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War in The Democratic Republic
of Congo
Lecture 13
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The Logic of War in the Liberal
Vision
Deteriorating Economic Conditions
Zero-Sum PoliticsNo Democratic Tradition of Compromise and
Power Sharing
Politics Becomes a Winner Take All Affair
Conflict in Environment of Economic
Deprivation Often Produces War.
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Adding Realism
In the Absence of Prosperity and Democracy,Peace Becomes Dependent Upon Characteristicsof the International System.
The Power Structure of the International SystemBipolarity vs. Multipolarity.
The Ability of International Organizations to Actas Effective Deterrents to War.
Thus, the End of the Cold War May HaveContributed to Warfare in Regions Outside ofWestern Europe.
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Anarchy in Post Cold War Africa
External: Withdrawal of US and Soviet Support
Regional: Very Weak Regional Institutions
Domestic: Economic CollapseNegative Per Capita GDP Growth
during 1980s and 1990s.
Collapse of State Authority and Transitions to NewPolitical Regimes.
Emergence of Pervasive Conflict.
Also Very Mearsheimer-esque: End of theCold War Brings About Resurgent Conflict.
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Zaire: The Mobutu Regime Mobutu and the
Kleptocrats, 1960-1990
US Support as BulwarkAgainst Socialism in
Africa. End of Cold War Ends US
Financial Support.
Economic Collapse
GDP growth negative since
1989, estimated at -8.0percent in 1992.
Collapse of PoliticalAuthority
Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu waza Banga, or, The
all-conquering warrior who, because of his endurance and
inflexible will to win, will go from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake
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The Mobutu Effect
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
U.S.
Dollars
Per Capita Income
Source: World Bank. World Development Indicators on CD-ROM
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War in Zaire
Precipitating Causes
Lie in 1994 Rwandan
Conflict. Refugees and Hutu
Extremists in Zaire.
Rwanda and Uganda
join Forces with
Zairian Tutsis to
Overthrow Mobutu
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Install Laurent Kabila asPresident of DemocraticRepublic of Congo.
Kabila Alienates DomesticSupport, and Does NotControl Hutu Extremists.
Rwanda and UgandaBegin to SupportCongolese Union forDemocracy (RCD)Against Kabila.
Laurent Kabila
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Angola Supports
Kabila.
Involved in Civil Warwith UNITA
Mobutu had supported
UNITA, thus Angolan
Government SupportsKabila and UNITA
supports the RCD
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Namibia: Allied with Angola, thus Fighting
in support of Kabila.
Zimbabwe: Rivalry with Rwanda and
Uganda, thus Fighting in support of Kabila
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700,000 Refugees
2 Million Dead (?)
Ceasefire, July 1999
UN Peacekeepers Put inPlace (5,537)
Fighting Continues
January 2001, Kabila
Assassinated byBodyguard
Kabilas Son Installed asPresident
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The Role of the UN
During the War, Role
Restricted to
Humanitarian Aid Since the War,
Involved in
Peacekeeping and
Peacemaking
Implications for
Liberal Vision?
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Bigger Point 1
Collapse of the Cold War
Created Anarchic
Environment in Large
Parts of Africa.
Lack Effective Regional
Institutions.
Conducive to Balance of
Power Politics.
Increasing Importance of
the United Nations.
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