Japan-US Economic Relations• Structure: the international structure (e.g.,
alliance with the US) has constrained Japan’s ability to instrumentalize its economic power.
• Agency: In the Post-Cold War period, Japanese policy makers and negotiators have learned to use multilateral institutions to seek a solution more favorable to national interests.
• Norms: pursued developmentalism and economism to change from a devastated economy through a second-tier economy, to a challenger to the US economic dominance.
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Unit 6
Japan’s Security Relations with the
United States
Prof. Glenn Hook
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Aim
To apply the theoretical approach introduced to
Japan’s security relations with the United States.
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Objectives1) to identify the relative importance of structure, agency
and norms in explaining the bilateral security relationship;
2) to demonstrate how structure, agency and norms can be used to explain different aspects of the security relationship with the US;
3) to illustrate how structure, agency and norms can be used to explain case studies, such as: Japan’s signing of the US-Japan Security Treaty in 1951 and its renewal in 1960, revision of the US-Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation in the 1990s, and Japan’s responses to post-9/11 US-led wars;
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Interpreting the US-Japan Security Treaty
• History of the US-Japan security relationship: US-Japan
Security Treaty (1951) and its inequality is shown in:
i. US did not give Japan a written defence commitment in this treaty;
ii. US had the right to intervene in Japan’s domestic affairs through the use
of force;
iii. US had the exclusive rights to administer Okinawa and base its military
troops. The US did not need to consult Japan on the use of the bases.
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Futenma base in Okinawa
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Renewal of the Security Treaty
• US-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (1960):
i. US could not intervene in Japanese domestic affairs –
reflecting Japan’s independence as a sovereign nation;
ii. Announced a clear commitment to defend Japan;
iii. Placed some restrictions on the use of US military bases in
Japan.
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Protest against the 1960 US-Japan Security Treaty revision
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Protest against the Abe administration’s new security policy in 2015
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What is the purpose of the Security Treaty?
i. Keep Japan down;
ii. As the guarantor of peace and security;
iii.Conduit to pressure Japan to build the military up.
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Impact of the US-Japan Security Treaty (1960):
• The role of the treaty has linked Japan firmly to US security
interests and norms
• The US-Japan security relationship has been at the core of
Japan’s security policy since the end of WWII;
• Bilateralism and anti-militarism - have always worked together
depending on the structure, agency and norms relevant to the
particular context.
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Structure, Agency and Norms: US-Japan security relationship (Cold War)
• Structure:
i. Japan’s close association with the US;
ii. Japan was highly vulnerable to US pressure;
iii. Constant pressure from U.S. on Japan to contribute further to regional security within the context of US-Japan security relationship;
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Structure, Agency and Norms:US-Japan security relationship (Cold War)• Agency:
i. Yoshida (1946-54)
ii. Kishi (1957-60);
iii. Ikeda (1960-4) and Sato (1964-72) administrations;
iv. Miki Takeo (1974-6);
v. Fukuda Takeo (1976-8), Ohira Masayoshi (1978-80), and
Suzuki Zenko (1980-2);
vi. Nakasone Yasuhiro (1982-7).
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Prime Minister Yoshida vs. Prime Minister Nakasone
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Structure, Agency and Norms: US-Japan security relationship (Cold War)
• Norms:
i) Anti-militarist norm remained important in mitigating the conservatives and checking the US pressure; ii) Competing pressures of bilateralism and anti- militarism varied depending on the administrations in Japan.
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US-Japan security relationship
in the post-Cold War era Japan-US security relationship has been strengthened (NDPO 2010,
1996 Japan-US Joint Declaration on Security, and 1978 Guidelines for Japan-US Defence Cooperation):
• Expansion of Japan’s security role: i. Increased interoperability and joint weapons development combined
with a more proactive role after 9/11 (ATSML);
ii. Japan’s security role has expanded to providing support to US military during emergencies in ‘situations in areas surrounding Japan’ as well as support for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq;
iii. Tension over US bases in Okinawa – representative of the combined influences of domestic and external agency, continuing to be informed by norms of bilateralism and anti-militarism.
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US-Japan security relationship in the post-9/11 era
1. US-Japan bilateral mutual cooperation was augmented (Theatre Missile Defence (TMD) project);
2. Japan actively participated in US-led war on terror but no
warriors sent; support for wars in Afghanistan and Iraq;
3. Japan’s cooperation with the US was reinforced by the
restructuring of the US military presence in Japan to enhance
interoperability of the two militaries;
4. US bases on mainland Japan and Okinawa – assurances from
the US to protect Japan’s administration of the Senkaku/Diaoyu
Islands (December 2012) if challenged militarily (e.g., by China).
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Japan cooperating with the US militarily
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Structure, Agency and Norms:
US-Japan security relationship (Post-Cold War)
• Structure:
i. End of bipolarity and an onset of multi-polarity;
ii. More pressure on states to contribute to global security;
iii. International events raised the level of threat to Japan and the
need for US to maintain a military presence in Asia.
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Structure, Agency and Norms:
US-Japan security relationship (Post-Cold War)• Agency:
I. The left has weakened within the Japanese political system;
II. A conservative brand of revisionists from the Kishi faction (e.g.
Koizumi, Abe, Asō), interrupted only briefly during the switch to
Hosokawa and DPJ (Hatoyama, Kan, Noda) administrations;
III.A generational change within Japanese society and politics
which has weakened the culture of anti-militarism.
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Prime Minister Abe vs. Prime Minister Koizumi
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Structure, Agency and Norms:
US-Japan security relationship (Post-Cold War)
• Norms:
i. New post-Cold War environment introduced
internationalism norm;
ii. Internationalist norm along with bilateralism are challenging
the anti-militarist norms.
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Conclusion • The general trend has been for a weakening of the
constraints on the Self-Defence Forces;
• The US pressure has decreased and Japan has shown
greater willingness to boost cooperation with the US
military;
• A weakening of the anti-militarism norm in shaping the
US-Japan bilateral security relationship;
• Reaffirmation of bilateralism despite Japan’s increased
tendency towards independence.