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Elimination of Clutter through Signal Processing for Landmine / Ordnance Detection (ECSPLOD)
Gabriel Ford
Aniket Hirebet
Vasileios T. Nasis
Norman Butler
Advisor:
• Dr. Athina Petropulu
May 29, 2002
Nic Dunlop
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What are landmines?
Buried explosive devices.
Triggered by pressure or tripwire.
Types
• Anti-personnel
• Anti-tank
Cost 3 dollars to purchase.
Cost 1000 dollars to remove. Nic Dunlop
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The Human Toll
Over 110 million mines are scattered across the world.
500 people are killed or injured every week by triggering landmines.
80% of the victims are civilians.
Nic Dunlop
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Why Metal Detectors Fail
Only effective when locating mines with substantial metal content.
Modern anti-personnel mines are made of plastics and contain dielectric explosives.
National Defense Magazine
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can detect all types of landmines, including modern plastic mines.
Our project focuses on preprocessing to improve landmine detection.
Preprocessing Detection ClassificationPreprocessing
DeTec - EPFLDeTec - EPFL
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Experimental Setup
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data was collected by DeTeC with a commercial SPRscan system.
Mines were buried in the center of a scanning pattern.
Each line in the scanning pattern represents a separate B-scan.
DeTec - EPFL
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GPR Data: A-scans and B-scans
A B-scan is a collection of A-scans recorded along a scanning line.
The vertical (time) axis corresponds to depth.
A B-scan represents a vertical slice of the ground.
B-scan – Composed of A-scans
The received signal at any measurement point is called an A-scan.
A-scan
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The Problem: Signal Clutter
GPR images are marred by a high degree of clutter.
For homogeneous media, the clutter varies little over a B-scan.
As a result, the mine signal is still evident.
PFM-1 Mine in SAND
PFM-1 Mine in SOIL
For non-homogeneous media, the clutter is more random.
In this case, the mine signal is highly obscured. ?
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Signal Clutter Defined
A-scan Model:
w = c + b + s + e
The received signal w:c: antenna cross-talk
b: ground bounce
s: target signal
e: measurement noise
Clutter is due primarily to ground bounce and antenna cross-talk.
e
sb
c
Tx Rx
w
c
b
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Clutter Reduction
Common clutter reduction methods include:• subtracting a signal measured in the absence of a
target• subtracting a moving average estimate of the
background • ensemble mean subtraction
These procedures are ineffective for the general case of mines buried in non-homogeneous media.
We have developed ECSPLOD to specifically overcome this problem
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Method of Solution
ECSPLOD extends mean subtraction with adaptive filtering for interference cancellation.
ECSPLOD updates the adaptive filter input signal to compensate for variation in clutter properties.
x = n’ d = s+nx = n’ d = s+nx = n’ d = s+nx = n’ d = s+nx = n’ d = s+nx = n’ d = s+nx = n’ d = s+n
d = s+n
x = n’ Adaptive Filter SUM
y
-
+e
Mine Response
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Raw Data
Mean Subtraction
Plastic Mine in Sand – Mean Subtraction
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Raw Data
Mean Subtraction
Plastic Mine in Soil – Mean Subtraction
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Plastic Mine in Soil: Moving Average Subtraction vs. ECSPLOD
MA
ECSPLOD-KALMAN
ECSPLOD-NLMS
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Summary – ECSPLOD
Raw Data
Mean Subtraction
ECSPLOD - NLMS
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Plastic Mine in Soil – Detection
Raw Data Moving Average Subtraction
ECSPLOD NLMS ECSPLOD Kalman
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Detection Evaluation – ROC Curves
PFM - 1 in Soil, NLMS Type 72 in Soil, NLMS
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Economic Summary
• Out of pocket costs were under $500 (reference material and printing costs)
• Cost in private sector summarized below:
Salaries $ 80,400.00
Fringe Benefits $ 11,656.80
Consulting Services $ 11,440.00
Hardware / Software / Equipment $ 7,608.00
Subtotal: $111,104.80
Overhead @ 100 % $111,104.80
TOTAL $222,209.60
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Summary and Conclusions
The Problem:
• There is a need for a reliable demining technology
• Metal detectors do not work on all types of mines
• Ground Penetrating Data is suitable for all types of mines
• But GPR is plagued with the problem of excessive signal clutter
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Summary and Conclusions
The Solution:
• Mean Subtraction only works in homogeneous media
• Moving Average Subtraction shows some improvement
• ECSPLOD utilizes Mean Subtraction followed by Adaptive Filtering
• ROCs and visual comparisons show that ECSPLOD works
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Questions and Comments
Before
After
ECSPLOD
Special thanks to:
Athina PetropuluWayne HillMaja BystromMoshe KamBrian Kravitz