COMPETENCE IN TEXTILES
Antimicrobial Textiles in Sports Activities –Application, Assessment and Safety AspectsDr. Anja Gerhardts – Hohenstein Institute09.05.2012 – Performance Days
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General requirements for a reasonable use of antimicrobial textiles
This means proof of an application-oriented effectiveness exclusion of harmful effects to people or
environment due to biocide usage
Efficacy Safetyand
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Protection Fibre protection - microbial corrosion Prevention of infections - reduction of
pathogens, e.g. in medical facilities & nursing homes
Odour Odour reduction and control
Therapy Support of therapies in wound infection Atopic dermatitis - effect on
microflora disorders
Silver (metal salts)
Quaternary Ammoniumcompounds (Quats)
Polyhexamide PHMB
Copper
Chitosan
Regenerable N-halaminepolymeric biocides
Triclosan
Dyes (biocide spacer dye)
Antimicrobial textiles: active substancesand fields of application
Active substances Fields of application
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Antimicrobial textiles: product specificationsdepend on the fields of application
Active principle
Active substance
Level of effectiveness
Specifity of effectiveness
Duration of effectiveness(onset and durability)
Safety(e.g. effects on skin and microflora)
Fibre protection
Prevention of infections
Odour reduction(sports)
Wound management
Product specificationsFields of application
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Efficacy against bacteria on the textile surfaceDuration of efficacy (fast onset of action / duration of sporting activity)
a) Sweat odour reduction – subjective assessmentb) Sweat odour reduction – objective assessment
Challenge Test according to ISO 20743 and modifications
Basic tests: cytotoxicity test, sensitization testWearing trials: skin microflora and local skin parameters
Test methods in vitro and in vivo
Requirements for antibacterial sportswear
HygieneHygiene
SafetySafety
OdourOdour
Exclusion of skin reactions (allergy, irritation) ornegative influence on skin microflora
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ISO 20743 (JIS L 1902)Absorption method, quantitative test (bacteria and virus)
ISO 22196 (JIS Z 2801)Film contact method, quantitative test (bacteria and virus)
EN 14119 Agar diffusion test, qualitative test (mould fungi)
Standard methods
HygieneHygiene
Tests for antimicrobial efficacy
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> 3Strong
> 1 to < 3Significant
0.5 to < 1Slight
< 0.5No
Growth reduction[log10 CFU]Antibacterial activity*
defined by Hohenstein Laboratoriescurrently accepted worldwide
*against test strainsStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352
Marketing instruments
Tests for antimicrobial efficacy
Assessment criteria
HygieneHygiene
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Application-oriented modifications of standard methods
HygieneHygiene
Modified tests for antimicrobial efficacy
Variation of test strains
odour causing germs (e.g. skin microflora)
hygiene-relevant germs (e.g. germs of the oral cavity,
dermatophytes and others)
decomposers (Aspergillus niger, Penecillium spec., etc.)
wound or nosocomial germs (e.g. MRSA, enterococci incl.
VRE, Candida albicans, norovirus, etc.)
Kinetics of antimicrobial activity (e.g. shorter contact time)
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Example: Dermatophytes differ in susceptibility to biocides
Control DDAC PHMB
Tr = Trichophyton rubrum, Tm = Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Modified tests for antimicrobial efficacy
HygieneHygiene
Modification of test strain for efficacy against athlete´s foot
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Sportswear / efficacy against bacteriaSuspension test according to DIN EN ISO 20743
Functional fiber 1 Functional fiber 2 Functional fiber 3
Integrated silver
Specifity:- S. aureus- germs of microflora
Log reduction: 2-3
HygieneHygiene
Silver coating
Specifity:- S. aureus- germs of microflora
Log reduction: 4-5
Fiber finished with silver
Specifity:- S. aureus- germs of microflora
Log reduction: 3.5-4
Source: wikipedia Source: wikipediaSource: wikipedia
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~ 1h
~ 6h
Sportswear / onset of efficacy against bacteriaModified suspension test following DIN EN ISO 20743
germ count
1,E+00
1,E+01
1,E+02
1,E+03
1,E+04
1,E+05
0 h 1 h 2 h 4 h
cfu
/ sam
ple
controlfunctional fiber 1functional fiber 2functional fiber 3
HygieneHygiene
Source: wikipediaSource: wikipedia
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Suspicion of risks silver/skin and silver/microflora
Human toxicity ?? Toxicity for human cells Mutagenicity Sensitizing potential
Silver / Skin
Binding to negatively chargedbacterial cell walls
Disruption of metabolism and cellular respiration of bacteria
Silver / Skin microflora
SafetySafety
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ISO 10993-5:2009 Test for in vitro cytotoxicity
ISO 10993-3:2003 Tests for genotoxicity,carcinogenicity andreproductive toxicity
ISO 10993-10:2010 Tests for irritation and skin sensitization
Marketing instrumentsBiological Assessment
SafetySafety
Tests on biological safety / human toxicity
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Genotoxicity
Ames Test Comet AssayCytotoxicity Test (ISO 10993-5)
Cytotoxicity
Tests on biological safety / human toxicity
In vitro tests for the assessment of biological risks
SafetySafety
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Immune cell Change of surface
AllergensAllergen bindsto receptor
Tests on biological safety / human toxicity
SafetySafety
Epicutaneous test (ISO 10993-10) In vitro sensitization test (THP-1 test)
Wearing trials & cell test for the assessment of biological risks
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1
10
100
1000
10000
test person 1 test person 2 test person 3 test person 4
CFU
/ cm
²
normal skintextile controlfunctional fiber 2
No effects on human skin microflora by normal use of textiles
Silver and the human skin microflora
Wearing period 12 h
Functional fiber 2
SafetySafety
Patch test on the forehead
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Field study with 60 subjects (21 – 65 years)
Microbiological and dermatological supervision
Halved shirts (verum/placebo) were worn
Wearing for 8 h/d over a period of 5 weeks
SafetySafety
Silver and the human skin microflora
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Hohenstein BioSkin and artificial skin microflora
SafetySafety
Hohenstein developed an artificial skin and its colonization with
bacteria of the human microflora
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Hohenstein BioSkin and artificial skin microflora
SafetySafety
Wearing simulation of antibacterial textile on the artificial skin No negative effect on bacteria of the human microflora
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Volatile Sulfur Compounds Short Chain Fatty Acids Carbolic Acids Steroids ….
Substances responsible for sweat odour
OdourOdour
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Hohenstein in vitro test systems for odour reduction
OdourOdour
Agar test for antimicrobial activity against odour causing germs
of the skin (e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium
jeikeium, Micrococcus luteus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
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Hohenstein in vitro test systems for odour reduction
OdourOdour
Binding and release studies using radioactive labelled sweat
odour molecules
Quantification of odour molecules on the textile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sweat transfer (0h) Storage for 24h Storage for 24h + 2h 35°C
Rel
ease
of o
dour
sub
stan
ce [%
] PA 140 g/m²PES 140 g/m²CO 150 g/m²
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Hohenstein in vivo test system for odour reduction
OdourOdour
Artificial sweat studies (mixture of key sweat odour molecules)
Sniffing test (olfactometry) with odour panellists
Used for
material comparison
efficacy testing of laundry
processes
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OlfactometrySporting activity > 1 hour
Sweat odour
Hohenstein field test system for odour reduction
OdourOdour
Wearing trials with test persons (antibacterial sportswear vs.
control)
Sniffing test with odour panellists
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Hohenstein field test system for odour reduction
OdourOdour
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Swea
t odo
ur in
tens
ity
textile control functional fiber 2
0h
48h
Significant differences in the assessment of odour intensity Strong and fast odour reducing efficacy of the antibacterial textile
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Testing and assessment of antimicrobial textiles in sport activities
Antimicrobial textiles are a plus at the point of sale
Antimicrobial activity has to be adapted to the specific sportactivitiy (onset, duration)
Keep safety aspects in mind (biocides)
The performance of „all day fresh“ can be evaluated
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te Boekhorst
Murmann
Deigner
Prof. Dr. Höfer
Ilgner
Hilbert-Hackenberg
Nolle
Christiani
Berner-Dannenmann
Secker
Dr. Eichler
Kraus Rickert Dr. Gerhardts
SzegediDr. Hammer
Handel
Dr. Mucha
Department Hygiene, Environment & Medicine
The Team
Balluff
Laucher
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Thank you very much for your interest !
Dr. Anja GerhardtsHohenstein InstituteSchloss Hohenstein74357 BönnigheimPhone +49 7143 271 434Fax +49 7143 271 94434E-Mail [email protected]