Download - Dr. John Kitching
Dr. John Dr. John KitchingKitching
Physicist, Physicist, National Institute of Standards National Institute of Standards
and Technologyand Technology
The views and opinions presented by the invited speakers are theThe views and opinions presented by the invited speakers are their own ir own and should not be interpreted as representing the official viewsand should not be interpreted as representing the official views of DARPA or of DARPA or DoDDoD
Sensing and Sensing and Awareness in MicrosystemsAwareness in Microsystems
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1. REPORT DATE MAR 2009 2. REPORT TYPE
3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Chip-Scale Atomic Devices. Precision Instruments based on Lasers,Atoms and MEMS
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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) National Institute of Standards and Technology,Time and FrequencyDivision,325 Broadway,Boulder,CO,80305-3328
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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES MTO (DARPA Microsystems Technology Office) Symposium, 2009, Mar 2-5, San Jose, CA
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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
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Chip-Scale Atomic DevicesPrecision Instruments based onLasers, Atoms and MEMS
John KitchingTime and Frequency DivisionNIST
Microsystems Technology SymposiumSan Jose, CA, March, 2009
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Atomic Clocks
• Time: most accurately measured physical quantity
• NIST: most accurate clock in the world– Frequency uncertainty
~ 4x10-16
– Timing instability < 1 ns over 1 week
NIST F-1 Primary Atomic Frequency Standard
GPS SystemTelecom Sync
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Precision is a Big Deal
• Speed of light: 30 cm/ns
• Positioning to 1 m ns timing required
• Positioning to 1 mm ps timing
1
2
3
4~x c t
(x, y, z, t)
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• High frequencies, long coherence times
• High signal-to-noise– Spectroscopic measurements and/or large numbers of atoms– As high as 107 @ 1 sec
• Insensitive to environment
Origin of the Precision?
Magnetic transitionsMicrowaves; Q ~ 108
Electronic transitionsOptical; Q ~ 1013
Nuclear transitions-rays; Q ~ 1018 ??
109 Hz 1015 Hz 1019 Hz
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MEMS Fabrication
• Alkali atom vapor cells
• Atomic clock physics packages
Cs~ 1 mm
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CSAC Program
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Guided by: Bill Tang … Clark Nguyen … Amit Lal …
Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
ConceptDARPA/NIST
CellsNIST Physics Package
NIST V ~ 1 cm3
P ~ 30 mWf/f~ 10-11 @ 1 hr
V ~ 1 cm3
P ~ 30 mWf/f~ 10-11 @ 1 hr
OscillatorsCU
Integrated electronicsSymmetricom,Honeywell
1cc instrumentTeledyneSymmetricom
• Ruggedization• Manufacturing• Applications
DARPADARPADARPADARPADARPADARPA
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Beyond CSAC: Magnetometers
0 100 200
101
102
103
Sen
sitiv
ity (f
T/H
z1/2 )
Frequency [Hz]
A70 fT/Hz
10 fT/HzSQUID sensitivity Cryogenics
SensitivityfT/Hz
1011
106
104
103
100
10
1SQUID
FluxGate
MR
Atomic
Hall
B0
Clocks Mags
BN
0 100 200103
104
105
Sen
sitiv
ity [f
T/rtH
z]
Frequency [Hz]
6 pTHz
B0
PDCell
B
Heaters
hf NB const 0L B
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Microfluidic NMR
With A. Pines, D. Budker, UC-BerkeleyM. Ledbetter, et al., PNAS, 105, 2286, 2008
13C12C
12C13C
NMR at zero field: simple spectra, compact apparatus
20 pT
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t (s)
0 5 10 15 20
S (V
)
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
Beyond CSAC: Gyroscopes
NGIMG: 1 cm3, 5 mW, Nav-grade
T2 > 10 s, 129Xe
B0
L = B0 +
Litton, 19791000 cm3, 0.1 /hr
+ MEMS
Nuclear spins• Longer coherence time• Lower field sensitivity• 129Xe, 21Ne, 199Hg…• Read out precession with alkali magnetometer
DARPADARPADARPADARPADARPADARPA
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Laser-Cooled Atoms
• Wall coatings
• Buffer gases
• Laser cooling
CsN2
Vat ~ 500 m/s~ 1 s/cm
Nobel Prize (1997)C. Cohen-Tannoudji, W. D. Phillips, S. Chu
Nobel Prize (1997)C. Cohen-Tannoudji, W. D. Phillips, S. Chu
Fountain clocksAtom interferometers• Gyros• Gravimeters, accelerometers• MagnetometersBose-Einstein condensates
Fountain clocksAtom interferometers• Gyros• Gravimeters, accelerometers• MagnetometersBose-Einstein condensates1 cm/s
Tc ~ 1 s
gBECiPINS(DSO)
1 m
w/ MTO ?1 cm ?5 mW ?
t/t ~ 10-16
/t ~ 10-6 /hrx/t ~ 5 m/hB/dx ~ 10 fT/Hz/mm
t/t ~ 10-16
/t ~ 10-6 /hrx/t ~ 5 m/hB/dx ~ 10 fT/Hz/mm
IMPACT, CSVMP
DARPADARPADARPADARPADARPADARPA
DARPADARPADARPADARPADARPADARPA
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Chip-Scale Atomic Devices: 2001-2009
R
MEMSMTO
DARPADARPA
12C
13C
ConventionalAtomic Devices
Chip-ScaleAtomic Devices100 X smaller
Applications
MEMSMTO
DARPADARPA
PINSgBECiPINSgBECi
IMPACTCSMVP
IMPACTCSMVP
Micro Laser-Cooled Systems
1000 X better
CSACCSAC
NGIMGNGIMG
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