Dr. Charles J. HollandDr. Charles J. HollandDirector, Information SystemsDirector, Information Systems
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Science & Technology)Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Science & Technology)
DoD Perspective on the Future ofEmbedded Software Development
2
Joint Vision 2020(Key Enabler - Information Superiority)
The joint force of 2020 will use superior information andknowledge to achieve decision superiority in order to reach fullspectrum dominance, achieved through the interdependentapplication of:
The Lenses of Technological Innovation and Information SuperiorityIntegrate and Amplify the Four Operational Concepts
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Changing Strategic Environment
Global US InterestsPolitical - Economic - Humanitarian
Globalization of Technology
Asymmetric ThreatsIn any domain - Air, Land, Sea, Space or Information
SECRETARY OFDEFENSE
SECRETARY OFDEFENSE
Acquisition
DASD, INTELLIGENCEMr. Christopher K. Mellon (Actg)
3E187 695-7181
DASD, SECURITY & INFORMATIONOPERATIONS
Mr. William Leonard (Actg)3E194 695-2396
DASD, C3I, SURVEILLANCE,RECONNAISSANCE
& SPACERADM Robert Nutwell
3D174 697-8613
DEP DASD, C3I CIO Mr. Paul Brubaker (Actg)
3E243 695-0871
DASD, PROGRAMS & EVALUATION
Ms. Cheryl J. Robey3E240 697-3426
1 March 2000
OFFICE OF ECONOMIC
ADJUSTMENTMr. Paul J. Dempsey400 AND 604-6020
DIR, STRATEGIC & TACTICAL SYSTEMSDr. George R. Schneiter
3E130 697-9386
DIR, SMALL & DISADVANTAGED
BUSINESS UTILIZATIONMr. Robert L. Neal, Jr.
RPN Suite 9100 588-8620
DUSD, INSTALLATIONSMr. Randall A. Yim 3E1074 697-1771
DUSD, INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
Mr. Jeffrey P. Bialos 3E1060 697-0051
DUSD, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
Ms. Sherri W. Goodman3E792 695-6639
DUSD, ACQUISITION REFORM
Mr. Stan Z. Soloway3E1034 695-6413
DIR, DEFENSE PROCUREMENT
(Vacant)3E1044 695-7145
DIR, ACQUISITIONRESOURCES & ANALYSIS
Dr. Nancy L. Spruill3E1025 614-5737
DIR, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Mr. Alfred G. Volkman 3A280 697-4172
DIR, INTEROPERABILITY Dr. V. Garber
3E144 695-9713
DUSD, ADVANCED SYSTEMS & CONCEPTSMr. Joseph J. Eash, III3E1014 697-6446
CIO & IntelMatters
EXEC DIR, DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARDMr. John V. Ello
3D865 695-4157
DIR, SPECIAL PROGRAMSMGen H. Marshal Ward,
USAF 3D1064 697-1282
DIR, OPERATIONAL TEST & EVALUATION
Honorable Philip E. Coyle3A1073 697-3654
DIR, ADMINISTRATIONMr. Larry S. Barlow3D1020 697-2525
DIR, DEFENSE SECURITY COOPERATION AGENCY
LTG Michael S. Davison, USACGN 303 604-6604
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (COMMAND,CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS & INTELLIGENCE)
Honorable Arthur L. Money
Principal Deputy: Dr. Linton Wells II3E172 695-0348
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (COMMAND,CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS & INTELLIGENCE)
Honorable Arthur L. Money
Principal Deputy: Dr. Linton Wells II3E172 695-0348
DUSD, LOGISTICSMr. Roger W. Kallock
3E114 697-5531
DIR, DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY
LTG Henry T. Glisson, USAFT BEL 767-5200
DIR, DEFENSE ADVANCEDRESEARCH PROJECTS
AGENCYDr. Frank L. Fernandez
VSP 983 696-2400
DIR, TECHNOLOGY SECURITY
Mr. Dave Tarbell 400 AND 604-5215
DIR, BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONLt Gen Ronald T. Kadish,
USAF1E1081 693-3025
ATSD, NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE PROGRAMS
(Vacant)
AIR FORCE SAEHonorable Lawrence Delaney
4E964 697-6361
ARMY SAEHonorable Page Hoeper
2E672 695-6153
NAVY SAEHonorable H. Buchanan
4E741 695-6315
DIR, DEFENSE THREAT REDUCTION AGENCY
Dr. Jay DavisDULLES 810-4883
DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE(ACQUISITION & TECHNOLOGY)
Honorable David R. Oliver 3E1006 697-7021
DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE(ACQUISITION & TECHNOLOGY)
Honorable David R. Oliver 3E1006 697-7021
DUSD, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Dr. Delores M. Etter (Des)3E808 695-0598
DIRECTOR DEFENSE RESEARCH & ENGINEERING
Honorable Hans Mark 3E808 697-5776
DIRECTOR DEFENSE RESEARCH & ENGINEERING
Honorable Hans Mark 3E808 697-5776
UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE(ACQUISITION, TECHNOLOGY AND LOGISTICS)
Honorable J. S. Gansler693-4265 3E933
_____________________PRINCIPAL DEPUTY
Honorable David R. Oliver, Jr.697-7021 3E1006
UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE(ACQUISITION, TECHNOLOGY AND LOGISTICS)
Honorable J. S. Gansler693-4265 3E933
_____________________PRINCIPAL DEPUTY
Honorable David R. Oliver, Jr.697-7021 3E1006
DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (LOGISTICS & MATERIEL READINESS)
(Vacant) 3E114 697-5531
DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (LOGISTICS & MATERIEL READINESS)
(Vacant) 3E114 697-5531
6
Director, DefenseResearch & Engineering
NUCLEAR TREATY PROGRAMDr. Ralph Alewine, III
DIRECTOR, DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
Honorable Hans Mark
DUSD, ADVANCED SYTEMS & CONCEPTS
Mr. Joseph J. Eash, III
DIR, STRATEGIC & TACTICAL SYSTEMS Dr. George R. Schneiter
DUSD, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYDr. Delores M. Etter
DIR, DEFENSE THREAT REDUCTION AGENCY
Dr. Jay C. Davis
DIR, DEFENSE ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
Dr. Frank L. Fernandez
ODASD, NUCLEAR MATTERSDr. Frederick Celec
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICALDEFENSE PROGRAMS
Dr. Anna Johnson-Winegar
DIR, BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSEORGANIZATION
LGen Ronald Kadish, USAF
7
Deputy Under Secretary ofDefense (Science and Technology)
Open Systems JointTask Force
Dir: Mr. Tom Smith
Technology TransferDir: Mr. John Todaro
Defense Modeling &Simulation Office
Dir: Col Forrest Crain
Jan 3, 2000
S&T Plans and ProgramsS&T Laboratories
Dir: Mr. Robert Tuohy
International Plans& Programs
Dir: Mr. Barry DeRoze
Defense TechnologyAnalysis Office
Dir: Mr. James Whitt
S&T Planning S&T Planning S&T ProgramsS&T Programs
Information SystemsDir: Dr. Charles Holland
HPCMODir: Mr. Cray Henry
Multidisciplinary SystemsDir: Col Al Shaffer
Sensor SystemsDir: Dr. Jasper Lupo
Weapons SystemsDir: Dr. George Ullrich
Basic ResearchDir: Dr. Robert Trew
Bio Systems Dir: Dr. Bob Foster
SERDPDir: Mr. Brad Smith
Deputy Under Secretary of Defense(Science and Technology)
Dr. Delores M. Etter
Executive CommitteeDr. George Ullrich
Dr. Charles HollandMr. Robert Tuohy
CAPT Dave Gillard
Software IntensiveSystems
Dir: Dr. Jack Ferguson
S&T TransitionS&T Transition
Administrative OfficeMilitary Assistant: CAPT Dave GillardConfidential Assistant: Mrs. Pat HallSpecial Assistants: Ms. Laura Douglass
Ms. Mary HutchinsMr. Alonzo Davis
8
S&T & DT&E
Applications
S&T S&T
& DT&E& DT&E
ApplicationsApplications
CHSSI for CTAsCHSSI for CTAsCHSSI for CTAsSoftware Support InitiativeSoftware Support InitiativeSoftware Support Initiative
CommercialOff-The-Shelf Software Commercial CommercialOff-The-Shelf SoftwareOff-The-Shelf Software
ProgrammingEnvironment & Training Programming ProgrammingEnvironment & TrainingEnvironment & Training
Support ServicesSupport ServicesSupport Services
Computer Systems8 Vector8 Scalable Parallel8 Clustered Workstations
Computer Computer Systems Systems88 Vector Vector88 Scalable Parallel Scalable Parallel88 Clustered Clustered Workstations Workstations
Storage8 Distributed File Systems8 Robotics Archival System
Storage Storage88 Distributed File Distributed File Systems Systems88 Robotics Archival Robotics Archival System System
ScientificVisualization Scientific ScientificVisualizationVisualization
Internal NetworkingInternal NetworkingInternal Networking
Wide Area ConnectivityWide Area ConnectivityWide Area Connectivity
NetworkingNetworkingNetworking
Distributed SIP/RT HPC Centers AFRL/IF, AFRL/SN, SSCSD, WSMR, NAWC, AEDC, MHPCC, RTTC, TARDEC, AAC
Distributed SIP/RT HPC CentersDistributed SIP/RT HPC Centers AFRL/IF, AFRL/SN, SSCSD, AFRL/IF, AFRL/SN, SSCSD, WSMR, NAWC, AEDC, MHPCC, WSMR, NAWC, AEDC, MHPCC, RTTC, TARDEC, AAC RTTC, TARDEC, AAC
DoD HPC Modernization Program DoD HPC Modernization Program DoD HPC Modernization Program
Signal/Image Processing CTA Radar, Sonar, SAR, ATR, IR and Hyperspectral Image Exploitation
Signal/Image Processing CTASignal/Image Processing CTA Radar, Sonar, SAR, ATR, Radar, Sonar, SAR, ATR, IR and Hyperspectral Image IR and Hyperspectral Image Exploitation Exploitation
HPCMP Investments in Real-Time Embedded HPC
Integrated Modeling and Test CTA Tracking, Image Classification, RT Model Validation, Non-Uniformity Correction
Integrated Modeling and Test CTAIntegrated Modeling and Test CTA Tracking, Image Classification, RT Model Tracking, Image Classification, RT Model Validation, Non-Uniformity Correction Validation, Non-Uniformity Correction
PET Activities Yearly SIP Forum, VSIPL Tiger team RTExpress SIP Repository
PET ActivitiesPET Activities Yearly SIP Forum, Yearly SIP Forum, VSIPL Tiger team VSIPL Tiger team RTExpressRTExpress SIP RepositorySIP Repository
9
Outline
• The Challenge of High-Performance Embedded Computing
• The Current State of High-Performance Computing
• A Vision for the Future
• Summary
10
Embedded Processing Spectrum
• Broad range of applications with very different stressing requirements
• All possess similar software development concerns
Platform Size (liters) Weight (kg) Power (W) Processing
(GFLOPS)
Large radar/surveillance platforms (JSTARS, AWACS, AEGIS, THAAD)
1000's 500-1000 10-20 kW 1,000 – 10,000
Unmanned surveillance platforms (UCAV, Global Hawk, Discoverer II, etc.)
30 – 100 50 – 100 100–500 W 50 - 1,000
Use-once assets (MALD, torpedos, missiles) 1 – 30 1 – 50 ~100 W 1 – 100
Micro-assets (micro-UAVs, small unit operations, smart dust)
0.01 – 0.1 0.1 – 1 ~0 – 10 W 0.1 – 10
Processor Estimates
11
Evolution towards HPEC
EmbeddedComputing
• Embedded processors movingtowards high performance
• Major drivers:– Latency, throughput, determinism
– Form factor
EHPC
HPEC
HPEC Applications
• Market providing more hardware choices for embedded applications
• Software standards must evolve to support any hardware platform
High PerformanceComputing
• HPC evolving into embeddedapplications
• Major drivers:– Throughput
– Ease of development
12
The Challenge:Software Interoperability
Standards-basedSoftware
Interoperability
• Move towards “write once, run anywhere”– Allows for joint development on workstation class machines
– Provides easy porting on new machines, allowing for “technology refresh”
• Productivity, portability and scalability without sacrificing performance– Productivity: Easier code development and maintenance
– Portability: Permits migration across platforms
– Scalability: Allows for easy growth into evolving requirements
• Move towards “write once, run anywhere”– Allows for joint development on workstation class machines
– Provides easy porting on new machines, allowing for “technology refresh”
• Productivity, portability and scalability without sacrificing performance– Productivity: Easier code development and maintenance
– Portability: Permits migration across platforms
– Scalability: Allows for easy growth into evolving requirements
HPC and Networked Computers Embedded Computing Platforms
13
Model-Year Portability
Increasing Network Performance(latency, throughput, bisection bandwidth, ...)
Incr
easi
ng
Pro
cess
ing
Cap
abili
ty(g
ener
atio
ns)
Increasing overall system performance
Processor support limitedor dropped in later products
Vendor A product line
Vendor B product line
Portable software leverages inevitable advances innetwork and processor technology
“Point” solutions specific to a single vendor’shardware or software are long-term cost ineffective
Portable software with highperformance is the best solution
Portable software with highperformance is the best solution
System Development/Acquisition4 Years 4 Years 4 Years
Milestones
TechnologyDevelopment
FieldDemonstration
Engineering/ManufacturingDevelopment
Insertion
SignalProcessor Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Gen 4 Gen 6Gen 5
…military development and deployment cycles are long.
…military development and deployment cycles are long.
COTS HPEC system lifetimes are short…COTS HPEC system lifetimes are short…
14
June 9, 1999 "Defense Science and Technology: Preparing for the Future,”Presentation to DARPA; Dr. Delores M. Etter, DUSD (Science & Technology)
Military Software Complexity
• Moore’s Law addressescomputation, not complexity!
• In 1995, 85% of military softwareprojects finished over time and/orbudget
• 1/2 of projects double costestimates
• Projects slip an average of 36months
• 1/3 of projects cancelled due toschedule/cost slips
Major Defense Systems
InformationSystems
Scientific and Engineering
PersonalApplications
CommercialPackages
100 1,000 100,000 1,000,00010,000
100
1,00
010
,000
Number of Function Points
Co
st p
er F
un
ctio
n P
oin
t ($
)
Increased Cost
and Complexity
denotes average
• Software complexity of signal and image processing applications
– System development overly complex already
– Cannot let sensor processing compound the problem
• Software complexity of signal and image processing applications
– System development overly complex already
– Cannot let sensor processing compound the problem
15
Outline
• The Challenge of High-Performance Embedded Computing
• The Current State of High-Performance Computing
• A Vision for the Future
• Summary
16
Parallel Architectures andOperating Environments
HP
EC
HP
C
Architecture ProgrammingM odel
M iddleware Ease ofUse
M emoryI/O Overlap
Real-TimeIssues
SymmetricMultiprocessor
Shared Memory /Single System Image
Threads,Compiler Pragmas
Easy Threads Non RT-OS
Hybrid Shared Memory /Single System Image
Threads,Compiler Pragmas
Easy Threads Non RT-OS,Page Migration
Multicomputer Message passing Threads Non RT-OS
Multicomputer Distributed MemoryMessage Passing
One-sided DMA
Message passing
Hard
DMA engines(mainly)
RT-OS
For most applications, achieving good scalability requiresexpert architecture knowledge
High-level middleware standards can simplify this!
• Provide abstraction for application-level functions- Hide low-level mechanisms for parallel processing / communication
• Unify programming model across architectures- Eliminate ease-of-use issues between shared / distributed memory
- Choose hardware based on mission needs alone
High-level middleware standards can simplify this!
• Provide abstraction for application-level functions- Hide low-level mechanisms for parallel processing / communication
• Unify programming model across architectures- Eliminate ease-of-use issues between shared / distributed memory
- Choose hardware based on mission needs alone
17
Roles of Current Standard Libraries
P0 P1 P2 P3
NodeController
Parallel Signal Processor
SystemController
ConsolesOther
Computers
Low BandwidthControl Communication:
CORBA
High Bandwidth Data Communication:
MPI, MPI/RT
Single Processor Computation:
VSIPL
In development:• High-performance
CORBA Extensions• Data Re-org
In development:• High-performance
CORBA Extensions• Data Re-org
• Standards in the HPEC world fill three basic roles– Control communication– Data communication– Single processor computation
• The standards are not tightly integrated
18
HPC/HPEC Middleware AssessmentComputation Libraries
HPEC HPCMiddleware VSIPL Standard
Vendor Proprietary
BLAS / LAPACK StandardATLAS / FFTW
Vendor Proprietary
StandardsSupport
EmergingUser Acceptance TBD
WidespreadBroad User Acceptance
Object Oriented VSIPL Object-Based R&D
Automatic Tuning None R&D
Signal Processing VSIPL API No Industry Standard
Full LinearAlgebra
VSIPL API DefinedEmerging Implementations
BLAS & LAPACK
OverallAssessment
• HPEC: follow HPC lead (common interface mentality)• Full use of object-orientation can reduce API complexity• HPEC can leverage R&D in automatically tuning software• Communities should work together to develop unified
interfaces
19
HPC/HPEC Middleware AssessmentCommunication and Integrated Libraries
HPEC HPCMiddleware MPI Standard
MPI/RT StandardData Reorg (developing)
Proprietary Message Passing
MPI Standard
ScaLAPACKProprietary Message Passing
Standards Support MPI: Performance ConcernsMPI/RT: Slow Adoption
MPI: WidespreadMPI/RT: None
High-level Objects Data Reorg (Object-Based)Comm Only
HPF / ScaLAPACK (Procedural)Integrated Comm and Compute
AddressesReal-Time Concerns
MPI/RT and Data Reorg(Early Binding for PredictableCommunication Performance)
No
OverallAssessment
• Support for MPI is emerging in HPEC arena• MPI performance for HPEC needs to be evaluated further• No widely accepted standards that integrate communication
and computation
20
IntegrateComputation & Communication
Today’s Applications
CommunicationData (MPI)
CommunicationLibrary(N CPU)
ComputationData (VSIPL)
ComputationLibrary(1 CPU)
Custom
Processor Interconnect
Tomorrow’s Applications
Data Object
Computation +Communication
Library
Processors Interconnect
•Software standards developed separately•Compute & communication data are storeddifferently
•Application code necessary to pass databetween two environments
•Software standards developed separately•Compute & communication data are storeddifferently
•Application code necessary to pass databetween two environments
•Co-develop standards•Common compute &communication data format
•Seamless transitionbetween two environments
•Co-develop standards•Common compute &communication data format
•Seamless transitionbetween two environments
21
Outline
• The Challenge of High-Performance Embedded Computing
• The Current State of High-Performance Computing
• A Vision for the Future
• Summary
22
Software for the Next Generation
Today’sPractice-Low level protocols-Procedural-Large platforms-Large teams-Static signal flow-Redundant hardware-Separate Comp/Comm
Tomorrow’sApplications
-Standards based-Object oriented-Small platforms
-Small teams-Dynamic flow
-Fault tolerant software-Integrated Comp/Comm
New ApplicationsRequire
New Approaches
23
Software for the Next Generation
Today’sPractice-Low level protocols-Procedural-Large platforms-Large teams-Static signal flow-Redundant hardware-Separate Comp/Comm
Tomorrow’sApplications
-Standards based-Object oriented-Small platforms
-Small teams-Dynamic flow
-Fault tolerant software-Integrated Comp/Comm
Standards
•Allows portable applications
•Provides a common interface fordesigners
•Separates hardware from software
•Enables innovation in both domains
Standards
•Allows portable applications
•Provides a common interface fordesigners
•Separates hardware from software
•Enables innovation in both domains
24
Software for the Next Generation
Today’sPractice-Low level protocols-Procedural-Large platforms-Large teams-Static signal flow-Redundant hardware-Separate Comp/Comm
Tomorrow’sApplications
-Standards based-Object oriented-Small platforms
-Small teams-Dynamic flow
-Fault tolerant software-Integrated Comp/Comm
Object Oriented Programming
•Essential tool for modern softwaredevelopment
•Enables code re-use by hidingcomplexity
•Allows small teams to be moreproductive
•Better compiler optimization canachieve better performance
Ready for HPEC
Object Oriented Programming
•Essential tool for modern softwaredevelopment
•Enables code re-use by hidingcomplexity
•Allows small teams to be moreproductive
•Better compiler optimization canachieve better performance
Ready for HPEC
25
Software for the Next Generation
Today’sPractice-Low level protocols-Procedural-Large platforms-Large teams-Static signal flow-Redundant hardware-Separate Comp/Comm
Tomorrow’sApplications
-Standards based-Object oriented-Small platforms
-Small teams-Dynamic flow
-Fault tolerant software-Integrated Comp/Comm
Reconfigurable Software
•New applications will be morecomplex and more dynamic
•Fault tolerance will be implementedin software and hardware
•Software needs to adapt to hardware
•Employ self-optimizing softwaretechniques (e.g., FFTW & ATLAS)
Reconfigurable Software
•New applications will be morecomplex and more dynamic
•Fault tolerance will be implementedin software and hardware
•Software needs to adapt to hardware
•Employ self-optimizing softwaretechniques (e.g., FFTW & ATLAS)
26
Software for the Next Generation
Today’sPractice-Low level protocols-Procedural-Large platforms-Large teams-Static signal flow-Redundant hardware-Separate Comp/Comm
Tomorrow’sApplications
-Standards based-Object oriented-Small platforms
-Small teams-Dynamic flow
-Fault tolerant software-Integrated Comp/Comm
Unify Computation & Communication
•Eliminates parallel programmingcode overhead
•Provides a clean interface fordevelopers
•Enables truly scalable programs
•Allows 3rd party parallel softwareapplications
Unify Computation & Communication
•Eliminates parallel programmingcode overhead
•Provides a clean interface fordevelopers
•Enables truly scalable programs
•Allows 3rd party parallel softwareapplications
27
Middleware as a Tool for BuildingHigh-Level Development Tools
Today Tomorrow
ProgrammableHardware
Vendor Libraries / OS
(Often) Custom Computation
Libraries
(Often) Custom Communication
Libraries
High-level tool
• Migrate away from buildingcustom infrastructure
• High-level tools need high levelsof abstraction in middleware
• Compiler challenges for automaticmapping / code generation tools
Programmable Hardware
Vendor-Specific Optimizations
High-level tool
Other Middleware(profiling, data collection, ...)
Standard Computation Libraries
Standard Communication Libraries
Object OrientedProgramming
Unified Computation & Communication
28
Outline
• The Challenge of High-Performance Embedded Computing
• The Current State of High-Performance Computing
• A Vision for the Future
• Summary
29
Conclusions
• HPEC presents unique software challenges• Increasingly complex applications & constraints• Technology refresh and lifecycle support• Diverse platforms
• Standards are just beginning to emerge• HPC leads the way in software innovation• HPEC can leverage HPC approach and technology
• Vision: Write once, run anywhere• Move towards object-oriented standards• Unify computation & communication
30
Focused Mission R&DNew Ideas, Knowledge
High Risk, High Payoff Innovation, Transition
Maximum NationalSecurity Payoff
Service Labs Universities
DARPA Industries
Expanded Resource Base
InteragencyInteragency
Coalition Capability
International
DoD S&T is a Partnership
31
Backup slides
32
Software and System Costs
Command&
Control
Software LOC
SIP
Software Class Complexity PerformanceCommand and Control Difficult ModerateSignal/Image Processing Moderate Demanding
• Software lines of codedominated by command andcontrol, but...
33
Software and System Costs
Command&
Control
Software LOC
SIP
Software Class Complexity PerformanceCommand and Control Difficult ModerateSignal/Image Processing Moderate Demanding
Hardware Required
C&C SIP
• Software lines of codedominated by command andcontrol, but...
• Hardware costs driven by SIPfunctions
34
C&C SIPC&C SIP
Software and System Costs
Command&
Control
Software LOC
SIP
Software Class Complexity PerformanceCommand and Control Difficult ModerateSignal/Image Processing Moderate Demanding
Hardware Required
C&C SIP
• Software lines of codedominated by command andcontrol, but...
• Hardware costs driven by SIPfunctions
– Replication costs (per copy)
35
C&C SIPC&C SIP
Software and System Costs
Command&
Control
Software LOC
SIP
• Software lines of codedominated by command andcontrol, but...
• Hardware costs driven by SIPfunctions
– Replication costs (per copy)
• Poor SIP softwareimplementation will decreasearchitecture efficiency and driveup costs
Software Class Complexity PerformanceCommand and Control Difficult ModerateSignal/Image Processing Moderate Demanding
Hardware Required
C&C SIP
Signal and Image processing software drives total ownership costs – Development, hardware costs, maintenance, upgrades