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Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder:A breakthrough technique
GATS Proprietary
Larry Gordley, GATS Inc.
Dave Fritts, GATS Inc.
Tom Marshall, GATS Inc.
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DWTS Instrument OverviewSpecifications:• Mass – 8 kg• Power – 12 W• Volume ~36x23x22 cm • Data rate < 30 kbps with low alt wind • Three 5.0 cm aperture thermal IR cameras
NO (hi alt) 1829 – 1873 wn13CO2 (mid alt) 2258 – 2282 wn,
N2O (for low alt wind) 2120 – 2160 wn• Static limb viewing, 20° FOV at velocity normal • T, V, N2O and 13CO2 mixing ratios, VER (NO and CO2)
Single telescope two-channel design above, hasevolved to three independent cameras, below.
GATS Proprietary
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Temperature
Measures Low Pressure Doppler Broadened Emission
Line Width is proportional to square root of kinetic temperature
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GATS Proprietary
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
Single Atmospheric Emission line
1
€
~ T
Emission lines are typically a few thousandths of a wavenumber wide, requiring optical resolving powers of 100,000 or more to measure.
Typically, good spectrometers achieve 10,000. DWTS achieves >300,000.
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Doppler Shift Measurements
Broadband emission will not detect Doppler shift, nor will spectra measurements, unless there is a zero shift reference
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line 0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1
sign
al
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
sign
al
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1 shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
1 shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity
sign
al
Atmospheric spectral emission from one line
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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A Gas Filter Reference
DWTS “Notch” filter Approach
By viewing through a sample of the emitting gas, a filter is produced that causes a drop in signal during the Doppler
Integration Pass (DIP) through the zero shift position
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example.Gas cell acts as high resolution notch filter and
effectively serves as the zero shift reference point.
The “shift, Δν ” is the spectral separation of the cell spectra (black absorption feature) from the observed
atmospheric spectra (red emission feature).
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
2
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
sign
al
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1
sign
al
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
1
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GATS Proprietary
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
1
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GATS Proprietary
2
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
1
1
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GATS Proprietary
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
1
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GATS Proprietary
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
1
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
1shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
Δν
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GATS Proprietary
1
Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example
sign
al
€
~ TC +TA
Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission
DIP width is proportional to square root of cell temperature
+ atmospheric temperature
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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Multi-line Effect
The emission lines that match the corresponding cell gas lines (i.e.
“notch” filters), are scanned simultaneously, producing a DIP signal consistent with the total
multi-line emission. The DIP width is the same as the single line DIP.
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
1
21
sign
al
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
2
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
sign
al21
21
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
sign
al
21
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
21
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
1 2
1 2
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
sign
al
21
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
1 2
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
sign
al21
21
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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GATS Proprietary
Two Line Example
sign
al21
21
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0
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Orbit Implementation
By imaging the limb, normal to the spacecraft (SC) velocity vector, air
parcels at all altitudes will produce a DIP signal as they traverse the FOV
(i.e the 2D detector array).
The animation tracks just one exaggerated Limb Air Volume (LAV).
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Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
21
sign
al
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
z
-10° +10°0° Angle from Velocity Normal
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Implementation, In-Orbit Observations
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Above, Spectra and Signal from one LAV
Figures below depict observation geometry
Observation Vectors
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
LAV
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
In-Orbit Observations
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
In-Orbit Observations
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
1 2
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
In-Orbit Observations
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
1 2
1 2
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
In-Orbit Observations
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
1 2
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
In-Orbit Observations
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
SCVelocity
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
140 different observation
angles during pass through FOV
140 shift observations as LAV passes through FOV
In-Orbit Observations
Angle from Velocity Normal(140 observations across FOV)
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
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LOS Wind
Finite Line-of-Sight (LOS) wind will change the zero shift position.
The zero shift position for zero wind
is known to ± <0.1 m/s due to knowledge of SC velocity (± <<1m/s) and attitude (± <3
arcsec). Also, precise attitude knowledge permits statistical
calibration in orbit.
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sign
al
Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines
21
21
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
SCVelocity
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
with ≅250 m/s LOS wind
2°
Apparent zero relative air
speed (shift) with ≅250
m/s LOS wind
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
In-Orbit Observations – LOS Wind Effect
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
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The “Shift/Angle” Scale
Spectrally close lines (such as Lambda doublets for nitric oxide)
provide the measure of “shift/angle” scale.
The observed angle separating doublet DIP features is proportional to
relative AT air speed, which is proportional to SC velocity plus AT
wind.
![Page 57: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
21
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
1
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
In-Orbit Observations - Doublet Effect
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 58: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
1
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
1
GATS Proprietary
2
![Page 59: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
1
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
1
GATS Proprietary
2
![Page 60: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
1
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
1
GATS Proprietary
2
![Page 61: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
21
21
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 62: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
21
21
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 63: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
1 2
GATS Proprietary
1 2
![Page 64: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
1 2
GATS Proprietary
1 2
![Page 65: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
1 2
GATS Proprietary
1 2
![Page 66: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
21
21
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 67: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
sign
alSC
Velocity
21
21
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 68: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
2
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
2
GATS Proprietary
1
![Page 69: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
z
-10° +10°0°
2
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
2
GATS Proprietary
1
![Page 70: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
2
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
2
GATS Proprietary
1
![Page 71: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
z
-10° +10°0°
21
2
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
SCVelocity
sign
al
Doublet Example
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
Doublet Effect
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observation Vectors
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
shift, Δν
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 72: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
AT Wind Measurement
The AT wind stretches or contracts the “shift/angle”
scale, providing the AT wind estimate.
![Page 73: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
y
x
Altitude
Δν (wavenumber) shift
ν (wavenumber, frequency)
z
-10° +10°
Doublet Example
0°
shift, Δν
sign
alSC
Velocity
21
21
In-Orbit Observations - Along Track (AT) Wind Effect
AT = 0 m/s
Relative Air Velocity due to SC
Limb Air Volume (LAV)
AT ≅ 700 m/s(AT same direction as SC)
Angle from Velocity Normal
Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume
Observation Vectors
DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA
Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above
0Observation Angle
GATS Proprietary
![Page 74: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Current
Measurement Systems
GATS Proprietary
![Page 75: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Current Measurement Systems
T, W2T, W1W1None
D
15 km2540
100
150
200
250 km N
T = Temperature, W1 – One Vector Wind, W2 – Two Vector Wind
Day Night
1 2 3 4 5 6
Typically a narrow slit, observing at a 45° degree angle to the spacecraft velocity vector, creates a spectrum that is used to deduce LOS Wind. The slit observations
are averaged from 150 km to sometimes over 700 km to obtain required S/N, producing an average wind over those same along-track distances.
Altitude range of current technology
products
150 km to700 km
GATS Proprietary
![Page 76: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
DWTS
Measurement Systems
GATS Proprietary
![Page 77: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
DWTS Measurement SystemAs the atmospheric limb air passes through the DWTS FOV, it is observed with 10 km resolution and at 140 different Doppler shifts. This provides the information necessary to infer profiles of wind and temperature (depicted by colored air emerging from the FOV) at a 7 km along-track
spacing with a 10 km along-track resolution.
T = Temperature, W1 – One Vector Wind, W2 – Two Vector Wind
Altitude range of DWTS products T, W2
T, W1W1None
D N
15 km2540
100
150
200
250 km
-10° +10°
DWTS FOV1000 km
0°
Day Night
Processed Profiles are Spaced at 7 km
GATS Proprietary
![Page 78: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Summary
DWTS uses Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry and a simple, moderately cooled, static MIR camera to measure Wind and Temperature
from cloud-top to over 200 km day and night.
Considering cost, global coverage, continuity, spatial resolution, diurnal
capability, altitude range and simultaneity of Wind and Temperature, DWTS is projected to advance our capability of remotely sensing
upper atmosphere wind and temperature by more than 3 orders of magnitude.
![Page 79: Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102910/5681433c550346895dafaf4f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
GATS Inc.11864 Canon Blvd., Suite 101Newport News, VA 23606 USAwww.gats-inc.com
GATS Proprietary
Larry Gordley [email protected]
Dave Fritts [email protected]
Tom Marshall [email protected]
Doppler wind and temperature sounder: new approach using gas filter radiometry
Larry L. Gordley and Benjamin T. Marshall, “Doppler wind and temperature sounder: new approach using gas filter radiometry”, J. Appl. Remote Sens. 5, 053570 (2011); doi:10.1117/1.3666048.