-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
1/13
APPRAISAL FRAMEWORKS FOR
ASSESSING INCLUSIVE
TRANSPORT DESIGN
Dr Karen Lucas
Institute of Transport StudiesUniversity of Leeds, UK
Training on Designing Socially Inclusive Transport
Session 15
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
2/13
Why do social impact appraisal?
Transport infrastructurefundamentally
changes social and economic structures and
land-use.
It drives peoples livelihoods by providingaccess to income activities, social services,
safety nets.
It is essential to consider social inclusivenessin transport infrastructure development in
order to maximize this potential.
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
3/13
UK Treasury perspective:
The identification of potential Social and Distributional
Impacts (SDIs) is important in determining the efficiency
of the overal l appraisal process.
It aims to:
1. Measure the impacts of transport interventions on
dif ferent groups of people
2. Identify whether there are significant negative impacts on
particular groups or areas
3. Identify whether expected negative impacts can be
eliminated through amendment to scheme design
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
4/13
Which social impacts to measure?
DfT WebTAG TAG Unit 4.1 suggests:
1. User benefits changes in generalised cost of travel
2. Noise as per sub-objective 3.3.2
3. Air quality - as per sub-objective 3.3.34. Accidents - as per sub-objective 3.4.1
5. Personal security as per sub-objective 3.4.2
6. Severance - as per sub-objective 3.6.2
7. Accessibility (to key destinations)8. Personal affordability (as per user benefits)
NB: impacts can be positive or negative
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
5/13
But there can be many more
impacts to consider Journey quality
Aversion factors
e.g. Stranger danger
Exposure to hazardous
waste (freight)
Property values
Health Etc.
Disruption
Construction damage
Displacement
Accessibility
Severance
Local amenity
Crime levels
See Markovich and Lucas (2011) for an overview of
the literatures
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
6/13
Which social groups and areas?Social groups:
1. Income (quintiles/deciles)
2. Age (children, young adults,older people)
3. People with disabilities
4. Ethnic minorities5. Non-car owners
6. H/h with dependent children
Socio-economic, social anddemographic profiles of:
1. Transport users (and non-
users)2. Local residents (and regular
incomers)
Vulnerable and at risk
areas
Area specifications will
vary depending on the
nature of the impact:
1. Transport corridors
2. Travel to work areas
(TTWA)
3. Local deprived
neighbourhoods
4. Key activity destinations
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
7/13
Six-step process
Step 0: Initial screening: consider increased potential for SDIs (positive or
negative). Justify non-pursuit.
Step 1: Confirm the impacted areas applying appropriate spatial scales
Step 2: Identify social groups in areas by building a detailed socio-
demographic profile of each area
Step 3: Full screening. This will include a check on the initial screening to
confirm or amend the findings.
Step 4: Core appraisal process to generate detailed technical data for use
in the SDI analysis for each of the impacts
Step 5: Collation of SDI analysis into a matrix of social and distributional impacts and summarising this data in the Appraisal
Summary Table.
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
8/13
Census 2011:
Economic profile of case study areas
Source: 2011 Census
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
9/13
Census 2011:
Car ownership and use
Source: 2011 Census
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
10/13
Monitor impacts the Project Cycle
Source: HM Treasury Green Book (2003/11), p3
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
11/13
Example of a simple assessment
framework (Lucas and Pangbourne, 2014)Project: Local cycle infrastructure investment
Description: This policy targets investment in high-quality cycling to promote short
distance cycling trips (1-5 kms) within the urban area.
Aggregate social impactsIncome Quintiles
Vulnerable groupsLow to high
Timescale 1 2 3 4 5
wea
lth
heal
th
Project: Local cycle infrastructure
investment
Description: This policy targets investment in high-quali ty cycling to promote short
distance cycling trips (1-5 kms) within the urban area.
Aggregate social impacts
Income Quintiles
Vulnerable groups
Low to high
Timescale
1 2 3 4 5
wea
lth
hea
lth
acc
essi
bilit
Age
Gen
der
Dis
abil
ity
Eth
nici
ty
Immediate
Immedia
te
Short term (1-
5 years) Short
term (1-
5 years)
Mid-term (6-
10 years) Mid-
term (6-
10 years)
Longer term
(11 25 years) Longer
term (11
25
years)
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
12/13
Example of indicator-based
framework (Lucas and Akyelken, 2014)Area of Progress Indicator of progress Disaggregation criteria
1. Livelihoods
Access to key affordable services
Access to formal and informal
transport
Wider impacts
Reducetotal household expenditure on travelto below 10%of income (zero forlow income households)
Increase % of residents living within 15-min safe walk to key local facilities (e.g. schools,clinics,local shops,
policestation, welfare centres, etc.)
Increase% of population within 15-min safe walk to regular public transit services (bus stop, bus station, rail
stations)
Income quintiles/deciles
Gender
Age
Disability
Ethnicity
2 P lanning and integrat ion Increase av ai labi li ty of low cost hous ing with in30mins publ ic trans it journey t ime ofk ey employ me nt centres
Increase % of urban populat ion within 30-min publ ic trans it journey t imes to k ey economic and l ife
opportunities (e.g. gainful employment, higher education, familyplanning and familywelfare centres)
Income quintiles/deciles
Gender
Age
Disability
Ethnicity
3 Health, environment, and safety Reducenumberof child and adult pedestriancasualties
Reduceincidence of crime on andwaiting forpublic transit
Reduce levels of population exposure to traffic related noise and air pollution (especially children and olderpeople)
Income quintiles/deciles
Gender
Age
Disability
Ethnicity
4 Transport g ov ernance Increase le velsofcommunity part ic ipation in local dec is ion-making processes for local t rans itservice provision Income quint iles/dec iles
Gender
Age
Disability
Ethnicity
5 Introduce mechanisms for recourse to legal justice where populations experience negative transport
externalities (e.g. participation in citizens panels)
-
8/10/2019 DSIT_Appraisal Frameworks for Assessing Inclusive Transport Design
13/13
Further reading Cook, C. C., Duncan, T., Jitsuchhon, S., Sharma, A. and Guobao, W. (2005).Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy
Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Department for Transport (2006) Full Guidance on Accessibility Planning http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/accessibility-
planning-guidance/accessibility-planning-guidance-full-guidance.pdf
Geurs, K. T, Boon, W. and van Wee, B. (2009) 'Social Impacts of Transport: Literature Review and the State of the Practice of
Transport Appraisal in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom' Transport Reviews, 29: 1, 69 90.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01441640802130490
Litman, T. (2014) Evaluating Transportation Equity: Guidance for Incorporating Distributional Impacts in Transportation
Planning http://www.vtpi.org/equity.pdf Lucas K; Brooks M; Marsden G; Kimble M (2007) Assessment of capabilities for examining long-term social sustainability of
transport and land use strategies, Transportation Research Record, pp.30-37. doi: 10.3141/2013-05
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/78968/7/Assessment%20of%20Capabilities%20for%20Examining%20Long-
Term%20Social%20Sustainability%20and%20Land-Use%20Strategies_with_coversheet.pdf
Markovich, J. and Lucas, K. (2011) The Social and Distributional Impacts of Transport: A Literature Review Transport Studies
Unit, University of Oxford Working paper no. 1055 http://www.tsu.ox.ac.uk/pubs/1055-markovich-lucas.pdf
TRL (2002) Framework for the inclusion of social benefits in transport planning
http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/Project/5339/Default.aspx
TRL (2004) Overseas Road Note 22: a guide to pro-poor transport appraisal http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/documentstore/322_ORN22%20-%20Final.PDF
Van de Walle D. (2002) Choosing Rural Road Investments to Help Reduce Poverty World Development 30/4: 575-589
http://www.transport-
links.org/transport_links/filearea/documentstore/322_Dominique%20van%20de%20Walle%20Paper%201.pdf
World Bank (2006) Social Analysis in Transport Project: Guidelines for Incorporating Social Dimensions into Bank-Supported
Projects. Washington DC: The World Bank
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/SA_Transport_wb.pdf