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Doing Something about Indoor Air Quality
John Oudyk MSc CIH ROH Occupational Hygienist October 31, 2014
Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc.
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Outline: • introductions • general basics (SBS) • thermal comfort • ventilation • contaminants • investigation techniques • personal health factors • stress • prevention resources
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IAQ starts with symptoms: • Increased prevalence of non-specific,
common symptoms: – headache – fatigue – irritated eyes, nose, throat and/or skin – symptoms clear when away from building
• commonly called “Sick Building Syndrome” (SBS)
• but more accurately referred to as “building related non-specific symptoms” (BRS) or specifically (e.g. mucous membrane irritation)
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Recognized Building Related Diagnoses:
Building Related Illnesses (BRI):
infection: • Legionnaire's Disease, Pontiac Fever • Aspergillosis (immune-compromised) • SARS, TB, rubeolla • colds & flu
allergic reactions: • asthma, rhinitis, eye problems
toxic reactions: • CO, mycotoxins, endotoxin, chemical spills,
cancer (asbestos)
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How Common are IAQ Problems?
building relatedillness (BRI)
5-10%
sick buildingsyndrome (SBS)
10-25%
buildings withknown problems
20-30%
undetectedproblems10-20%
buildings withoutreal problems
50-70%
buildings withoutknown problems
70-80%
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Other Causes of “SBS” Symptoms:
• Ergonomics – lighting – noise – workstation design
• workplace or non-occupational stress • personal health factors
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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Difficulties pleasing everyone
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Legislation & Standards: • Ontario Building Code refers to:
– ASHRAE 62.1-2013 Ventilation for Acceptable IAQ – ASHRAE 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy
• Ontario Ministry of Labour uses the “General Duty” Clause
(OH&S Act section 25(2)(h)) and, cites ASHRAE 62 in orders
• Federal standard: – Canada Labour Code, Part II – Permanent Structures Regulation, Division III: HVAC
systems http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/SOR-86-304/page-1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_II-gb:l_III
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Futility of the compliance approach: • measuring for IAQ investigation purposes is
different than traditional industrial hygiene personal exposure measurements
• usually area measurements • evaluating the performance of ventilation
systems/building maintenance/housekeeping • trying to identify sources/causes • criteria are usually tiered (no prblm; possible
prblm; probable prblm, definite prblm)
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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Context: IAQ standards ASHRAE 62.1-2013 “Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality” states:
3. ”acceptable indoor air quality: air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.”
ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy” specifies:
“The operative temperature and humidity … are for 80% occupant acceptability.”
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ASHRAE 55-2013: • Sets out thermal comfort
requirements for 80% thermal occupant acceptability
• Prescribes range of temperature/ humidity levels (humidity levels to be removed) – summer: 24-27oC (@50% RH) – winter: 21-25oC (@30% RH)
• Prescribes maximum temperature fluctuation rate (2.2°C/hr)
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thermal comfort calculator
http://www.healthyheating.com/solutions.htm
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thermal comfort calculator
http://www.healthyheating.com/solutions.htm
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Headache vs. temp:
1
3
5
7
9
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
temperature (in oC)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
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Headache vs. temp:
1
3
5
7
9
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
temperature (in oC)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
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Headache vs. temp:
1
3
5
7
9
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
temperature (in oC)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
14%
0%
83%
40%
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Headache vs. temp:
1
3
5
7
9
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
temperature (in oC)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
14%
0%
83%
40%
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temperature: Dose - Response Ef
fect
- R
espo
nse
Exposure - Dose
no
headache
14% slight
headache
40% slight-annoying
headache
83% slight-annoying
headache 21
oC
23oC
25oC
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Relative Humidity: – a measure of the capacity of the air to
evaporate water – a percentage of how much water is in the
air divided by how much it can hold – not a direct measure of how much water is
in the air (dew point is a better measure of that) – accuracy usually ±3-5%
– too high (>65%): biological growth – too low (<30%): dry mucous
membranes, static electricity
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Relative Humidity:
The ratio between the actual amount of water vapor held in the atmosphere compared to the amount required for saturation. It is influenced by temperature.
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Which environment has higher water vapor content?
temp -2°C RH 100% temp 35°C
RH 16%
dew point -2°C
dew point 5°C
…therefore the desert air has more water in it!
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Health Risks vs. RH
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Office (Mar 26/01)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
10009:
00 A
M
10:0
0 AM
11:0
0 AM
12:0
0 PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
7:00
PM
8:00
PM
time (in minutes)
CO
2 (
in p
pm)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
tem
p &
RH
(in
oC
& %
)
carbon dioxide temperature relative humidity
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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ASHRAE 62.1-2013:
• Sets out design and operational requirements
• two procedures for prescribing adequate air quality: – ventilation rate prescribes minimum quantity of
outdoor air supply per occupant (e.g. 17 cfm/person in an office environment, 15 cfm/person in classroom (for ages 5-8); CO2 as a marker of dilution rates)
– IAQ procedure prescribes minimum quality of supply air (measure contaminants; CO2 as a marker for bio-effluents)
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go look on the roof …
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make sure you look inside
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never know what you’ll find …
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Ventilation System (outdoor air supply): • carbon dioxide as an evaluation criteria (measures
air turnover rates) • standards (surrogate, not exposure)
– ASHRAE #62-2010 • 17 cfm/person (equivalent to 900 ppm CO2 if outside CO2
is 380 ppm; 15 cfm/person equivalent to 1000 ppm CO2 or CO2 level no more than 700 ppm above background)
– Ministry of Labour • background (outside air) 400-500 ppm • no problem 650 ppm • possible problem 850 ppm • more outdoor air needed 1100 ppm • TWAEV 5000 ppm
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Measuring air flow:
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Detector tubes:
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CO2 datalogging
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AHU #3 System (Jan 26-27/01)
500
600
700
800
900
1000
11008:
03 A
M
10:0
3 AM
12:0
3 PM
2:03
PM
4:03
PM
6:03
PM
8:03
PM
10:0
3 PM
12:0
3 AM
2:03
AM
4:03
AM
time (in minutes)
CO
2 (
in p
pm)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
tem
p (
in o
C)
carbon dioxide temperature
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Office (Oct 4/01)
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
19008:
03 A
M
9:03
AM
10:0
3 AM
11:0
3 AM
12:0
3 PM
1:03
PM
2:03
PM
3:03
PM
4:03
PM
5:03
PM
6:03
PM
time (in minutes)
CO
2 (
in p
pm)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
tem
p (i
n oC
)
CO2 temp
Opened outside door
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March 6/00 (portable)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
50008:
51 A
M
10:5
1 AM
12:5
1 PM
2:56
PM
4:56
PM
6:56
PM
8:56
PM
10:5
6 PM
12:5
6 AM
2:56
AM
time (in minutes)
CO
2 (
in p
pm)
15
17
19
21
23
25
tem
p (i
n oC
)
CO2 temp
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Background CO2 Measurements
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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WELL UNDERSTOOD PARTIALLY UNDERSTOOD LITTLE UNDERSTOOD
Types of Air Quality Factors, Contaminants & Toxins
VENTILATION, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY
COMBUSTION POLLUTANTS
CO CO2 NOx solvents cleaning agents
infectious agents
Asbestos, Pesticides, Lead Dust etc.
Tobacco Smoke
RADON
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC’s)
PAH’s, Aldehydes, Ethers, etc.
Course Fine Ultra-fine ORGANIC DUST
Allergens
Mycotoxins Glucans
Endotoxins
OZONE
Heavy Metals
Dioxins
http://esc.syrres.com/sraupstateny/downloads/symposium%20presentations/vasselli.ppt
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Contaminants (odours):
• odour reactions linked to primitive “fight or flight” reaction
• odours also interpreted in terms of past experience (associations)
• distinguish between toxic, irritation and association reactions (e.g. nose can detect 2200 molecules of skunk; n-butyl mercaptan odour threshold: 0.0001 ppm)
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Contaminants (VOC’s):
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) • VOC’s can aggravate allergy/asthma
and upper respiratory infections • exposure standards
– IAQ (Mölhave & EPA) • no problem <0.2 mg/m3 • possible problem 0.2-3.0 mg/m3 • probable problem 3.0-25 mg/m3 • problem >25 mg/m3
– TLV’s 250-1000 mg/m3
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Odour decline after new carpet
http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/ibp/irc/ctus/ctus-n3.html
TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) concentrations in an office space with background concentrations subtracted, immediately following recarpeting of the area (graph courtesy of Dr. G. Kerr, InAir Environmental Ltd.)
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Contaminants (carbon monoxide):
– usually an indicator of vehicle exhaust infiltration or other combustion source
• standards (surrogate & exposure) – TWAEV: 25 ppm (8-hour ave) – STEL: 100 ppm (15 min) – environmental: 9 ppm (24-hour ave) – Health Canada >5 ppm (spot: infiltration) – IAQ practice: >2 ppm (spot: infiltration)
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Carbon Monoxide Example:
600
700
800900
1000
1100
1200
13001400
1500
16006:
00 P
M
6:30
PM
7:00
PM
7:30
PM
8:00
PM
8:30
PM
9:00
PM
9:30
PM
time (in minutes)
CO
2 (
in p
pm)
0
2
46
8
10
12
1416
18
20
CO
(in
ppm
)
CO2 CO
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Contaminants (ozone): Sources: photocopiers, laser printers, fax machines
Health effects: ozone is very reactive (1/2 life of 15 minutes); ages lung tissue, aggravates breathing problems, can cause asthma; heightens allergic response
Measurement: very difficult to measure but easy to detect by odour (fresh air smell; if detected probably over exposure guideline of 0.05-0.1 ppm)
Control: equipment often has a charcoal filter to absorb ozone (often not changed frequently enough – if odour, change filter); local exhaust directly to machine may be necessary for high volume usage particularly in small room
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Contaminants (dust):
“There is no recognized threshold of health effects for outdoor PM2.5 regardless of where exposure occurs (i.e., indoors or outdoors), and there is evidence that adverse health effects occur at current levels of exposure.” (Health Canada 2012 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/particul-eng.php)
• exposure standards – IAQ (LEED, EPA, OHCOW, Health Canada)
• background* <0.010 mg/m3 • possible problem 0.01-0.02 mg/m3 • probable problem 0.02-0.05 mg/m3 • problem >0.05 mg/m3
– TWAEV, TLV 3 mg/m3 – Xerox 0.4 mg/m3 (avoid alveolar accumulation)
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Ultra-fine Particulate (UFP):
• ultra-fine particulate (<1 microns in diameter) may be the cause of SBS symptoms if such particles are present
• there are no legislated standards for ultrafine particulate in Ontario, however, there are anecdotal reports of significant success in resolving SBS symptoms by identifying and eliminating sources of ultra-fine particulate
• research has shown that an increase of 7000-14,000 pc/cc of traffic related (combustion product) UFP’s causes measurable reactions in the lungs
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Outdoor air quality:
• Environment Canada has air monitoring stations throughout the country which measure (on an hourly basis): – ozone – particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) – nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO) – sometimes: sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide
• The AQI (Air Quality Index) is a measure of
the quality of the air based on a mathematical manipulation of the measurements using the following scale:
http://www.airqualityontario.com/
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http://www.airqualityontario.com/reports/aqisearch.cfm?StationID=15025&this_date=19-Apr-08&startmonth=24hour
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Outdoor & indoor particulate
y = 0.2925x + 2.7157R2 = 0.7246
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
outdoor PM2.5 (in ug/m3)
indo
or P
M10
(in
ug/
m3 )
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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Contaminants (biological):
• health responses to moulds: – infection (rare, only in susceptible persons) – allergic (immune response) – toxic (high exposures) – irritant (common) – combination (e.g. allergic & irritant)
• demolition workers with bleeding lungs
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Contaminants (biological): • TYPES OF MOULD (interpretation):
Cladosporium, Alternaria, Eppicoccum (CAE) common species: expected but less than outdoors Penicillium, Aspergillus, Eurotium (PAE) look for damp amplification sources Stachybotrys: indicates chronic damp conditions
• experienced walk-through: • visible mould • odours (musty, stale) • history of water leaks, condensation • occupants with symptoms
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more water problems:
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mould?
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Sampling air for bio-aerosols:
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growing cultures
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Interpreting Mould Sampling Results: • absolute numbers don’t mean much
(numbers interpreted relatively) • “zeros” don’t really mean no mould • genus and species can be important • no absolute numbers to compare to • visible evidence of mould infestations
over-rides “negative” results
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Contaminants (biological):
• studies show that the surface area visibly colonized with mould is the best exposure measure to predict health outcomes (better than air sampling results)
• early changes in children’s immune system can
be detected in houses with 2-4 m2 of contaminated surfaces (1-5% of total surface area) (Arch Environ Health 53:190-195 (1998))
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Contaminants (Allergens): Sources: pollen from outside (in through filters), insect
debris, cat allergen brought in by pet owners, fungi (from outside and/or inside), bacteria
Health effects: hayfever, rhinitis, sinusitis, dermatitis, asthma (co-presence of irritants can aggravate inflamed tissue)
Measurement: can be done but not done commonly, very difficult to decide what to measure for (time pattern of symptoms and medication usage adequate indicator of building-relatedness)
Control: improve housekeeping, HEPA vacuum, improve filtering, promptly address water leaks, dry building materials within 48 hrs or replace, reduce VOC load, scent-free policy
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Finding damp building materials
• Meters can measure the moisture content of building materials
• For drywall the moisture content should be less than 0.7%.
• For wood, the moisture content should be <17%.
• Moisture levels above these thresholds will begin to support mould growth.
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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Lighting: Visual Acuity Factors • Task
– Size – Brightness – Contrast – Exposure time – Nature of object – Degree of accuracy – Moving or stationary – Peripheral patterns
• Lighting Condition
– Illumination level – Disability glare – Discomfort glare – Luminance ratios – Brightness patterns
• Observer – Health and age – Adaptation level – Fatigue level – Subjective impressions – Psychological reactions From Stein and Reynolds, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings 9th edition, p.1067
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Design Guidelines for HVAC-related Background Sound
2011 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications (SI) Table 1 page 48.3
open-plan offices: Room Criteria (RC): RC ≤40 (equivalent to 45 dBA)
private offices: Room Criteria (RC): RC ≤30 (equivalent to 35 dBA)
Quality-Assessment Index (QAI): QAI ≤5 dB (N)
N= neutral (balanced sound spectrum) LF= rumble (low frequency dominant) LFVB= rumble (low frequency with moderately perceptible vibration) LFVA= rumble (low frequency with clearly perceptible vibration) MF= roar (mid-frequency dominant) HF= hiss (high-frequency dominant)
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Cost-effective Open Plan Environments (COPE project)
• The National Research Council Canada (NRCC) has developed standards for open plan office environments (COPE)
• For noise the COPE recommendations are: – Ensure that all noise sources (e.g., ventilation systems,
office equipment and water coolers) do not exceed 40 dBA.
• The COPE research finding identified the optimum noise level (background & foreground) for open plan offices was determined to be between 42-48 dBA
Environmental Satisfaction in Open-Plan Environments: 6. Satisfaction Algorithms for Software By Newsham, G.R.; Veitch, J.A.; Charles, K.E.; Marquardt, C.J.G.; Geerts, J.; Sander, D.M. 2003
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Tonal analysis: • Using the ISO:1996 2007 Acoustics - Description
and Measurement of Environmental Noise, we can calculate whether there was any tonal noise present in the background noise spectrum
• The standard defines a tonal noise as a 1/3rd
octave measurement that is at least: – 5 dB higher than the average of its neighbouring
octaves (for >500 Hz), – greater than 8 dB for 125-500 Hz octaves and – greater than 15 dB for octaves <125 Hz
• Tones are an annoying aspect of sound
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Low Frequency “noise”
• Frequencies below what are considered normal audio ranges have an impact on hearing loss and the human body
• These low frequency vibrations LFV consist of rumbling, clearly perceptible room surface vibrations and feelings of nausea or headaches caused by indeterminate sources
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Low Frequency Noise (LFN) Criteria (UK)
“Proposed criteria for the assessment of low frequency noise disturbance”
by Dr. A. Moorhouse, Dr. D. Waddington, Dr. M. Adams (2005)
*add 5 dB for steady state noise *add 5 dB for daytime noise
Hz dB, Leq* 10 92
12.5 87 16 83 20 74 25 64
31.5 56 40 49 50 43 63 42 80 40
100 38 125 36 160 34
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Example of LFN (@ 63 Hz):
30
40
50
60
7080
90
100
110
120
10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 1601/3rd Octave Band Centre Frequency (in Hz)
Sou
nd P
ress
ure
Leve
l (in
dB
(A))
LFN criteria LFN criteria +5dB LFN criteria +10dB
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What are EMF’s?
• Electro-magnetic fields are fields of magnetism which are either naturally there or induced by or created to induce electrical current
• There are two types of magnetic fields: – static fields: around a magnet (earth’s magnetic
poles, direct current (DC) electricity - batteries) – alternating fields: moving magnetic field
(electric motor or alternating current (AC) electrical generator)
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How do we measure EMF’s?
• There are two units used to measure magnetic fields, Teslas (metric) and Guass – typical exposures are usually below 1 milliGuass
(mG) or 0.1 microTeslas (µT), or 10 mG = 1 µT
• Frequency is also a factor which is measured in Hertz (Hz) – typical alternating current electricity (what comes
out of your electrical plugs) is provided at 60 Hz but electronic equipment may change the frequency (e.g. computer screens)
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Measure in all 3 directions:
y
x
z
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Root mean square average
• The root mean square (RMS) average measurement is the result of the three directions and is calculated as follows:
x
y z
H H = (x2 + y2 + z2)½
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Identification without meters: • Interference with the picture on computer
screen indicates a field 50-150 mG at the screen
• Transistor radio interference begins at about 50 mG
• Look for electrical panels and figure out where electrical lines go
• Talk to electricians and maintenance people
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What are typical EMF exposure levels Computer screen (30 cm away) 1-2 mG Fluorescent light (6” away) 30-50 mG Pencil sharpener (at source) 1800 mG Underneath power lines 25-40 mG Clock radio (4” away) 1-5 mG TV (more than 3 feet away) 0.5-1.5 mG Electric shaver (at source) >2000 mG Hair dryer (at source) >2000 mG Vacuum cleaner (at source) >2000 mG
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Official Exposure Standards:
• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines general population 833 mG occupational 4166 mG
• American Conference of Governmental Hygienist (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV®):
occupational 10,000 mG ceiling 1000 mG for workers with pacemakers
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Other Standards:
• Swedish Board for Technical Accreditation (SWEDAC) MPR III standard (“based on what is technically achievable and not on medical or epidemiological research”) or Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO-99), both:
– 2.0 mG at 30 cm in front and 50 cm around monitor
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Exposure Zones:
below 1 mG no evidence of problems (no source background exposure)
1-4 mG dividing line for some studies
4-20 mG dividing line for stronger studies
20-200 mG high exposure (computer monitor interference)
200-10,000 mG occupational standard range
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Sampling strategies:
Measure area levels • spot measurements • maximum or RMS (3 axis) levels • find magnetic field source • measure source strength
Measure personal exposure • time weighted average • datalogging (time logging) • time and space logging (GPS)
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EMDEX meters
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Sampling strategies (sampling objectives):
Measure area levels • locate sources and rearrange/relocate
to avoid proximity to high level sources
Measure personal exposure • used for detailed documentation,
serious investigations and research
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Prevention Options: • The following options have been considered in
the literature as appropriate response to concerns about the health effects of magnetic fields:
Do nothing: alarm/stress is more detrimental than actual proven health effects
Cautious Inaction: there is not enough science yet to to justify doing anything, but maybe later …
Prudent Avoidance: despite the lack of science, if it doesn’t cost much reduce exposure why not avoid it?
Precautionary Principle: lack of certainty should not delay action if possible effect suggested
Aggressive Prevention: legislation justified by cost-benefit probability analysis and ethical imperatives
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The choice is yours …
• There is enough evidence available to select studies which will support each of the 5 options
• A balanced overall review would probably tend towards second or third options (“cautious inaction” or “prudent avoidance”)
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… but measuring the environment is only one half of the equation …
• the “gold” standard for determining whether IAQ is adequate is the occupant’s experience
• ASHRAE uses 80% satisfaction of untrained non-occupant visitors
• need a systematic way of collected input from occupants
… but what about other sources of dissatisfaction?
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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IAQ Survey Instrument:
– since “Sick Building Syndrome” is a symptom based “diagnosis”, occupant symptom experience must be assessed
– “SBS” cannot be diagnosed for a single individual in isolation from the symptom experience of fellow occupants
– we use a validated tool for assessing symptom rates
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Survey Instrument & Methodology:
• use Swedish “MM-040 Questionnaire”: – “Questionnaire as an Instrument when
Evaluating Indoor Climate”, Healthy Buildings ’88, Vol 3 p139-145 (1988)
• compare with data for buildings without air quality problems (206 respondents):
– “Carbon Dioxide, Particulates and Subjective Human Responses in Office Buildings Without Histories of Indoor Air Quality Problems”, Appl Occup Environ Hyg J 7:101-111 (1992)
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During the last 3 months have you had any of the following symptoms?
If YES: Does the symptom
improve when you are away from work?
Yes, often (every week)
Yes, Sometimes
No, Never
Yes No
Fatigue Feeling heavy-headed Headache Nausea/dizziness Difficulties conc. Itching, burning or irritation of the eyes
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
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During the last 3 months have you had any of the following symptoms?
If YES: Does the symptom
improve when you are away from work?
Yes, often (every week)
Yes, Sometimes
No, Never
Yes No
Irritated, stuffy/runny nose Hoarse, dry throat Cough Dry or flushed facial skin Scaling/itching scalp/ears Hands dry, itching, red skin
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3 3
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
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Symptoms:
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%fatigue
heavy-headed
headache
nausea
diff conc
eye irritation
nosethroat
cough
facial skin
itching scalp/ears
hands
other
bldg reference
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Do the same with perceptions of the indoor environment:
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Have you been bothered during the last three months by any of the following factors at your work place?
Yes, Often (every week)
Yes, Someti
mes
No, Never
Draft Room temperature too high Varying room temperature Room temperature too low Stuffy “bad” air Dry air Unpleasant odour Static electricity, causing shocks Second-hand smoke Noise Light that is dim or causes glare Dust and dirt
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
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Environmental Perceptions:
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%draught
temperature too high
varying temperature
temperature too low
stuffy "bad" air
dry air
odour
static electricity
second-hand smoke
noise
lighting problems
dust and dirt
bldg reference
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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Confounders: • MM-040 includes questions about
workplace stress and personal health (i.e. allergic conditions:)
Yes
No
Have you ever had asthmatic problems? Have you ever suffered from hayfever? Have you ever suffered from eczema? Does anybody else in your family suffer from allergies? (eg. asthma, hayfever, eczema)
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
2
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Personal Health Conditions:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
asthma hayfever eczema family allergies
Bldg ref %
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Hayfever:
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%fatigue
heavy-headed
headache
nausea
diff conc
eye irritation
nosethroat
cough
facial skin
itching scalp/ears
hands
other
yesreferenceno
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HOW I FEEL AT WORK IN MY BUILDING
1. THERMAL COMFORT (temp, RH, temp fluctuations)
2. VENTILATION (outdoor air intake, air movement)
3. CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS (from inside or outside)
4. BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS (allergens)
5. ERGONOMIC FACTORS (lighting, noise, workstation design)
6. WORKPLACE STRESS (job content, pace, control, support)
7. PERSONAL FACTORS (age, sex, allergies, smoking)
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Yes, often
Yes, some- times
No, seldom
No, never
Do you regard your work as interesting and stimulating? Do you have too much work to do? Do you have any opportunity to influence your working conditions? Do your fellow workers help you with problems you may have in your work?
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
2
3 3 3
3
4 4 4
4
Workplace Stressors:
i.e. job content, pace, control, support
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Work Conditions:
0%
10%20%30%
40%50%60%
70%80%
interestingwork
too much work influence help
Bldg ref %
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Influence on working conditions:
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%fatigue
heavy-headed
headache
nausea
diff conc
eye irritation
nosethroat
cough
facial skin
itching scalp/ears
hands
other
neverreferenceseldomsometimesoften
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Further Stress Questions:
• The authors of the JCQ survey have created weighted scales which can be calculated from the responses
• Two of these scales (decision latitude and job demands) are graphed against each other and the lower right quadrant is the high job strain category (using US national male/female means) (http://www.workhealth.org/strain/jsform.html)
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-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
JCQ Theory:
HIGH STRAIN
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
active learning, motivation to develop new behaviour patterns
risk of psychological strain and physical illness
Source: http://www.workhealth.org/strain/jsdef2.html
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HIGH STRAIN
Decision Latitude & Job Demands Scores:
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: faculty
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: technical staff
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: administrative staff
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: grad students
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: post doc
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: research assistant
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: trades
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude
average
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HIGH STRAIN
JCQ: custodial staff
ACTIVE LOW STRAIN
PASSIVE
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
job demands
deci
sion
lati
tude average
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JCQ Findings:
• 19 respondents (7.4%) fell into the high job strain quadrant – 1/63 (2%) from the faculty job category – 1/12 (8%) from the technical job category – 1/21 (5%) from the post doc job category – 9/104 (9%) from the grad student job category – 0/4 (0%) from the research asst job category – 0/15 (0%) from the admin job category – 2/5 (40%) from the trades job category – 3/4 (75%) from the custodial job category
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• A datalogging air monitoring machine placed in selected locations
• The machine logs the following parameters over this time (5 minute averaging):
• temperature (°C) (temp) • relative humidity (%) (RH) • carbon dioxide (in ppm) (CO2) • carbon monoxide (in ppm) (CO)
• Occupants located near monitor are asked to fill out an workplace conditions/symptom log each hour while the monitor is in their work area (1 day)
Specific Workplace Measurements & Symptom Logs:
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SYMPTOMS DEGREE OF IRRITATION
eyes 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
nose 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
throat 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
chest 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
skin 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
headache 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
fatigue 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 none slight noticeable annoying disabling
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Headache vs. CO2
1
3
5
7
9
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
carbon dioxide (in ppm)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
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Headache vs. CO2
1
3
5
7
9
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
carbon dioxide (in ppm)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
0%
8%
67%
33%
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Headache vs. CO2
1
3
5
7
9
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
carbon dioxide (in ppm)
head
ache
sco
re
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6
- 7
-
8 -
9
none
slig
ht
not
icea
ble
ann
oyin
g
d
isab
ling
0%
8%
67%
33%
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CO2: Dose - Response Ef
fect
- R
espo
nse
Exposure - Dose
no headache
8% slight
headache
33% slight-noticeable
headache 67% slight-annoying
headache 60
0 pp
m
800
ppm
1000
ppm
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Early interventions:
• symptoms be viewed as lower part of the proverbial “occupational disease iceberg”
exposed
exposure reactions (“exposure symptoms”)
early disease symptoms
aggravated pre-existing disease (canaries)
occupational disease
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Resources ….
![Page 126: Doing Something about Indoor Air Quality - OHCOW...Doing Something about Indoor Air Quality John Oudyk MSc CIH ROH Occupational Hygienist October 31, 2014 Occupational Health Clinics](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041103/5f0254987e708231d403bd59/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Health Canada Guide
Health Canada: “Technical Guide to IAQ Investigations” (93-EHD-166) available at:
http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/H46-2-93-166Erev.pdf
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Health Canada Guide
Health Canada: “Fungal Contamination in Public Buildings: Health Effects and Investigation Methods” (2004)
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/fungal-fongique/index-eng.php
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EPA (US) mould:
US EPA “Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings” available at: http://www.epa.gov/mold/mold_remediation.html
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IRSST (Quebec) guideline:
IRSST: Guide for the Prevention of Microbial Growth in Ventilation Systems http://www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/RG-089.pdf
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Tools for Schools
US EPA “Tools for Schools”
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/actionkit.html
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Tools for Canadian Schools
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/air/tools_school-outils_ecoles/index-eng.php
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