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MassHighwayMassHighway Project Development Project Development and Design Guidebookand Design Guidebook
Document Document OverviewOverview
Why Revise the Highway Design Manual?Why Revise the Highway Design Manual?
Last major revision in 1997Last major revision in 1997Strong desire for more flexible design guidelines that Strong desire for more flexible design guidelines that better respond to community values and constraintsbetter respond to community values and constraintsA lack of guidance and inconsistent application of A lack of guidance and inconsistent application of strategies to accommodate pedestrians and bicyclists strategies to accommodate pedestrians and bicyclists (often viewed as an (often viewed as an ““afterthoughtafterthought””))Frustration over project development Frustration over project development ““unknownsunknowns”” and and delaysdelaysBack to English units!Back to English units!
Project Development and Design Project Development and Design Guide Guide BackgroundBackground
January 2003, Governor Romney announced his January 2003, Governor Romney announced his Communities First Policy Initiative toCommunities First Policy Initiative to
Give communities more flexibility and input in Give communities more flexibility and input in designing local road and bridge projectsdesigning local road and bridge projectsHelp preserve the character of cities and town, andHelp preserve the character of cities and town, andCut through bureaucratic red tape imposed by the Cut through bureaucratic red tape imposed by the statestate
A priority of this policy was to review and revise A priority of this policy was to review and revise MassHighwayMassHighway’’ss Design ManualDesign Manual
MassHighwayMassHighway Design Manual Design Manual Task ForceTask Force
Beginning in April 2003, the Highway Design Manual Beginning in April 2003, the Highway Design Manual Task Force was formed by Governor RomneyTask Force was formed by Governor Romney
The 28The 28--member Task Force is comprised of member Task Force is comprised of representatives from municipalities, regional planning representatives from municipalities, regional planning agencies, professional organizations, advocacy groups, agencies, professional organizations, advocacy groups, and state agenciesand state agencies
The Task Force developed the Vision and Goals for the The Task Force developed the Vision and Goals for the Guidebook and has been instrumental in guiding the Guidebook and has been instrumental in guiding the rewrite of the documentrewrite of the document
Guiding Principles for GuidebookGuiding Principles for Guidebook
Provide an Provide an integrated multimodal approachintegrated multimodal approachto roadway planning and designto roadway planning and design
Ensure that Ensure that context sensitivitycontext sensitivity is integrated into is integrated into the planning, design, and construction processthe planning, design, and construction process
Provide a Provide a clear project development processclear project development process
Chapter OutlineChapter Outline
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. Project DevelopmentProject Development3.3. Basic Design ControlsBasic Design Controls4.4. Horizontal and Horizontal and
Vertical AlignmentVertical Alignment5.5. CrossCross--Section and Section and
Roadside ElementsRoadside Elements6.6. IntersectionsIntersections7.7. InterchangesInterchanges8.8. Drainage and Drainage and
Erosion ControlErosion Control9.9. Pavement DesignPavement Design
10.10. BridgesBridges11.11. Shared Use Paths and Shared Use Paths and
GreenwaysGreenways12.12. IntermodalIntermodal Facilities Facilities
and Rest Areasand Rest Areas13.13. Landscape and AestheticsLandscape and Aesthetics14.14. Wildlife AccommodationWildlife Accommodation15.15. Access ManagementAccess Management16.16. Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming17.17. Work Zone ManagementWork Zone Management18.18. Plans, Specifications, Plans, Specifications,
and Estimatesand Estimates
Chapter Outline Chapter Outline –– New ChaptersNew Chapters
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. Project DevelopmentProject Development3.3. Basic Design ControlsBasic Design Controls4.4. Horizontal and Horizontal and
Vertical AlignmentVertical Alignment5.5. CrossCross--Section and Section and
Roadside ElementsRoadside Elements6.6. IntersectionsIntersections7.7. InterchangesInterchanges8.8. Drainage and Drainage and
Erosion ControlErosion Control9.9. Pavement DesignPavement Design
10.10. BridgesBridges11.11. Shared Use Paths and Shared Use Paths and
GreenwaysGreenways12.12. IntermodalIntermodal Facilities Facilities
and Rest Areasand Rest Areas13.13. Landscape and AestheticsLandscape and Aesthetics14.14. Wildlife AccommodationWildlife Accommodation15.15. Access ManagementAccess Management16.16. Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming17.17. Work Zone ManagementWork Zone Management18.18. Plans, Specifications, Plans, Specifications,
and Estimatesand Estimates
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 IntroductionIntroduction
PurposePurposeGuiding PrinciplesGuiding PrinciplesApplication of the GuidebookApplication of the GuidebookStructure of the GuidebookStructure of the GuidebookAddenda and UpdatesAddenda and Updates
Guidebook ApplicationGuidebook Application
When When MassHighwayMassHighway is the proponentis the proponent
When When MassHighwayMassHighway is responsible for is responsible for project funding (state or federalproject funding (state or federal--aid)aid)
When When MassHighwayMassHighway controls the controls the infrastructure (projects on state highways)infrastructure (projects on state highways)
Chapter 2Chapter 2NewNew Project Project Development Development
ProcessProcess
Chapter 2Chapter 2NewNew Project Project Development Development
ProcessProcess
Encourages Early Encourages Early Dialog with Dialog with District to Define District to Define Need (Step I)Need (Step I)
Chapter 2Chapter 2NewNew Project Project Development Development
ProcessProcess
Encourages Early Encourages Early Dialog with Dialog with District to Define District to Define Need (Step I)Need (Step I)
Emphasizes Good Emphasizes Good Planning and Planning and Outreach (Step II)Outreach (Step II)
Chapter 2 Project Development:Chapter 2 Project Development:Public OutreachPublic Outreach
Encouraged throughout project development Encouraged throughout project development process and integrated into every taskprocess and integrated into every taskIdentifies common constituents for projectsIdentifies common constituents for projectsOutlines outreach opportunities and toolsOutlines outreach opportunities and tools
Other Project Development Other Project Development EnhancementsEnhancements
Step I: Project Need Form (PNF) / Step I: Project Need Form (PNF) / PNF ReviewPNF Review
Identify problem/need/opportunityIdentify problem/need/opportunityPNF reviewed by District PNF reviewed by District
Using a interdisciplinary team approach Using a interdisciplinary team approach Usually includes a visit to the project site with community Usually includes a visit to the project site with community representativesrepresentativesDistrict to assist community in defining process to move District to assist community in defining process to move project forwardproject forwardDistrict to advise community of need for additional planning District to advise community of need for additional planning and public outreachand public outreach
Other Project Development Other Project Development EnhancementsEnhancements
Step II: PlanningStep II: PlanningKey Planning TasksKey Planning Tasks
Part A: Define Existing Context; Confirm Project Part A: Define Existing Context; Confirm Project Need(sNeed(s); Establish Goals ); Establish Goals and Objectivesand Objectives
Inventory and Site Visit (s) Inventory and Site Visit (s)
Part B: Initial Public OutreachPart B: Initial Public OutreachEarly Local Issues MeetingEarly Local Issues MeetingEarly Environmental CoordinationEarly Environmental Coordination
Part C: Project DefinitionPart C: Project DefinitionDevelopment of AlternativesDevelopment of AlternativesEvaluation and Screening of AlternativesEvaluation and Screening of Alternatives
Part D: Project Review and RefinementPart D: Project Review and RefinementAdditional Public and Agency Coordination/ReviewAdditional Public and Agency Coordination/Review
Part E: Final RecommendationsPart E: Final Recommendations
Project Planning Project Planning --Visual Representation of Alternatives Visual Representation of Alternatives
EncouragedEncouraged
Project Project DevelopmentDevelopment
Step III: Step III: Project Project
InitiationInitiation
Other Project Development Other Project Development EnhancementsEnhancements
Step III: Project Initiation Form (PIF) / Step III: Project Initiation Form (PIF) / PIF ReviewPIF Review
PIF reviewed by the Project Review Committee PIF reviewed by the Project Review Committee PRC description available on PRC description available on MassHighwayMassHighway WebsiteWebsite
Posting of PRC meeting schedule on WebsitePosting of PRC meeting schedule on Website
Posting of PRC meeting agendas on WebsitePosting of PRC meeting agendas on Website
District to notify community of outcome and any need for District to notify community of outcome and any need for additional information.additional information.
Posting of PRC results on Website (approve/not Posting of PRC results on Website (approve/not approve/additional information requested)approve/additional information requested)
Formal correspondence within 30 days of the meetingFormal correspondence within 30 days of the meeting
Project Review Committee (PRC)Project Review Committee (PRC)
More Formalized Process DefinedMore Formalized Process DefinedQuarterly Meetings AnticipatedQuarterly Meetings AnticipatedAgenda to Include:Agenda to Include:
Routine Maintenance ProjectsRoutine Maintenance ProjectsBridge ProjectsBridge ProjectsPIF ProjectsPIF Projects
Envision PRC staff Envision PRC staff
PRC MembershipPRC Membership
Chief EngineerChief EngineerEach District Highway Director (5)Each District Highway Director (5)Representatives from:Representatives from:
Project ManagementProject ManagementEnvironmentalEnvironmentalPlanningPlanningRightRight--ofof--WayWayTrafficTrafficBridge, andBridge, andCapital Expenditure Program Office (CEPO)Capital Expenditure Program Office (CEPO)
Other Project Development Other Project Development EnhancementEnhancement Design Exception ReviewDesign Exception Review
Anticipates Design Exception Early (beginning in Planning)Anticipates Design Exception Early (beginning in Planning)
Design Exception Requests (if necessary) part of the Design Exception Requests (if necessary) part of the 25 percent design review (Functional Design Report)25 percent design review (Functional Design Report)
Incorporates category for Footprint Road projectsIncorporates category for Footprint Road projects
Interdisciplinary design exception review committee:Interdisciplinary design exception review committee:Commissioner, District PDE, ChiefCommissioner, District PDE, Chief’’s Office, Project Management, s Office, Project Management, Environmental, Traffic, Planning, RightEnvironmental, Traffic, Planning, Right--ofof--way, Pedestrian and Bicycle way, Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodation Engineer, and others as neededAccommodation Engineer, and others as needed
Response to designer/proponent within 30 days of a completed Response to designer/proponent within 30 days of a completed requestrequest
Chapter 2 Project Development:Chapter 2 Project Development: Process Process GoalsGoals
Ensure context sensitivity through an open, consensus Ensure context sensitivity through an open, consensus building dialogbuilding dialog
Foster thinking beyond the pavement to achieve Foster thinking beyond the pavement to achieve optimum accommodation for all modesoptimum accommodation for all modes
Encourage good planning and early public outreachEncourage good planning and early public outreach
Achieve consistent expectations among project Achieve consistent expectations among project participants participants –– minimize surprisesminimize surprises
Ensure allocation of resources to projects that address Ensure allocation of resources to projects that address local, regional, and statewide priorities and needslocal, regional, and statewide priorities and needs
Chapter 3Chapter 3 Basic Design ControlsBasic Design Controls
Roadway Context (Area and Roadway Types)Roadway Context (Area and Roadway Types)User GroupsUser Groups
PedestriansPedestriansPedestrians requiring mobility aidsPedestrians requiring mobility aidsBicyclistsBicyclistsDrivers (transit vehicles, trucks, automobiles)Drivers (transit vehicles, trucks, automobiles)
Transportation DemandsTransportation DemandsMeasures of Effectiveness (Measures of Effectiveness (MOEsMOEs))Design SpeedDesign SpeedSight DistanceSight Distance
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Enhancement Enhancement ---- Area Area Type Type
as a Basic Design Controlas a Basic Design Control
SuburbanSuburban
UrbanUrban
RuralRural
9 area types defined as a 9 area types defined as a compliment to functional compliment to functional classification to aid with classification to aid with context sensitive designcontext sensitive design
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Enhanced Discussion of All Enhanced Discussion of All User GroupsUser Groups
PedestriansPedestriansPedestrians requiring mobility aidsPedestrians requiring mobility aidsBicyclistsBicyclistsDrivers Drivers
Transit vehiclesTransit vehiclesTrucks Trucks AutomobilesAutomobiles
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Enhancement Enhancement ----Level of Service is Level of Service is oneone Measure of Measure of
EffectivenessEffectiveness
Transportation Transportation MOEMOE’’ss(for all users)(for all users)
Condition of facilities Condition of facilities Safety and comfortSafety and comfortMode choiceMode choiceNetwork connectivityNetwork connectivityUser populationUser populationTraditional LOS Traditional LOS
Travel timeTravel timeCongestionCongestionSpecific measures elsewhereSpecific measures elsewhere
““OtherOther”” MOEMOE’’ssEnvironment preservationEnvironment preservationCultural resource preservationCultural resource preservationCommunity enhancementCommunity enhancementEconomic developmentEconomic developmentAestheticsAestheticsEnvironmental justice/equityEnvironmental justice/equityImpact mitigationImpact mitigation
NoiseNoiseAir QualityAir QualityWildlife HabitatWildlife Habitat
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Revised Design Speed Revised Design Speed ApproachApproach
Design speed is a choiceDesign speed is a choice
Choice of design speed needs to consider:Choice of design speed needs to consider:
Roadway contextRoadway contextImplications for pedestrian and bicycle safety and comfortImplications for pedestrian and bicycle safety and comfortImplications for regional mobilityImplications for regional mobility
To ensure safety, the choice of design speed needs to be To ensure safety, the choice of design speed needs to be informed by existing operating speed and the likelihood of informed by existing operating speed and the likelihood of change associated with the designchange associated with the design
Flexibility is provided to allow design speeds lower, the Flexibility is provided to allow design speeds lower, the same, or higher than existing operating speeds, depending on same, or higher than existing operating speeds, depending on the projectthe project’’s purposes purpose
Roadway TypeRoadway Type
(Based on 1997)(Based on 1997)
1997 1997 ManualManual
2005 2005 GuidebookGuidebook
Rural Arterial (Level Terrain)Rural Arterial (Level Terrain)
Urban ArterialUrban Arterial
Rural Collector (Level Terrain)Rural Collector (Level Terrain)
Urban CollectorUrban Collector
60 to 75 mph60 to 75 mph 40 to 60 mph40 to 60 mph
30 to 60 mph30 to 60 mph 25 to 50 mph25 to 50 mph
60 mph60 mph 30 to 60 mph30 to 60 mph
30 mph (minimum)30 mph (minimum) 25 to 40 mph25 to 40 mph
Comparison of Design SpeedsComparison of Design Speeds
Additional flexibility provided in the Guidebook by further defiAdditional flexibility provided in the Guidebook by further definition of nition of roadway and area types to reduce the ambiguity of roadway and area types to reduce the ambiguity of ““urban vs. ruralurban vs. rural”” and and terrain typeterrain type
Chapter 3Basic Design
Controls
Chapter 4Horizontal and
Vertical Alignment
Chapter 5Cross Section and
Roadside
Chapter 6Intersections
Path through setting influenced by speed
Transportation space versus setting space
Space allocation between users
Transportation space versus setting space
Space allocation between users
Time allocation
Balance Issues
Chapter 4 Horizontal and Vertical Chapter 4 Horizontal and Vertical AlignmentAlignment
Changes:Changes:Adds description of context relationship to alignmentAdds description of context relationship to alignment
Minor adjustments to Minor adjustments to superelevationsuperelevation guidance guidance (banking through turns)(banking through turns)
Chapter 5 CrossChapter 5 Cross--section: section: Design Enhancement Design Enhancement -- Allocation of Allocation of
Space Space Reframes crossReframes cross--section design principles: Pedestriansection design principles: Pedestrian--BicyclistBicyclist--Motor VehicleMotor Vehicle
5 cross5 cross--section design approachessection design approaches
Modal elements described from rightModal elements described from right--ofof--way edge to way edge to centerlinecenterline
Design guidance for the crossDesign guidance for the cross--sectional elements sectional elements retailored to emphasize context and interactions among retailored to emphasize context and interactions among modesmodes
Chapter 5 CrossChapter 5 Cross--Section: Section: Flexible Multimodal Flexible Multimodal
Accommodation Accommodation ApproachesApproaches
Descriptions have been developed Descriptions have been developed for the cases :for the cases :
Case 1: Independent AccommodationCase 1: Independent Accommodation
Case 2: Partial Bicycle/MV SharingCase 2: Partial Bicycle/MV Sharing
Case 3: Bicycle/MV SharingCase 3: Bicycle/MV Sharing
Case 4: Pedestrian/Bicycle SharingCase 4: Pedestrian/Bicycle Sharing
Case 5: Shared by All UsersCase 5: Shared by All Users
CrossCross--Section:Section:Range of Range of
Acceptable Lane Acceptable Lane and Shoulder and Shoulder
WidthWidth
Roadway TypeRoadway Type 1997 1997 ManualManual
2005 2005 GuidebookGuidebook
ArterialArterial
Collector Collector
40 ft40 ft 30 ft30 ft
40 ft40 ft 28 ft28 ft
Comparison of Minimum Width for Two Lane Comparison of Minimum Width for Two Lane RoadwaysRoadways
Addenda provided some flexibility at the low end of the speed anAddenda provided some flexibility at the low end of the speed and volume d volume range range -- minimum width of 30 feet for arterials (<55 mph and <400 minimum width of 30 feet for arterials (<55 mph and <400 vpdvpd), ), and 20 feet for collector roads (<35 mph and <400 and 20 feet for collector roads (<35 mph and <400 vpdvpd), but these ), but these conditions rarely exist. conditions rarely exist.
Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Intersections: Intersections: Design Enhancement Design Enhancement -- Multimodal Multimodal
CapacityCapacity
Achieving a desired flow for one user group Achieving a desired flow for one user group can diminish the capacity for another groupcan diminish the capacity for another group
The designer should carefully consider the The designer should carefully consider the needs of the various user groups needs of the various user groups
The goals of a balanced multimodal capacity The goals of a balanced multimodal capacity should supersede the goal of maximizing motor should supersede the goal of maximizing motor vehicle flowvehicle flow
Chapter 6 Intersections:Chapter 6 Intersections:Multimodal LOS BalanceMultimodal LOS Balance
Level-of-Service Ranges
Pedestrian Bicycle Motor Vehicle
Rural Natural A-B A-C A-C
Rural Village A-C A-D A-E(1)
Rural Developed A-C A-C A-C
Suburban High Density B-E C-E C-E
Suburban Village/Town Center A-D C-E C-F(1)
Suburban Low Density A-C A-C A-D
Urban Park A-C A-D B-E
Urban Residential A-C B-D C-E
Urban Central Business District A-D B-E D-F(1)
Exhibit 6-11Common Intersection Level-of-Service Ranges by User Group and Area Type
1 In these instances, queuing at intersections becomes critical in that there should not be impacts that extend to adjacent intersections.
Source: MassHighway
Chapter 6 Intersections:Chapter 6 Intersections:Additional Traffic Control GuidanceAdditional Traffic Control Guidance
Signal design guidanceSignal design guidance
Cycle lengthCycle length
Set versus actuated pedestrian phasesSet versus actuated pedestrian phases
Leading pedestrian interval (LPI)Leading pedestrian interval (LPI)
Exclusive phasing or concurrent phasingExclusive phasing or concurrent phasing
PushPush--button locationbutton location
Supplemental indicationsSupplemental indications
Audible indicatorsAudible indicators
Countdown indicatorsCountdown indicators
Chapter 7, 8, and 9Chapter 7, 8, and 9
Chapter 7 Chapter 7 -- Interchanges:Interchanges:Guidance for continuity of multimodal accommodation Guidance for continuity of multimodal accommodation Guidance to maintain character of roadways through interchangesGuidance to maintain character of roadways through interchanges
Chapter 8 Chapter 8 –– Drainage and Erosion ControlDrainage and Erosion ControlProvides detailed hydrologic and hydraulic proceduresProvides detailed hydrologic and hydraulic proceduresCompanion to recent Companion to recent MassHighwayMassHighway Storm Water Management Storm Water Management Handbook which presents Handbook which presents BMPsBMPs..
Chapter 9 Chapter 9 –– Pavement DesignPavement DesignDiscussion of alternative pavement typesDiscussion of alternative pavement typesTypical design for low volume roadsTypical design for low volume roads
Chapter 10Chapter 10 BridgesBridges
NEW:NEW:
Coordinated with update of Coordinated with update of MassHighwayMassHighwayBridge Manual and not a detailed Bridge Manual and not a detailed approach to designapproach to design
Contextual influences on bridge designContextual influences on bridge designEnvironmental and community impactsEnvironmental and community impactsAesthetics Aesthetics –– blending or signature elementsblending or signature elementsHistorically significant bridgesHistorically significant bridges
Major design elementsMajor design elementsMulitmodalMulitmodal AccomodationsAccomodations
Inventory and management of bridgesInventory and management of bridges
Chapter 11Chapter 11 and 12and 12
New New -- Chapter 11Chapter 11Shared Use Paths & GreenwaysShared Use Paths & Greenways
Guidelines for the planning & Guidelines for the planning & design of paths and trailsdesign of paths and trails
New New -- Chapter 12Chapter 12IntermodalIntermodal Facilities and Rest Facilities and Rest AreasAreas
Location and Summary Design GuidanceLocation and Summary Design Guidance
Park & Ride, Park & Ride,
Transit Centers, and Transit Centers, and
Rest AreasRest Areas
Chapter 13Chapter 13 Landscape and AestheticsLandscape and Aesthetics
NEW:NEW:
Design ObjectivesDesign Objectives
Corridor Design ConsiderationsCorridor Design Considerations
Roadside Landscape Design GuidanceRoadside Landscape Design Guidance
Design ElementsDesign Elements
Vegetation Protection and PreservationVegetation Protection and Preservation
Project DocumentationProject Documentation
Chapter 14Chapter 14 Wildlife AccommodationWildlife Accommodation
NEW:NEW:
Types of effects Types of effects
Collisions, habitat loss, fragmentation, and altered qualityCollisions, habitat loss, fragmentation, and altered quality
Types of wildlife accommodationTypes of wildlife accommodation
Signage, animal detection technology, public education and awareSignage, animal detection technology, public education and awareness, ness, reduced speed limits, habitat alteration, fencing, wildlife crosreduced speed limits, habitat alteration, fencing, wildlife crossing sing structuresstructures
Wildlife crossing structure guidelinesWildlife crossing structure guidelines
Massachusetts River and Stream Crossing GuidelinesMassachusetts River and Stream Crossing Guidelines
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Programmatic General Permit ConditiU.S. Army Corps of Engineers Programmatic General Permit Conditionsons
Chapter 15 Access ManagementChapter 15 Access Management
NEW:NEW:
Description of applicability of access management strategies to Description of applicability of access management strategies to existing and new roadwaysexisting and new roadways
Describes basic approaches to access managementDescribes basic approaches to access managementDriveway design and spacingDriveway design and spacing
Approaches to managing turning trafficApproaches to managing turning traffic
Traffic signal spacing and timingTraffic signal spacing and timing
Treatment for minor roads at accessTreatment for minor roads at access--controlled routescontrolled routes
Shared driveways and parcel interconnectionShared driveways and parcel interconnection
Land use control suggestions for new development and retrofit ofLand use control suggestions for new development and retrofit ofexisting developmentexisting development
Chapter 16Chapter 16Traffic Calming and Traffic ManagementTraffic Calming and Traffic Management
NEW:NEW:
Description of applicability of traffic calming and traffic Description of applicability of traffic calming and traffic management to new and retrofit projectsmanagement to new and retrofit projects
Describes four basic approachesDescribes four basic approachesNarrowing the real or apparent width of the street.Narrowing the real or apparent width of the street.
Deflecting the vehicle path.Deflecting the vehicle path.
Altering the vertical profile of the vehicle path.Altering the vertical profile of the vehicle path.
Preventing certain vehicle movements through road design, Preventing certain vehicle movements through road design, regulations or combination of both.regulations or combination of both.
Chapter 17 and 18Chapter 17 and 18
NEW: Chapter 17 Work Zone NEW: Chapter 17 Work Zone ManagementManagement
Description of Description of MassHighwayMassHighway’’ss new new Traffic Maintenance Plan (TMP) guidelines Traffic Maintenance Plan (TMP) guidelines
Guidelines for the maintenance of Guidelines for the maintenance of pedestrian and bicycle accommodationpedestrian and bicycle accommodation
Chapter 18 Plans, Specs, and EstimatesChapter 18 Plans, Specs, and Estimates
Updated Practices:Updated Practices:Plan TypesPlan TypesSymbologySymbologyStandard SheetsStandard SheetsSpecial ProvisionsSpecial ProvisionsEstimating ProceduresEstimating Procedures