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Dynamic Knowledge and Static InfrastructureWildlife Monitoring and Mitigation in British Columbia
Leonard Sielecki, M.Sc., R.P.Bio, MCIPBritish Columbia Ministry of Transportation
Highway 3 Science WorkshopFernie, British Columbia
January 29, 2008 Copyright © 2008 - All Rights Reserved
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British Columbia Highway System
Total System = 84,225 Total Lane Km
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BC Highway Infrastructure
Northern Roads: less than 5,000 vehicles per dayInterior Roads: over 30,000 vehicles per dayCommuter Routes: over 100,000 vehicles per day
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BCMoT Environmental Staff
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BCMoT Environmental StaffHeadquarters (Victoria)
Regional Offices (Kamloops, Prince George, Vancouver)
Major Projects• Sea-to-Sky (Highway 99)• Kicking Horse (Highway 1)• Gateway Program
– Port Mann / Highway 1– South Fraser Perimeter Road– Pitt River Bridge and Mary Hill Interchange
• William R. Bennett Bridge
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Integrated ApproachIntegrated approach to environmental issues:• Regulatory agencies
– Environment Canada, DFO, BCMoE, etc.• Stakeholders
– First Nations, Municipalities, BC Hydro, etc.• Non-government organizations (NGO’s)
– Conservation Societies, Streamkeepers, etc.• Environmental specialists
– Wildlife – Fisheries– Vegetation
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Guiding InstrumentsFederal and Provincial Legislation• Canadian Environmental Assessment Act• British Columbia Environmental Assessment Act
Ministry Documents• Highway Environmental Assessment Process (HEAP)• Best Management Practices (BMP’s)
Scoping and Pathway Analysis• Valued Ecosystem Components (VECS) assessment
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Constraints• Design Standards• Operational Lifespan of Infrastructure• Safety• Legal• Operational• Financial• Land Use• Environmental• Knowledge Shortfalls• Accountability
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British Columbia Terrestrial Mammals
Photo Credits: Bison – Ron Wiebe, BCMoT (copyright); Badger - Government of British Columbia (copyright); Deer, Bear and Moose – BC Parks (copyright); Caribou – US Fish and Wildlife Service; Fox – Tourism BC; Sheep – Leonard Sielecki (copyright); All Others - Tom Hall (copyright)
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Bigger than you think!
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Public Safety – Priority One
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BCMoT Wildlife Mitigation History1950’s
Wildlife mitigation began with rattlesnake underpasses in the Okanagan.
1970’s Comprehensive provincial wildlife accident mortality reporting began with the Wildlife Accident Reporting System (WARS).
1980’sDesign and construction of wildlife exclusion systems for large ungulates began with the Coquihalla Highway and the Okanagan Connector.
2000’sLarge scale construction of small mammal underpasses began with the Vancouver Island Inland Highway.
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Deer-Vehicle Collision Comparisons
1.2957.61Kaleden - Drought HillHighway 97
0.75124.01Williams Lake - QuesnelHighway 97
0.8272.73Dawson Creek - Fort St JohnHighway 97
1.2480.45Elko - Alberta BorderHighway 3
1.3571.94Yahk - CranbrookHighway 3
1.3755.23Cranbrook - ElkoHighway 3
3.8142Alberta Border
Crowsnest Pass*Highway 3
Deer Collisions/km/year
Distance (km)Highway DescriptionHighway
*Source: Canadian Geographic, 2007
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Mitigation Measures• Public information
– Warning signs• Avoid sensitive environments• Relocate highway infrastructure• Redesign
– Narrower footprints– Bridges and culverts– Differential widening– Right-of-way vegetation planning
• Wildlife mitigation infrastructure– Wildlife exclusion fencing– Passage structures
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Wildlife Warning Sign Inventory
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Wildlife Exclusion Systems
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OkanaganConnector
• Fencing and structures designed for moose and deer
• Total installation distance: 82 km
Photo Credit: Moose - BC Parks (copyright); Highway 97C - BC Ministry of Transportation (copyright)
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Species Specific Wildlife Exclusion Fencing
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One-way Gates
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Ungulate Guards
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Evolving Underpass Designs
Photo Credits: BC Ministry of Transportation
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Deer Overpass(Utah)
Ecoduct Concepts(Holland)
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Trepanier Wildlife Overpass
First Wildlife Overpass in Canada
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Natural Adaptation
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Typical Infrastructure Cycle Stages
• Research and development• Design• Construction• Maintenance• Rehabilitation• Decommissioning• Replacement
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Infrastructure Lifespans
• Bridges – 75 years• Concrete roads – 25 to 30 years• Asphalt roads – 12 to 20 years• Gravel roads – 5 to 12 years• Culverts – 12 to 15 years
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Infrastructure Modification Opportunity Windows
Bridges and Pavement• Catastrophic event (earthquake, flood, etc.)• Accelerated deterioration (changes in traffic
volume and make-up)• Design failure• Materials failure• Major rehabilitation• End of normal operational lifespan
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Highway 3 - Potential Future Projects
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Highway 3 - Elko Bluffs
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Elko Bluffs
Pavement Condition: Hot-In-Place Resurface proposed 2011/12
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Highway 3 - Loop Bridge
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Sparwood Rabbit RunPreliminary Site Investigation
Constraints:• Railroad• Creek• Climate• Tough terrain
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Design Challenges • Cost and cost-effectiveness• Inadequate design
– Seasonal– Size of animal species– Animal lifecycle– Terrain
• Bad design– Unsafe– Ineffective
• Unproven design
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Unexpected Design Defects
Old Design
Do Not Use
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Knowledge Transfer
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Knowledge Acquisition Processes
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Knowledge Transfer Lag
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Dynamic Knowledge vs. Static Infrastructure
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Context of Information Needs• Substantiated by good research.• Applicable to wildlife habitat/highway right-of-
way interface.• Implementable with industry standard
technology and materials.• Sensitive to operational environment.• Long term, low maintenance, cost effective
solutions. • Sensitive to needs and demands of motoring
public and taxpayers.
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Leonard E. SieleckiEnvironmental Issues AnalystBritish Columbia Ministry of Transportation4B - 940 Blanshard StreetPO Box 9850 STN PROV GOVTVictoria BC V8W 9T5
Telephone: (250) 356-2255E-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]
Contact Information