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Earth’s Features
Unit CChapter 6 Lesson 1
C6 – C11
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Main Idea
• Earth’s surface includes water and solid landforms.
• You can identify surface features by their location, shape, and elevation.
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A Watery Planet
• Earth is the only planet in our solar system with a large amount of water on its surface.
• All of Earth’s oceans are connect with most of the water found in the southern part.
• Lakes and rivers carry or hold fresh water.• Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh and most
of it is found in glaciers or ice sheets.
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Most of the Earth’s fresh water is found in glaciers or ice sheets near Earth’s poles.
Fresh water is a very important resource!
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Earth’s Solid Surface
• CRUST – Earth’s rocky outer layer.
• Has many features on the ocean floor and on the continents.
• LANDFORMS – continental features
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Landforms
• Mountains – the tallest of Earth’s landforms
• Steep sloops rise to tall peaks• Can be a single peak or in chains,
ranges, and mountain systems
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Grand-Teton-MountainsWyoming
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Landforms cont.
• HILLS– Smaller than
mountains
– Rounded crests stand above the land around them
• MOUNTAIN VALLEYS– Long, narrow
regions of low land between ranges of mountains or hills.
– CANYONS – deep valleys with steep sides
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CANYON
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Landforms Cont.
• PLATEAUS• High landforms
with flat surfaces.• Often along tops
of canyons• MESAS • Like a plateaus,
but smaller
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Landforms Cont.
• PLAINS
• Broad and flat• Lower than
surroundings
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Landforms Cont.
• RIVER VALLEY
• Valley with a river flowing usually in the center
• River moves along a channel in the valley floor
• FLOOD PLAIN
• The floor of a river valley on either side of the river
• Water covers a flood plain when a river overflows
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RIVER VALLEY
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Flood Plain
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Landforms• Mountains – tallest landforms• Hills – smaller than mountains• Plateaus – high landforms with fairly flat
surfaces• Mountain Valleys – long, narrow regions of low
land between ranges• Plains – broad, flat and lower than surroundings• River valley – river that flows through the
center of a valley• Flood Plain – the floor of a river valley on either
side of the river
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Coastal Features
• Coastal Plain• Beaches and marshlands• Rocky coastlines• Sea Caves• Sea cliffs• Sea Arches• Pocket beaches• Mainland beaches• Sand Dunes
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Coastal Plain
• Canada to Florida• Slopes gently
from the Appalachian Mountains to the shores of the Atlantic ocean
• Fertile soil
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Beaches & Marshlands
• Found at shorelines where the dry land meets the ocean.
• Flat landforms• Can be rocky or
sandy
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Pacific Coast
• No coastal plain
• Coastline is rocky
• Can be steep cliffs
• Mountains may extend to the waters edge
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Sea Caves
• Waves penetrate weak rock
• Begins as a small fracture in rock that develops into a cave over time
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Sea Cliffs
• Created by erosion and weathering
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Sea Arches
• Natural opening eroded out of a cliff face
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Pocket Beaches
• Form along a rocky coastline
• Small and curve landward
• Sand fills spaces (pockets) between rocky cliffs
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Mainland beaches
• Found along straight shorelines free of large rocks
• Some stretch for miles
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Barrier Island Beach
• Barrier island – separated from mainland by a narrow, shallow body of water
• Beaches can be large
New Jersey Barrier Island
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Sand Dunes
• Mounds or ridges of sand that the wind often forms along coastlines
• Form in long, irregular rows set back from the water
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What are the three types of beaches?
• Pocket• Mainland• Barrier
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Ocean Floor Features
• Continental margin: shelf, slope, rise
• Ocean floor features are similar to features on land– Canyons– Mountains– Plains– seamounts
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Continental Margin
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Continental Margin
• Starts at the waters edge and extends to the deep ocean floor
• 3 Parts to the continental margin
– Continental shelf– Continental slope– Continental Rise
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Continental Shelf
• Forms the edges of the continent
• Slopes gradually down from sea level to less than 200 m
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Continental Slope
• Beyond the shelf and is very steep
• Can fall to depths of 3 km (1.8 mi)
• Forms the sides of the continents
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Continental Rise
• At the bottom of the slope
• Stretches out about 1,000km across the ocean floor
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Ocean Floor Features
• Canyons – same as on the land, but called submarine canyons underwater
• Mountains & Plains• Seamounts – huge steep sided
mountains rising from the ocean floor– Some have flat tops and are known as
Guyots (GEE ohs)
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Ocean Floor
• The vast area of the deep ocean floor is called the Abyssal Plain.
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What are the three parts of the continental margin?
• Continental Shelf• Continental Slope• Continental Rise
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Mid-Ocean Features
• Ocean Basin – the region beyond the continental margin
• Deep canyons called trenches • Mariana Trench (near Guam) drops 6.6
mi below the ocean floor• Mid-ocean ridges form mountain chains• The sides of the ridges slope down to
the abyssal plain
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Mapping Surface Features
• Topographic Map – shows the shape of surface features and their elevations or heights above sea level.
• Contour Lines – connect points on the map that have the same elevation
• Contour lines show shape and steepness of the land.
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What three properties are used to identify surface
features?
• Location• Shape• Elevation
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How do contour lines help you visualize a feature of
Earth’s solid surface?
• Contour lines can show the shape and steepness of the land
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Name and describe the three parts of the
continental margin.
• Continental shelf – forms a continent’s edges
• Continental slope – steeper and forms its sides
• Continental Rise – at the bottom of the slope and stretches across the ocean floor.
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Earth has lots of water. Water covers 70% of
Earth’s surface. Even so, water is a critical resource
for all living things. Explain why.
• Salt water is not safe to drink, but is the most abundant type of water. Only 3% of water is fresh and most is locked in glaciers. Fresh water in streams and ponds is very precious.
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Describe how plateaus and plains are similar and how
they are different.
• Plateaus and plains are both flat and wide.
• However, plateaus rise above their surroundings, while plains sit lower than their surroundings.
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The Mariana Trench is a feature of the floor of the Pacific Ocean. What land
feature does its shape most resemble?
A. river valleyB. Canyon
C. Mountain RangeD. Beach
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The Mariana Trench is a feature of the floor of the Pacific Ocean. What land
feature does its shape most resemble?
B. Canyon
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The rocky outer layer of Earth’s surface is called
the
• Crust
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What are the lines that connect points on a map
that have the same elevation called?
• Contour Lines
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What type of map shows the shape of surface
features and their elevations?
• Topographic Map
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Where is salt water most often found relative to dry
land?
• A. in rivers and streams• B. in underground wells• C. along shorelines and near
beaches• D. in ice sheets at the North Pole
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Where is salt water most often found relative to dry
land?
• C. along shorelines and near beaches
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A flat landform found at a high elevation is called a
______?
• A. plateau• B. river valley• C. plain• D. canyon
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A flat landform found at a high elevation is called a
______?
• A. plateau
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Underground caves, steep cliffs, and sand dunes
often form near __________?
• A. mountain peaks• B. coastlines• C. flood plains• D. Continental slopes
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Underground caves, steep cliffs, and sand dunes
often form near __________?
• B. coastlines
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