Ima PLACENCIA [email protected]
Francois Junique
European Commission - Information Society Directorate-GeneralUnit “eInclusion”
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/citizens/accessibility/http://www.cordis.lu/ist/so/einclusion/
eAccessibility and web Accessibility
European Actions
eAccessibility and web Accessibility
European Actions
Ima PLACENCIA - 3
e-Europee-Europe
• Lisbon e-Europe initiative “an Information Society for All”
• e-Europe Action Plan 2002:
• e-Accessibility EC DG EMPL + INFSO ESDIS / eAccessibility Experts WG
• “Accessibility of Public Web Sites and their Content” (ref. WAI)• EC Communication (Sept-2001) to EP, Council, CoR, ESC
• Council Resolutions (March-2002 + Dec-2002)
• CoR Opinion (May-2002) , ESC Opinion (Feb-2002)
• EP Resolution (June-2002)
• e-Europe Action Plan 2002 – “WAI” final report
• EYPD2003 + e-Europe Action Plan 2005
• eAccessibility Communication
• i2010
Ima PLACENCIA - 4
Communication, Opinions and Resolutions and MS situationsCommunication, Opinions and Resolutions and MS situations
• Commitment
• WCAG1 conformance level A (MEP’s wish for AA)• some MS: level AA and/or legislation
• Web sites
• National/Federal level (MS) + EU institutions
• Regional, Local
• Extension to publicly funded projects, and investigation on how to act on commercial or social private sites
• Support Actions
• Training,awareness, tools, best practices exchange, RTD
• Monitoring: Comparable data => Common methodology
Ima PLACENCIA - 5
Web: Levels of Accessibility MonitoringWeb: Levels of Accessibility Monitoring
Questionnaire to MS and to EU institutions
Not yet in place
=> Synthetic Reporting to EP and Council (end 2003)
Guidelines Compliance and Accessibility Assessment, delegation of tasks, possible feedback to author and labelling
Ima PLACENCIA - 6
In each JurisdictionIn each Jurisdiction
Label
Comparable data Common MethodologyComparable data Common Methodology
Questionnaire on Support
Actions
Sites inventory
+ comments
Ima PLACENCIA - 7
Accessibility of public Web Sites and their content (pages, material, applications) Accessibility of public Web Sites and their content (pages, material, applications)
European Commission services + ESDIS HG + e-Accessibility Experts Group
National level Organisations
National Government responsible entities
European level Organisations EuroAccessibility
Monitoring Methodology
and Infrastructure
Overall Progress Indicators(+ possibly individual marking)
other Survey Expertise ?
CEiii experts ?
Ima PLACENCIA - 8
Monitoring SupportMonitoring Support
• W3C / WAI / EOWG + FP5 / IST / AMs
• material, support, methodologies, v2, …
• Possible FP6 / IST RTD projects (for the future)
• Some MS initiatives reported by ESDIS / e-Acc. Experts WG (D, UK, IRL first results apparently not brilliant)+ Euro-Accessibility initiative (MS NGOs) ?
• DG INFSO e-Gov/e-Inclusion TopOfTheWeb contract(2500 publics sites in EU, first results soon, apparently not brilliant)
• EU Institutions level
• EC / Europa Quality-Control (DG Press + Ascii contractor)
• Others ?
Ima PLACENCIA - 9
Questionnaire (for each Juridiction/institution)Questionnaire (for each Juridiction/institution)
• Official framework and responsible bodies (decision, implementation, monitoring)?
• Magnitude of the task and inventory of sites?
• Monitoring methodology in place (if any)?
• Accessibility situation (measured or estimated)?
• Main actors (politicians, services, contractors)?
• Training available and used, qualifications required /procurement clauses?
• Tools for authoring and repairing, editorial contracts?
• Quality control or certification system?
• Issues related to Web Applications or Documents (e.g. PDF, Office formats)
Ima PLACENCIA - 10
European Institutions
Member States (national/federal level)
Regions and Municipalities
Ceiii
ESDIS + eAcc. Exp. WG
Policy-makers,Managers, IRMs,
Web-masters, Web-scribesTrainers, Monitors, …
EC: DG EMPL / Disability / Knowledge Society DG INFSO / Disable & Elderly
Monitoring• commitment• efforts, progress
EC
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
Ima PLACENCIA - 11
Short term monitoring (superficial)Short term monitoring (superficial)
• ““Top-of-the-Web” E-Government EC projectTop-of-the-Web” E-Government EC project
• 2500 sites all over Europe, e-services oriented
• Methodology designed in collaboration with NL Bartimeus (representing WAI) but simplified to enter in the given budget. About 15 checkpoints.
• Automatic process based on CynthiaSays (Prof. version) for detecting bad points (home pages + up to 250 subpages)
• Human checkup when no bad points detected (home page plus up to 5 pages per checkpoint)
• More info & results next time (aggregation issues)
Ima PLACENCIA - 12
Automatic Assessment ToolsAutomatic Assessment Tools
• Specifications availability and Tools validation?Specifications availability and Tools validation?
• Commercial products (European?, localised?), Commercial products (European?, localised?), National products? National products?
• Causes for the apparent missing open source Causes for the apparent missing open source approach (niche market? competition benefits? …)approach (niche market? competition benefits? …)
• Complementary tools regarding language Complementary tools regarding language complexity analysis complexity analysis
• Mixing or not page assessment and site pages Mixing or not page assessment and site pages walking processeswalking processes
• Semi-automatic tools, AI-based toolsSemi-automatic tools, AI-based tools
Ima PLACENCIA - 13
Complementary preliminary monitoringComplementary preliminary monitoring
• Nov.2002 Report from Ireland (DCU/Rince)Nov.2002 Report from Ireland (DCU/Rince)
• Barry McMullin team (EDeAN member, Euro-Accessibility partner)
• Current extension to other countries (not public specific)
• OthersOthers
• NL Bartimeus approach (partly used in our “Top-of-the-Web” e-Government project)
• Fraunhofer development (D): open-source possibility?
• RobAcc project (NO/DK) + OCAWA (F) : AI potentials
• Euro-Accessibility ???
• Common risk: only negative aspects highlightedCommon risk: only negative aspects highlighted
Ima PLACENCIA - 14
W3C / WAI
2
1
½
WCAG1.0 & associated Techniques + Checkpoints WCAG2.0 & assoc.
Techn. Checkpoints + Test-lists + Eval. Suite
Web Sites Eval. Suite
WCAG1 Testlists + Web Sites Eval. Suite
UWEM: WCAG1.0 & 2.0 migration + EU Web Acc. Indicators (public/ priv. sites, nat./ regional)
Prototype of an EU Web Accessibility Observatory, incl. Sites Inventory
Prototype of an EU Labelling Scheme (incl. delivering centres and accreditation authority(ies)
- R&D on automation for complex criteria- Test suites for WCAG2.0 Assess. Tools- R&D on compl. usability criteria
Standardisation
Adoption
Standardisation e.g. CEN WSA + CEN keymark
AdoptionIndicators recognition
Observatory
WCAG 1.0 adopted for EU public
sites (2002)
already in some Member States
already in some Member States
methodologiesmethodologies
legislationslegislations
labelslabels
monitoringmonitoring
Figure 2: Subsequent EU level actions required after WAB completion
Ima PLACENCIA - 15
WAB clusterWAB cluster
• IntroductionIntroduction
• Evaluation procedures and conformanceEvaluation procedures and conformance
• Scope of a Web site and methods for samplingScope of a Web site and methods for sampling
• Evaluation guidelines and checklistsEvaluation guidelines and checklists
• Aggregation of test results and reporting of resultsAggregation of test results and reporting of results
• User testing protocolsUser testing protocols
• Scoring and reporting resultsScoring and reporting results
Ima PLACENCIA - 16
Methodology: ConclusionMethodology: Conclusion
• Still a lot of work to be doneStill a lot of work to be done
• To keep in mind when designing the methodology To keep in mind when designing the methodology
• Transfer (on long term ?) to National, European or International bodies for standardisation
+ statistics collection/survey• see recent interest by ISI/IAOS Tokyo2001, OECD, UN, …
to ICT & Internet related matters• Web accessibility is a “science” or still an “art”
Ima PLACENCIA - 17
This is to be achieved by :This is to be achieved by :
• Promoting eInclusion as a core horizontal building block in the establishment of the Information Society
• Supportive complementary measures and activities: socio-economic, regulatory, educational, ethical, policy making and standardisation
• co-operation with external partners and other Commission services
To contribute to the inclusion in the information society of all Europeans, in particular persons with disabilities and older people, by stimulating
European R&D and policy efforts in the area of eInclusion.
All Europeans have the right to participate fully and without discrimination in the information and knowledge society
M i s s i o n
Ima PLACENCIA - 18
• Technology-based products & services are everywhereTechnology-based products & services are everywhere
• To make them To make them accessibleaccessible, a twin approach is needed, a twin approach is needed
• Research-based technology development
• Politically-supported policies to create a favourable industrial / market environment
• Complementary measuresComplementary measures
Raising awareness Policy coordination
Legislation Standardisation
Public Procurement Education
Social dialogue Monitoring &benchmarking
Mainstreaming accessibility
Ima PLACENCIA - 19
eEurope policy achievmentseEurope policy achievments
• 2000 ->2002 eEurope 2002 2000 ->2002 eEurope 2002
• Design for all and assistive technologies standardization;
• Creation of an European Network on Design for All;
• Setting of the eAccessibility Expert group.
• 2002 -> 2005 eEurope 20052002 -> 2005 eEurope 2005
• Adoption of WAI guidelines
• Mainstream eAccessibility in eServices (eHealth, eGov, etc);
• Explore eAccessibility requirements in Public Procurement;
• Pilot courses based on a European DfA curriculum.
• Communication on e AccessibilityCommunication on e Accessibility
Ima PLACENCIA - 20
Deployment of existing European policies is uneven and slow
Industry lacks incentive to mainstream eAccessibility
Accessible ICT goods and services are not competitive enough
increasing the risk of digital divide
Communication on eAccessibility Why now ?
Communication on eAccessibility Why now ?
eAccessibility Communication aims at promoting a consistent eAccessibility Communication aims at promoting a consistent
approach to EU eAccessibility initiatives in the Member states, on a approach to EU eAccessibility initiatives in the Member states, on a
voluntary basis, and at fostering industry self regulation to better voluntary basis, and at fostering industry self regulation to better
meet market needsmeet market needs
Ima PLACENCIA - 21
Action is needed to foster EU-wide solutions
• The ICT market is not providing enough timely solutions The ICT market is not providing enough timely solutions
• Technical requirements & standards being developed nationallyTechnical requirements & standards being developed nationally
Increase the availability of quality Increase the availability of quality AccessibleAccessible ICT products and services in Europe ICT products and services in Europe
Policy objectivePolicy objective
Public ProcurementPublic Procurement
• Possible use of accessibility requirements for ICT products and services as specifications and criteria to select bids
CertificationCertification
• Council (Jan 2003) has called for an “eAccessibility mark”
LegislationLegislation
• Full eAccessibility potential of current legislation needs exploring
Commission Communication on eAccessibility (1)
Ima PLACENCIA - 22
eAccessibilityeAccessibility aims at overcoming the technical barriers that people experience aims at overcoming the technical barriers that people experience
when trying to participate on equal terms in the Information Society.when trying to participate on equal terms in the Information Society.
Concerns at least 20% of the European population (about 90 M)
Represents a growing market due to the demographic shift
63% of people with disabilities are 45 years or older
..
eAccessibility CommunicationAn Information Society for All
eAccessibility CommunicationAn Information Society for All
Ima PLACENCIA - 23
• Consultation from 10/Jan until 12/Febr/2005
• 489 replies received – all expectations exceeded!
• Good coverage of target groups
• Nearly 55% of respondents were experts/ professionals
• 1 out of 4 uses some type of eAccessibility product/ service
• Although optional, nearly 65% of respondents chose to
identify themselves
Commission Communication on eAccessibility
Ima PLACENCIA - 24
RESPONDENT’S PROFILE
Private individuals 57.1%... among which:
o Persons with disabilities21.1%o Persons > 60 years old7.9%
Organisations 39.9%... among which:
o Public Agencies 19%o Manufacturers, providers or sellers of eAccessibility products & services 22.6%o University Research Groups 8,7%o User Associations, Consumer Associations or similar (non-profit) 17.4%o Business Associations9.2%o Others 22.7%
Commission Communication on eAccessibility (4)
Ima PLACENCIA - 25
Should Administrations buy only eAccessible products ?
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
YES
NO
Don´t know
Need to increase availability of eAccessible products ?
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
YES
NO
Don´t know
Should European Institutions take the initiative ?
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
YES
NO
Don´t know
Stakeholder consultation
1
2
3
Ima PLACENCIA - 26
Communication on eAccessibility
ApproachApproach• Improve the consistency of eAccessibility requirements in Public Procurement• Explore the possible benefits of certification schemes and standardisation for accessible products• Make better use of the «eAccessibility potential» of existing
legislation
. . . . Complemented by several . . Complemented by several background measuresbackground measures
• Accessibility requirements and standards. Accessibility requirements and standards.
• Design for AllDesign for All
• Web accessibilityWeb accessibility
• Benchmark and monitoring. Benchmark and monitoring.
• Research and technological development.Research and technological development.
Progress will be reviewed in two years from now when additional
measures may be proposed including new legislation
Ima PLACENCIA - 27
Public procurement: the ICT marketPublic procurement: the ICT market
• Revised public procurement DirectivesRevised public procurement Directives
• PP 16% EU gross domestic product 1500 Billion EurosPP 16% EU gross domestic product 1500 Billion Euros
• ICT sector 6% EU GDPICT sector 6% EU GDP
• European public sector ICT average spending is 0,8 % of European public sector ICT average spending is 0,8 % of GDP =76billion EuroGDP =76billion Euro
• The European average of public sector ICT spend that goes The European average of public sector ICT spend that goes to external services such as consultancy and outsourcing is to external services such as consultancy and outsourcing is 16% 16%
• Overall growth rate for public sector ICT across EU is 3.3%Overall growth rate for public sector ICT across EU is 3.3%
• Total value of the ICT market in Europe is 594 billion EuroTotal value of the ICT market in Europe is 594 billion Euro
Ima PLACENCIA - 28
Public Procurement DirectivesPublic Procurement Directives
• The preambles to the revised Directives (paragraph 29 of Directive The preambles to the revised Directives (paragraph 29 of Directive 2004/18/EC and paragraph 42 of Directive 2004/17/EC) now state that:2004/18/EC and paragraph 42 of Directive 2004/17/EC) now state that:
“ “Contracting authorities should, whenever possible, lay down technical Contracting authorities should, whenever possible, lay down technical specifications so as to take into account accessibility criteria for specifications so as to take into account accessibility criteria for people with disabilities or design for all users.”people with disabilities or design for all users.”
• In addition, the specific Articles on technical specifications (Article 23, In addition, the specific Articles on technical specifications (Article 23, Paragraph 1 of Directive 2004/18/EC and Article 34, Paragraph 1 of Paragraph 1 of Directive 2004/18/EC and Article 34, Paragraph 1 of Directive 2004/17/EC) now state that:Directive 2004/17/EC) now state that:
“ “Whenever possible [these] technical specifications should be defined Whenever possible [these] technical specifications should be defined so as to take into account accessibility criteria for people with so as to take into account accessibility criteria for people with disabilities or design for all users.”disabilities or design for all users.”
• Award phase…(art 53)Award phase…(art 53)
the criteria on which the contracting authorities shall base the award of public contracts shall either:
(a) when the awards is made to the tender most economically advantageous from the point of view of the contracting authority, various criteria linked to the subject matter of the public contract in question, for example quality, price, technical merit, aesthetic and functional characteristics, environmental characteristics,….
(b) the lowest price
Ima PLACENCIA - 29
International Workshop on Accessibility Requirements for Public Procurement in the ICT Domain.Brussels, October 19-21, 2004
International Workshop on Accessibility Requirements for Public Procurement in the ICT Domain.Brussels, October 19-21, 2004
• Although there are different approaches internationally (which may or may not converge over time), there is a general consensus that using public procurement to promote accessibility of ICT is a good thing
• There is a strong need for internationally harmonised standards / requirements (that are suitable for use in procurement)
• Such standards / requirements need to be “objective” (and seen to be so), and endorsed by all the relevant stakeholders
• There is some confusion (partly semantic) about the term “voluntary”; it has different meanings in different contexts (standards, self regulation, self certification….); industry generally favours voluntary approaches
• The user view is that requirements must be mandatory, based on objectively defined standards / requirements, and be independently verifiable
• There is a real need for supports for procurers, for example, in the form of toolkits
• All stakeholders appreciate the benefits of working together and are committed to continuing this.
Ima PLACENCIA - 30
The Draft mandate to the Standardisation organisationsThe Draft mandate to the Standardisation organisations
• Phase I: InventoryPhase I: Inventory
• Technology products (ICT)
• Existing accessibility requirements
• Gaps in accessibility requirements
• Existing standards to comply with accessibility requirements
• Assessment: requirements as technical specifications/ award criteria
• Report on testing and certification schemes
Ima PLACENCIA - 31
The Draft mandate to the Standardisation organisationsThe Draft mandate to the Standardisation organisations
• Phase II: Standardisation ActivitiesPhase II: Standardisation Activities
• European standard (EN) Accessibility requirements for ICT domain to be used as technical specifications
• Technical report (TR) listing existing technical standards
• Guidelines on award criteria
• Guidance and support material
• On line freely accessible toolkit On line freely accessible toolkit
Ima PLACENCIA - 32
The Draft mandate to the Standardisation organisations Underlying principles The Draft mandate to the Standardisation organisations Underlying principles
• Consider National initiativesConsider National initiatives
• International cooperationInternational cooperation
• User and consumer involvementUser and consumer involvement
• Industry participationIndustry participation
• Involvement of procurersInvolvement of procurers
• Transparent open methodTransparent open method
Ima PLACENCIA - 33
Need to certify/label eAccessible ICT products & services ?
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
YES
NO
Don´t know
(percentages)
Suppliers
Public Agencies
People w/Disab.
Overall
• Clear support for certification / labellingClear support for certification / labelling
• Significant wide variations:Significant wide variations:
- Support levels exceed 80% in groups “Support levels exceed 80% in groups “Public AgenciesPublic Agencies” and” and
“ “Individuals with a disabilityIndividuals with a disability””
- Only 61% of “Only 61% of “Manufacturers, providers or sellersManufacturers, providers or sellers” support it,” support it,
while 32% reject it outrightwhile 32% reject it outright
Commission Communication on eAccessibility (7)
Ima PLACENCIA - 34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
(per
cen
tag
es)
Mand S-C Volunt S-C Mand 3P Volunt 3P Don´tknow
Which certification scheme ?
Overall
People w/Disab.
Public Agencies
Suppliers
Commission Communication on eAccessibility (8)
Ima PLACENCIA - 35
Better use of legislationBetter use of legislation
• Electronic Communication FrameworkElectronic Communication Framework
• Universal service DirectiveUniversal service Directive
• Terminal DirectivesTerminal Directives
• Employment Equality DirectiveEmployment Equality Directive
• Public Procurement DirectivePublic Procurement Directive
• Exploiting the “ eAccessibility potential of existing Exploiting the “ eAccessibility potential of existing European legislation”European legislation”
Ima PLACENCIA - 36
Main messagesMain messages
• Convey to Member States the urgent need to work together
towards harmonization of the solutions they demand
• Encourage industry to develop accessible solutions in their
products and services (mainstream accessibility!)
• Show the users (with disabilities) the commitment of the
European Commission to improve accessibility in the
Information Society
Commission Communication on eAccessibility
Ima PLACENCIA - 37
Measuring progress of eAccessibility in Europe (results)Measuring progress of eAccessibility in Europe (results)
• review of the existing methodologies
• survey of existing actions which have improve eAccessibility
• Methodology to monitor and identify the existing and use of the
• 3 proposed approaches.
• other existing positive actions.
• methodology used to measure
• the rate of eAccessibility in the Member States, experienced by people with disabilities and older people.
• the rate of eAccessibility, experienced by other stakeholders.
• the first measurement and analyse the data. (12m)
• the second measurement and analyse the data.(24 m)
• final report including conclusions and policy recommendations
• 2 workshops to disseminate and validate the results of the methodology, measurements and the conclusions
Ima PLACENCIA - 38
Measuring progress of eAccessibility in Europe (objectives)Measuring progress of eAccessibility in Europe (objectives)
• To identify measures (e.g. policy, legal, industrial, …) that have a To identify measures (e.g. policy, legal, industrial, …) that have a significant positive impact on eAccessibility and that support the significant positive impact on eAccessibility and that support the Community eAccessibility strategyCommunity eAccessibility strategy
• To assess how ICT products and services available in Europe take To assess how ICT products and services available in Europe take into account eAccessibility and Design for All into account eAccessibility and Design for All
• To assess the eAccessibility situation in Europe and to measure its To assess the eAccessibility situation in Europe and to measure its evolution quantifying the impact of the proposed approaches and evolution quantifying the impact of the proposed approaches and measuresmeasures
• To assess the implementation of successful measures, that can To assess the implementation of successful measures, that can serve as policy recommendations in the eAccessibility domain.serve as policy recommendations in the eAccessibility domain.
Ima PLACENCIA - 39
Prior Research AchievementsPrior Research Achievements
TIDE initiative: Pilot Phase 21 projects ~14 MEURO1991
TIDE initiative: Bridge Phase 55 projects ~38 MEURO1993
4th FP - TAP : Disabled and Elderly Sector
53 projects ~50 MEURO1996
5th FP - IST : Persons with Special Needs
approx. 40 projects ~60 MEURO1998
20026th FP - IST : eInclusion start 17 projects 36 MEURO (+30)
Ima PLACENCIA - 40
From TIDE through TAP ...IST…to …FP6
TIDE > TAP > IST > ...FP6
Paradigm Rehabilitation Multimediatelematics
Ambient Intelligence
eInclusion
Priorities Innovation andDemonstration
New applications Systemintegration
Barrierfree designEmpoweringtechnologies
Technologicalemphasis
Exploratory TechnologyTransfer
Ubiquitouscomputing
Mainstream technologies
Target groups D & E D & E careers
D & Eprofesionals
Groups at risk ofexclusion
Results Tech innovation DemonstrationsTelematics
Socio-economicbenefit
Policyimpact????????????
Ima PLACENCIA - 41
Results of IST Call 2Results of IST Call 2 (Oct/2003) (Oct/2003)
95 submitted proposals95 submitted proposals involving more than 1000 partnersinvolving more than 1000 partners 13 selected proposals13 selected proposals for a total Community grant of 35 M€for a total Community grant of 35 M€
Application domain IP NoE STREP CA SSA
Mobility, orientation, navigation ASK-IT MOVEMENT, MAPPED
Assistance to vision-impaired people MICOLE
Enhanced hearing for disabled HEARCOM
Eye gaze interaction COGAIN
Access to the Web ENABLED BENtoWEB, EIAO Support-EAM
Ambient assisted living (article 169) AAL
European network on accessible digital documents EUAIN
e-Accessibility and Design for all CWST
Total (per instrument) 3 1 5 1 3
BENtoWEB, EIAO Support-EAM
eInclusion projects in FP6: Call2eInclusion projects in FP6: Call2
Ima PLACENCIA - 42
ICT for growth and employmentICT for growth and employment
i2010 - The three i’s
• Information space
• Innovation and investment in research
• Inclusion, better public services and quality of life
Ima PLACENCIA - 43
Five year goals (3)Five year goals (3)
Priority 3: Inclusion, better publicPriority 3: Inclusion, better public services and quality services and quality
of lifeof life
• Widening ICT access, accessibility and skillsWidening ICT access, accessibility and skills
• Support ICT-enabled services of public Support ICT-enabled services of public
interest in Europeinterest in Europe
• Reinforcing trust and support of ICT useReinforcing trust and support of ICT use
• Improve quality of lifeImprove quality of life
Ima PLACENCIA - 44
eInclusioneInclusion
• eInclusion means ensuring everyone can eInclusion means ensuring everyone can participate in and reap the benefits of an participate in and reap the benefits of an information society. information society.
eAccessibility is : a pre-requisite for eInclusion thus a key objective of i2010 “A European society for all”
Ima PLACENCIA - 45
For further information …For further information …
• the eInclusion call for proposals the eInclusion call for proposals
• http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6/call_details.cfm?CALL_ID=208http://fp6.cordis.lu/fp6/call_details.cfm?CALL_ID=208
• projects financed in RTD in previous frame work programmes projects financed in RTD in previous frame work programmes
• http://www.cordis.lu/ist/directorate_f/einclusion/previous-research.htmhttp://www.cordis.lu/ist/directorate_f/einclusion/previous-research.htm
• On the preparatory work for eInclusion research for Frame work programme 7On the preparatory work for eInclusion research for Frame work programme 7
• http://www.cordis.lu/ist/directorate_f/einclusion/future.htmhttp://www.cordis.lu/ist/directorate_f/einclusion/future.htm
• On eInclusion and eAccessibility policiesOn eInclusion and eAccessibility policies
• http://europa.eu.int/information_society/soccul/eincl/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/information_society/soccul/eincl/index_en.htm
• http://europa.eu.int/information_society/policy/accessibility/index_en.htmhttp://europa.eu.int/information_society/policy/accessibility/index_en.htm
• Inmaculada.placencia-porrero@[email protected]