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Though the great majority of these programs and
projects are still being carried out, we can already
learn some lessons that may be of interest to
initiators of similar programs.
Based on experiences from Burkina Faso, Togo and
Mali, the objective of this paper is to initiate a
debate around the required conditions for a
development of family poultry.
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Development Tools
a) Database
In many African countries, the problem of reliable
statistics is the major constraint to appropriate
planning and programming for family poultry
development programs. As it was pointed out
during the two latest workshops of the former
ANRPD, now INFPD, in Ethiopia (1995) and
Senegal (1996), the numbers and sizes of flocks
per poultry species as well as the main production
parameters under husbandry conditions are not
well-known. The existing data on poultry are
mainly limited to chickens; ducks and other poultry
species are less known (Kuit et al., 1986;
Anonymous, 1995; FAO, 1995).
The INFPD will provide a harmonized data
collection and evaluation methodologies (census,
classical surveys, accelerated participatory research
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method). With this in view, training handbooks
have already been published under the supervision
of ANFPD (Aklobessi et al., 1993)
b) Intervention strategyTargeted interventions carried out under the
support of development partners have been noted
in many countries. These countries have asserted
their firm intention to conduct appropriate national
programs aiming at the development of traditional
poultry farming. Such programs were successfully
carried out in Burkina Faso (Ouandaogo, 1997).
Within the framework of its Special Program for
Food Security, the FAO is assisting many countries
in the formulation and implementation of national
family poultry development policies (FAO, 1997;
Traor, 1998). These programs are generally
initiated within the context of a short-cycle animal
development policy.
Intervention strategies are mainly based on:
- disease control, especially the Newcastle disease;
- improvement of poultry housing with the diffusion
of improved poultry houses;
- genetic improvement of local chickens by crossing
with exotic breeds.
In some countries like Burkina-Faso, Togo, Guinea
and Senegal, this strategy is accompanied by an
important training component for peasant poultry
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keepers. These peasants pay for part of poultry
health care costs. The programs also host activities
for the empowerment of women, who are the main
stakeholders and beneficiaries of family poultrydevelopment (Burkina, Togo, Mali).
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Accompanying measures
a) Access to services and technical support
The access to services and technical support is
essential for the success and the durability of
deployed actions. This access is seen in both the
existence of service performers and the cost of the
performed services. Technical support has so far
been provided by the government through its
extension services, they were free of charge for
poultry keepers. Prophylactic cares (vaccination,
control of parasites, etc.) and therapeutic cares are
charged. These cares are given either by state
agents or by private veterinarians.
The so called in some countries village
vaccinators or village auxiliaries, which are
newly trained poultry keepers, have shown their
willingness to perform poultry health cares
themselves. The NGO Vtrinaires Sans
Frontires has made valuable efforts in the
training of village para-veterinarians (Senegal,
Togo).
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In Togo, a total of 750 village auxiliaries were
trained between 1992 and 1996. Their intervention
have caused a significant rise in vaccination figures
which jumped from 20,000 in 1992 up to morethan 594,000 birds in 1996 (Anonymous, 1997). It
is important to notice, from the example of Togo,
that these auxiliaries, which were first considered
as rivals and rejected by private veterinarians, have
become presently their best helpers in
interventions in rural areas. The auxiliaries allow
private veterinarians to reach villages birds
(Traor, 1997; Badj and Bebay, 1998). The
performing of this kind of service needs to be
regulated and controlled in order to avoid possible
misuse. In Togo, for instance, animal husbandry
and veterinary services have reported cases of
clandestine vaccinations.
Villagers have suffered heavy losses after such
vaccinations, but it has never been proved that
they were PNPE trained auxiliaries. The PNPE
experience in Togo, shows that the most important
thing in conducting such a strategy is that:
- the auxiliary should be elected by his own
community;
- the geographical area of intervention must be
limited;
- the technical gestures and animal species must
be specified;
- the auxiliary must, if possible, work in pair with a
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private or governmental veterinarian.
The use of the syringe is still indispensable because
of the quite exclusive use of injectable
thermostable vaccines (e.g. ITA New). This may
soon change with encouraging results obtained
from trials carried out for the diffusion of the
thermostable vaccine with ocular and nasal
application (Spradbrow and Copland, 1995;
Spradbrow and Grimes, 1997).
b) Problems of access to inputs
In contrast with the commercial poultry production,
family poultry does not require much investment.
The main inputs are medicines (e.g. vaccines and
parasiticides), building materials and equipment for
improved poultry houses, exotic poultry breeds
and, to a lesser extent, food. The problem of
access to these inputs comes up at two levels:
- the non-availability of the products and
- their cost
Taking the particular case of medicines, village
veterinary drugstores have appeared in some
countries such as Togo, where the training of
village auxiliaries was accompanied by the creation
of peasant managed veterinary drugstores(Anonymous,1997)
The increasing cost of medicines is a serious
obstacle to the development of family poultry.
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Therefore, research efforts to develop traditional
pharmacopoeia must be undertaken and/or
pursued. Access to inputs will be facilitated with
the setting-up of a decentralized credit policy inwhich rural community must be strongly involved.
This may be sustained by targeted aid approaches
which comes in addition to personal contributions,
as was experimented in Togo (Anonymous, 1997).
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Farmers organization
As it is pointed out by Ouandaogo (1997) in a
study on rural poultry development in Burkina
Faso, the organization in family poultry production
is not an easy task. The fact that this poultry
production is family oriented must be taken into
account. Access to services, inputs, the information
and training for poultry keepers should be designed
accordingly. The processing and marketing of
poultry products can be the next services to be
addressed by poultry keepers organizations.
The difficulty of access to services and inputs
motivates the setting-up of organizations. Most
village poultry development programs have
therefore encouraged the emergence of "servicegroups", which can exploit the services of a village
auxiliary as it is the case in Burkina-Faso and Togo.
The management village veterinary drugstores
funds, as it was initiated in Togo, has required the
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system.
In some countries like Togo and Burkina-Faso the
training allows smallholders to perform technical
gestures that are so far reserved to veterinarians
such as the use of the syringe (vaccination against
Newcastle disease). Such decisions have to be
taken by governments, only after a proper
evaluation of the capacity of the conventional staff
(private or state veterinarians) to satisfy the
demand for health care at efficient cost.
However, the practice of para-veterinarian activities
must necessarily be properly regulated (i.e.
statutes, "recruitment" methods, training program,
etc.) and strictly controlled (i.e. intervention scale,
technical support, etc.). As it is mentioned above,
the application of the thermostable vaccine, which
does not necessitate any injection (Spradbrow andCrimes, 1997), will probably be the solution to this
delicate problem.
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Research and development activities
There will be a constant need for research and
development activities. These activities have tocontinue improving and validating methodology
approaches that are indispensable to correctly
identify obstacles and potentials. Thus
development actions can be better targeted and
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evaluated. INFPD can contribute to the elaboration
and the diffusion of such tools.
Current efforts to develop thermostable vaccines,
which are easy to administrate, must be
encouraged. Because of the great importance of
the Newcastle disease in avian pathology,
epidemiological surveys must be pursued and
extended to other species. The diffusion of
improved poultry houses should take into account
the acute problem of Argas sp. infestation as it was
reported in Togo and Mali.
Considering the high cost of imported veterinary
products, traditional pharmacopoeia should be
more investigated in therapeutic research with a
view to exploiting it in a larger scale, especially in
the control of coccidiosis and helminthiasis as well
as the control of insects in poultry houses.Interesting experimental results are reported in
Benin (Songho project), in Senegal (Guye, 1997)
and in Togo (Amge, 1997, personal
communication).
With regard to feeding aspects, research on
alternative protein (termites, maggots) and energy
sources must be pursued. Regarding the evaluation
of genetic resources of poultry, a systematic
characterization of local types should be done. Very
little work has yet been done on this field and
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efforts should be undertaken.
The research activities mentioned above could
make profit of the important opportunity offered by
existing information and research networks (e.g.
INFPD), universities and their research institutes
(e.g. Hohenheim, Queenland, Nigeria, etc.),
international co-operation agencies (e.g. FAO, CTA,
IDRC, etc.) as well as NGOs (e.g. VSF).
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Conclusions
The development of family poultry production has
become an important element in social and
economic development strategies in many
developing countries. It is particularly used in the
struggle against poverty and food shortage and in
policies that aim at empowering rural women.
The success of a family poultry development
program requires the following conditions:
a good database (i.e. good identification ofobstacles and potentials);
a good intervention strategy (i.e. interventionscale, intervention area, technical approach,
participation of the target population,
necessity to take in account gender and
development issues);
appropriate accompanying measures (e.g.
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access to technical support and to inputs,
research-development and training
activities, processing and marketing of
poultry products).
As other favourable development factors, it is
necessary to make use of national, regional and
international co-operation. Information and
research networks, South-South and North-South
co-operation programs must also be developed and
better exploited.
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References
Aklobessi, K.K., Kenkou, G.K et Kougbenya, L.
(1993): Manuel de formation pour la collecte de
donnes de base sur lAviculture Rurale. RADAR -
CRDI - Lom (Togo), 32p. Novembre 1993.
Amgee, Y. (1997): Communication personnelle.
Anonymous (1995): Situation de rfrence du petit
levage au Togo. Rapport technique, PNPE,
Atakpam, Togo.
Anonymous (1997): Rapport annuel des activits
1996. PNPE, Atakpam, Togo, Mars 1997.
Badj, Y. et Bebay, C. (1998): Exprience du PNPE
en matire damlioration de laviculture
traditionnelle. Communication lAtelier National
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sur le Petit levage au Togo. PNPE - Projet Tog
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Branckaert, R. (1995): FAO and rural poultry. In:
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FAO (1995): Elaboration dun plan de
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FAO (1997): Programme Spcial de Scurit
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Directives pour lincorporation de laviculture
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Guye, E.F. (1997): Diseases in village chickens:
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Kuit, H.G., Traor, A. and Wilson, R.T. (1986):
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Ouandaogo, Z.C. (1997): Aviculture rurale et
dveloppement des femmes en milieu rural.
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Rapport PROMELPHA, Ouagadougou (Burkina-
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Spradbrow, P. B. and Crimes, S. (1997): Local
production of thermostable Newcastle diseaseVaccine. ANRPD Workshop, 9-13 Dcembre 1997,
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Traor, A. (1997): Expriences du Programme
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