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Earth Observation from Satellites
GEOF 334
MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
A brief introduction
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Oceanography from Space is GLOBAL
with REPEAT VISIT
near SIMULTANEOUS
and provide data in NEAR REAL TIME
Oceanography from space is vital for the monitoring and understanding of the ocean and its fundamental role in the integrated Earth system, both w.r.t. the ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, HAZARDS & EXTREME EVENTS and SECURITY.
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EARTH OBSERVING SATELLITES
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Animations
- Launch (actual)
- Launch sequence (simulation)
- Polar Orbiting satellite (simulation)
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- Provide long time series
- Strengthen process understanding
- Vital for ocean model validation, for assimilation and for Operational Oceanography
- Provide good atmospheric forcing fields for ocean models
- Are often optimal when properly combined with in-situ data
Satellite Observations
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Overview of satellite sensor classes
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
f (frequency) = C (em speed)/ L (wavelength)
Radars & Passive RadiometerOptical Sensors
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Overview of satellites and sensor classes
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26 m x 10 m x 5 m
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Oceanography from Space is GLOBAL
with REPEAT VISIT
near SIMULTANEOUS
and provide data in NEAR REAL TIME
Oceanography from space is vital for the monitoring and understanding of the ocean and its fundamental role in the integrated Earth system, both w.r.t. the ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, HAZARDS & EXTREME EVENTS and SECURITY.
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Global Climate Observing System - Essential Climate Variables
Domain Essential Climate Variables
Surface: Air temperature, Precipitation, Air pressure, Surface radiation budget, Wind speed and direction, Water vapour.
Upper air:
Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), Upper-air temperature (including MSU radiances), Wind speed and direction, Water vapour, Cloud properties
Atmosperic (over land, sea and ice)
Composition: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Other long-lived greenhouse gases, Aerosol properties
Surface: Sea-surface temperature, Sea-surface salinity, Sea level, Sea state, Sea ice, Current, Ocean colour (for biological activity), Carbon dioxide partial pressure. Oceanic
Sub-surface: Temperature, Salinity, Current, Nutrients, Carbon, Ocean tracers, Phytoplankton
Terrestrial
River discharge, Water use, Ground water, Lake levels, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type, Fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Biomass, Fire disturbance
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OCEAN SURFACE QUANTITIES MEASURED FROM SPACE?
SEA LEVEL
CHLOROPHYLL
NEAR SURFACE WIND
WAVES
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
ICEBERG
SEA ICE
SURFACE CURRENT
SURFACE SALINITY
SEA ICE THICKNESS
GEOID & MDT
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Global Observations - Chlorophyll
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Global Observations – Geostrophic Current
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Global Sea Level Change
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SPATIAL TRENDS
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LOCAL EFFECT
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from Lombard et al., from Lombard et al., EPSL, en presse, 2007EPSL, en presse, 2007
+3,3 mm/an
+1,3 mm/an
+1,9 mm/an
Problem of instrumental correction? ?
T/P, Jason-1 : Total sea level variation
GRACE :
ocean mass variation
Jason-1 minus GRACE : steric variation
in situ (ARGO) :
0-700m steric contribution
Undestanding the MSL variations
• Use of GRACE• Use of in-situ and in particular of ARGO network
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Regular Repeat Observations
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Demonstration Sea Ice Monitoring
http://www.arctic-roos.org
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Monthly Deviations of Sea Ice Area in the Arctic from merged SMMR and SSMI Data
http://www.arctic-roos.org
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Monitoring sot (aerosols)
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Mesoscale Processes
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Prestige Oil Spill 2002
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OIL POLLUTION: A Treath to the Environment
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Variables, data sources, availability