STUDIES ON SITE CHARACTERISTICS, NATURAL REGENERATIONSTATUS AND NURSERY TECHNIQUES OF HAZELNUT
(CORYLUS COLURNA L.) IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
Thesis
by
DINESH GUPTASubmitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY[FORESTRY]
SILVICULTURE
1985
COLLEGE OF FORESTRYDr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry, NauniSolan - 173 230, (HP) INDIA
2015
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,
Nauni Nauni Nauni Nauni ---- 173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India173 230, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
College of Forestry
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry
Dr. D.P Sharma
(Professor)
CERTIFICATE-I
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural
regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in
Himachal Pradesh.” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY) SILVICULTURE to Dr. Y.S.
Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (H.P.) is a bonafide research
work carried out by Mr. Dinesh Gupta (F-2010-13-D) under my guidance and supervision.
No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.
Place : Nauni, Solan (Dr. D.P Sharma)
Dated: , 2015 Chairman
Advisory committee
CERTIFICATE-II
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural
regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in
Himachal Pradesh.”, Submitted by Mr. Dinesh Gupta (F-2010-13-D) to Dr. Y.S. Parmar
University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (H.P.), in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY)
SILVICULTURE has been approved by the Students Advisory Committee after an oral
examination on the same in collaboration with the External Examiner.
________________ _________________ (Dr. D.P. Sharma) (Dr. Sanjeev Chauhan)
Chairman External Examinar
Advisory committee
_________________
Dean’s Nominee
Members, Advisory Committee
__________________ __________________ __________________
Dr. N. K Gupta Dr. P. K. Mahajan Dr. D. R Bhardwaj
___________________________________
Professor and Head
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry
____________________
Dean
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY
CERTIFICATE-III
This is to certify that all the mistakes and error pointed out by the external examiner
have been incorporated in the thesis entitled, “Studies on site characteristics, natural
regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in
Himachal Pradesh.” submitted to Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,
Nauni-Solan (H.P.) by Mr. Dinesh Gupta (F-2010-13-D) in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (FORESTRY)
SILVICULTURE.
___________________________________
(Dr. D.P Sharma)
Chairman, Advisory committee
___________________________________
Dr. N. K. Gupta
Professor and Head
Department of Silviculture and Agro forestry
Dr.Y.S. Parmar UHF, Nauni, Solan (H.P.)
ACKNOLEDGEMENTPutting all things aside, I would like to thank “LORD SHIVA” The First Guru, who
bestowed on me the strength and courage in odd times, for completing this gigantic task.
At the onset of acknowledging the help of all those who have contributed to the realization of
this manuscript, I would like to first and foremost my sincere thanks to my respected Ex-chairman of
my advisory committee, Dr. G.S Shamet, Dean College of Forestry and chairman Dr. D. P Sharma, for
their valuable and able guidance, timely suggestion, close counsel critical evaluation, everlasting
patience and constant encouragement at every step of research work and finalization of this
manuscript. It was a great opportunity for me to work under his guidance. I honestly and truthfully
confess that it has been a rare privilege for me to be their student.
My heartfelt gratitude is due to the worthy members of my advisory committee, Dr N.K
Gupta, Professor and Head Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. P.K. Mahajan, Dr. D.R
Bhardwaj.
I am also thankful to Dr.B Gupta, Dr. K. S Pant, Dr. C L Thakur, Mr. M. Prabhakar, Dr K.
Rai, Dr K K Sharma and Dr B. Dutt for their constant encouragement and elderly parental care. I am
also thankful to all the forest officials and staff of Theog, Pangi and Rhoru Forest Divisions for their
kind cooperation and support throughout the study period.
My vocabulary falls short of words to express my deep sentiments and regards to my parents
and all relatives, whose constant moral encouragement was a source of inspiration.
I am also highly thankful to my seniors, friends and loving juniors who have always been
there for me to extend all possible help during these investigations.
Last but not the least, I owe a handful of thanks to my wife Ms. Meena Gupta, who revealed
endless efforts to support me during my quest for research in the mountains. The birth of my son
Master Naman Gupta further enhanced the heights of inspiration and perseverance within me.
I extend my sincere thanks to staff and department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, and help
rendered by office, laboratory and field staff especially Mr Sohan Lal ji, Padam Das ji, and Jogender ji
for their help cooperation.
Needless to say, all errors and omissions are mine.
Nauni, Solan (H.P.)Dated: 2015 (Dinesh Gupta)
CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE (S)
1. INTRODUCTION 1-3
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-22
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23-40
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 41-113
5. DISCUSSION 114-145
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 146-153
7. REFERENCES 154-171
ABSTRACT 172
APPENDICES i-xxxiii
LLIISSTT OOFF TTAABBLLEESS
TABLE TITLE PAGE (S)
1. Physio-chemical characteristics of soil and method used forestimation
30
2. Phytosociology status of Corylus colurna bearing forests ofKotkhai Forest Range
43
3. Phytosociology status of Corylus colurna bearing forests of SachForest Range
44
4. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) values for trees and shrubsin different Sites in Corylus colurna forests of Kotkhai and SachForest Ranges
45
5. Site characteristics status of hazelnut bearing forests in siteof Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range
47
6. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics inhazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range
48
7. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics inhazelnut bearing forests of Sach Forest Range
49
8. Regeneration status of hazelnut bearing forest in Kotkhai andSach Forest Range
51
9. Regeneration establishment and stocking data for different treespecies in hazelnut bearing forest in Kotkhai and Sach ForestRange
53
10. Effect of different stratification period (P), temperature (T) andgibberellic acid (G) on germinability parameters of hazel seedsunder laboratory condition
55
11. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT)on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratorycondition
64
12. Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid(PxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds underlaboratory condition
65
13. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellicacid (TxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds underlaboratory condition
66
14. Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature andgibberellic acid (PxTxG) on germinability parameters ofhazel seeds under laboratory condition
69-70
15. Effect of stratification medium (M), temperature(C) andgibberellic acid (G) treatments on germination and seedlinggrowth of Corylus colurna
74
16. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature(MxC) on germination and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
79
17. Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid(MxG) on germination and seedling growth parameters ofCorylus colurna
80
TABLE TITLE PAGE (S)
18. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellicacid (CxG) on germination and seedling growth parameters ofCorylus colurna
82
19. Interaction effect of stratification medium, temperature andgibberellic acid (MxCxG) on germination and seedling growthparameters of Corylus colurna
85
20. Initial viability, moisture content and biochemicalparameters of hazel seeds
86
21. Effect of stratification period and temperature on moisturecontent and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
88
22. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT)on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
90
23. Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisturecontent and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
92
24. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature(MxC) on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazelseeds
94
25. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portionon sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during springseason (February-April)
96
26. Effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) onsprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season(February-April)
99
27. Effect of IBA and cutting portion interaction (RxC) on sproutingand rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
100
28. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) onsprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season(February-April)
102
29. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior during spring season(February-April)
104
30. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portionon sprouting and rooting behaviour of cuttings during monsoonseason
105
31. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning(RxG) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings duringmonsoon season
108
32. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cutting portion (RxC)on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoonseason
109
33. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) onsprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoonseason
110
34. Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning andcutting portion (RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior ofcuttings during monsoon season
112
LLIISSTT OOFF FFIIGGUURREESS
FIGURE TITLE PAGE(S)
1. Bar-diagram showing comparison of IVI values and no. of tress ha-1
of Corylus colurna and its associates in different hazel bearingforests
116
2. Bar-diagrams showing comparison of density and Shannon andWiener diversity index in different hazel bearing forests
117
3. Bar diagram showing comparison the average number trees,crown and basal area per hectare by diameter class in differentranges of hazelnut bearing forests
120
4. Regeneration parameters of Corylus colurna in hazel bearingforests of Kotkhai and Sach Range
124
5. Effect of stratification period on germinability of hazelnut seeds 127
6. Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of hazelnutseeds
129
7. Effect of gibberellic acid on germinability of hazelnut seeds 131
8. Effect of medium on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut 134
9. Effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth ofhazelnut
136
10. Effect of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth ofhazelnut
137
11. Effect of IBA formulation on rooting characteristics of Coryluscolurna
140
12. Effect of per-conditioning on rooting characteristics of Coryluscolurna
141
13. Effect of cutting portion on rooting characteristics of Coryluscolurna
143
LLIISSTT OOFF PPLLAATTEESS
PLATE TITLE BETWEENPAGE (S)
1. Map of study area 24-25
2. Hazelnut bearing stand at different Ranges/Forest Division 26-27
3. Flowering and fruits of Indian hazelnut (Corylus colurna) 52-53
4. Germination behaviour of hazelnut 56-57
5. Seedling growth of hazel as affected by different treatments 74-75
6. Rooting behavior of hazel cuttings under nursery condition 98-99
7.Factors affecting natural regeneration of hazelnut at differentsites
121-122
% : Per cent
cd : Critical difference
CRD : Completely randomized design
cm : Centimeter
CW : Crown width0C : Degree Celsius
dbh : Diameter at breast height
et al. : et alia
Fig. : Figure
i.e : id est (That is)
g : Gram
ha : Hectare
IVI : Importance value index
kg : Kilogram
masl : Meter above sea level
ml : Milliliter
mg : Milligram
m : Meter
N : Nitrogen
no. : Number
ppm : Parts per million
ha-1 : Per hectare
K : Potassium
P : Phosphorus
pH : Puissance d’ hydrogenRBD : Randomized block design
RBA : Relative basal area
RD : Relative density
RF : Relative frequency
H : Shannon-Wiener diversity index
SOC : Soil organic carbon
sp. : Species
t : Ton
Viz. : Namely
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Indian Himalayas (27050' –37
006' N and 72
030'–97
025' E) is abode to many
indigenous species and well known for its flora and faunal diversity. It includes parts of trans,
northwest, central and east Himalayas and covers approximately an area of 4,19,873 Km2
with 2500 Km length and 240 Km width. The unique physiography, climatic and soil
characteristics of the area has resulted in a variety of habitats encompassing a significant
amount of biological and cultural diversity. The vegetation exhibits a marked altitudinal
gradient, varying from subtropical, temperate, and subalpine to alpine types. It supports about
8000 species (47.06 % of the total flowering plants of India) of which 30 % are endemics,
10.2 % trees, 8.44 % wild edibles and over 15 % medicinal herbs. The dependence of humans
and livestock on this rich plant diversity is well known phenomenon since time immemorial
(Samant and Dhar, 1997).
Apart from their multifarious uses as fuel, fodder and timber, the various Himalayan
species also provide valuable food/fruits for human consumption. One of the important
genera Corylus L., (Family Betulaceae) includes hazelnuts, forming small population/
community throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere from Japan, China
and Manchuria through Tibet, India, Turkey, Europe and North America. The genus includes
about 25 described species of large to small deciduous trees grown for their edible
nuts/filberts or for ornament purpose, but most of them providing food for wildlife. Only
eight or nine of these species are widely recognized by most taxonomists and include the
shrubby species C. avellana L., C. americana Marshall, C. cornuta Marshall, C. heterophylla
Fischer, and C. sieboldiana Blume; and the tree species C. colurna L., (syn. C. jacquemontii )
C. chinensis Franchet, and C. ferox Wallich (Thompson et al., 1996). Some taxonomic
authorities believe C. jacquemontii Decaisne native to the Indian Himalayan hills as a
synonym of C. colurna L. var. lacera (Wall.) (Anonymous, 1999).
Corylus colurna is an economically important tree with a potential for domestication
as it yield edible kernel and oil of high quality. The kernels are a rich source of proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, poly-unsaturated fatty acids and other mineral elements
especially iron, calcium and potassium. The recent research has shown that hazelnuts can
2
exert strong protective effect against many diseases such as coronary heart problems, some
types of cancer, several other diseases and syndromes (Richardsons, 1997). Presently
hazelnuts are being grown commercially in many european countries, USA, China and
Australia and consumed in both fresh and dried state. The official statistics of FAO now
classify about 30 countries as hazelnut producers, while ten years ago in 1997, only 24
countries were listed. In the meantime, the total production also increased from 697,681 t
(mean 1996-1998) to 831,653 t (mean 2005-2007). However, despite the higher number of
producing countries, the hazelnut crop is still concentrated in two Mediterranean countries
i.e., Turkey and Italy, covering together more than 80% of the world production (Wickens,
2002). One of the problems of hazelnut production is the suckering habit, with two negative
consequences i.e. increased costs and higher incidence of diseases. The selection and use of
non-suckering rootstocks (Corylus colurna) proved to be a solution to the hazelnut producing
countries. (Fideghelli, and De Salvador, 2009).
The Indian hazelnuts varies from 10-15 ft bush form to 70 to 80 ft. medium sized
trees distributed in North-western temperate Himalayas form Kashmir to Kumaon between
1800-3300 m a.m.s.l. (Brandis, 1971). Corylus is a monoecious fruit yielding tree having
upright growth habit with well distributed crown and reaching over 25m height. The hazel
population is highly heterogenous with nut production varying from low to extremely high.
The hard shelled brown or dark tan nuts consisting of two to five nuts, which can go up to ten
is enclosed in an involucre or husk in one cluster. Nut shape also varies, can be roundish,
elongated, elliptical, oval or globular. The nuts mature/ripen in August to September,
depending mainly on ecological factors and altitude. A rainfall of about 800 mm/year, well
distributed during the whole season, is needed for good hazelnut growth and production.
In the western Himalayan forest, the species is found associated with oaks, fir, spruce,
deodar, maples and walnut. The wild hazelnut stand needs to be conserved due to its narrow
distribution range, prone to genetic depletion or extinction following habitat destruction. In
India, the species is little known except in high Himalayan regions, where it is used mainly
by the locals, graziers and the tribals (Pangwal and Bhot) as food. No literature/systematic
work has been undertaken with regard to its distribution pattern, growth and regeneration
potential, both natural as well as artificial till date in India. Beside valuable nuts, the species
is also extensively lopped for its quality fodder and fuel along with maples (Acer spp.) and
kharsu oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) in its natural zone. Keeping in view the socio-
3
economic and ecological importance of the species, the present investigation “Studies on site
characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus
colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh”, was carried out with following main objectives:
OBJECTIVES
• Study the distribution pattern and ecological status vis-à-vis edaphic and plant
association in its natural zone.
• Study the effect of stratification period, temperature, medium and GA3 treatments on
germinability, growth and biochemical status of seeds.
• Study natural regeneration status of the species in its habitat.
• Study the effect of IBA, cutting portion and pre-conditioning treatments on rooting
behaviour of the species.
Chapter-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The chapter summarizes literature on Corylus colurna and the related species with
particular attention on site characteristics, natural regeneration and nursery technology,
experience of workers, scientists and organizations around the world. The available literature
on however reveal that climatic condition, edible nuts, fodder value and seed dormancy to a
large extent affect its growth and restocking under natural condition. Only scarcely does
seeds grow into seedlings and trees in the vicinity of maternal plants. The limited occurrence
and scarce generative potential of hazelnut within its natural habitat were therefore the
reasons why the study was undertaken to know the ecological and regeneration status and
develop the nursery technology for its conservation and propagation.
The literature on Corylus colurna indicates that it is a meagerly explored, with respect
to site characteristics, natural regeneration and seed dormancy release and nursery technology
till date. Since no systematic research has been undertaken in the species so far, cross
references of other related species have been incorporated in the following main headings:
2.1 Phytosociological studies
2.2 Effect of site factors
2.3 Natural regeneration studies
2.4 Effect of stratification treatments
2.5 Biochemical indices of seeds
2.6 Cuttage propagation
2.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
The phytosociology basically deals with the study of composition, distribution,
development of vegetation and environmental relationships of plant communities (Berner,
1952 and Christensen et al., 1959). Plants typically occur in repeated groups, clearly
described by the identity and growth form of the most abundant or the most characteristic
species of the particular communities (Tansley, 1935 and Whittakar, 1970). Fortney (2006)
while carrying out investigation in West Virginia wetlands, revealed that plant communities
were highly diverse because of variability in topography, substrate characteristics and water
5
quality. Forested communities were commonly associated with streams and rivers as either
bottomland overflow or swamp wetlands. While Acer saccharinum and A. negundo were
frequent dominants at low elevations, Picea rubens, Tsuga canadensis and Betula
allegheniensis dominated the higher elevations.
Gupta (1996) carried out investigation on fir and spruce of Chhachpur and Narkanda
forests (Shimla circle) and found that Cedrus deodara was the dominant species with IVI
value of 78.70 and 48.26 in Narkanda and Chhachpur, respectively. The value of IVI
however, increased for Abies pindrow with increase in elevation in both localities. Prominent
shrub species were also different on both sites and at different elevations. Among shrubs,
Coriaria nepalensis, Berberis aristata and Zanthoxylum armatum were prominent at
Narkanda, whereas, Crataegus crenulata, Prinsepia utilis, Coriaria nepalensis and
Cotoneaster microphyllus dominated in Chhachpur forests.
Sumida and Komiyama (1997) on the other hand studied the crown patterns in two
shade intolerants (Betula platyphylla and B maximowicziana) and three shade tolerants
(Quercus mongolica, Acer sieboldianum and Magnolia obovata) species in Japan and
reported that branching height rose more rapidly with age for two shade intolerant species
than the three shade tolerant species. The shade tolerant species tend to produce wider crowns
than the shade intolerant trees irrespective of the age and height. Tewari and Kumar (2003)
while studying spacing effect on height-diameter relationship in shelterbelt plantation
reported that a larger spacing between the trees appreciably contribute to the height and
diameter growth of the trees.
Sanjeev et al., (2006) undertook phytosociological analysis of Arnigad micro-
watershed in Mussoorie hills of Garhwal Himalayas and revealed that Quercus
leucotrichophora was the dominant species with highest IVI value (114.4), followed by
Rhododendron arboreum (42.6) and Cedrus deodara (28.4). However in shrubs, Berberis
aristata was the dominant species with highest IVI of 134.9 followed by Myrsine africana
(86.2). Among herbs, Eupatorium was the dominant one (106.2) followed by fern species
(92.8). Plant density per hectare was also highest for Quercus leucotrichophora (325 trees ha-
1), Berberis aristata (800 shrub ha
-1) and Erigeron mucronatus (10,000 herbs ha
-1). Similarly,
Quercus leucotrichophora was found to be the dominant tree species at sites by Singh et al.,
(2009), while studying the oak and pine community in Garhwal Himalaya.
6
Similarly, Sharma (2006) working on floristic composition of fir forests revealed that
among trees, Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana dominated most of the sites with maximum
dominance of Abies pindrow at higher elevation of Jubbal (PB-U) and Bashla Forest Ranges.
The dominant shrubs were Sarcoccoca saligna, Rosa macrophylla, Berberis aristata,
Lonicera angustifolia, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Vibernum cotinifolium, while for the herbs, the
most dominant were Fragaria vesca, Trifolium pretense and Cyperus aristatis.
Taylor et al., (2006) on the other hand, analyzed the population structure (size, age,
spatial patterns) and growth patterns of Abies faxoniana, Picea purpurea, and Betula species
and revealed that stable coexistence is maintained by differences in species regeneration
niche, species demographic characteristics, and species responses to the gap disturbance
regime in the old-growth forests of Wang Lang Natural Reserve in Southwestern China.
Seedling density of A. faxoniana, and B. utilis was higher beneath open (canopy gaps) than
closed canopy conditions. It was also clear that tree density and basal area was greater for A.
faxoniana than that of other species.
Studying the community structure of natural forest of Gangotri region, Dhaulkhandi et
al., (2008) recorded a total of seven tree species with Picea smithiana as dominant (IVI-
83.40), while Cedrus deodara being the co-dominant (IVI-76.67) and Pyrus cornuta (IVI-
12.90) as the least dominant species. However, the highest density (240 trees ha-1
) was
recorded for Pinus wallichiana and least number of reported for Acer caesium (30 trees ha-1
).
While shrubs did not follow any regular distribution pattern, Artemesia gamillinea and
Cotoneaster gilgitansis were the most and least dominant shrub species respectively. All
species of shrub layer were found to be distributed contagiously. Similarly, Pananjay (2012),
while studying the species diversity in central Himalayas reported the highest density for oak
forest (687 trees ha-1
) and the least for Pine forest (619 trees ha-1
).
Semwal et al., (2008) studied the floristic composition of different forest type in
Garhwal region and found a direct proportional relationship between tree cover and diversity
of sub-stratum vegetation i.e. with increase in tree canopy cover, the diversity of shrubs and
herbs decreased significantly. Tree density (1146.7±160.4 trees ha-1
) was the highest in the
mixed broadleaved-coniferous forest. Among all the species, ban oak had the highest tree
density (573.3± 1411.9 ha-1
), while chir pine was dominant at site II owing to the highest IVI
7
(94.3) value. Shrub and herb diversity and dominance varied considerably with the forest
types.
Dass et al., (2010) carried out phytosociological study of Rono hills of Arunachal
Pradesh and concluded that important value index of some ecologically significant trees,
shrubs and herbs were found as Callicarpa arborea (24), Lantana camara (51) and Ageratum
conyzoides (19). Similarly, the total basal area of trees was found to be 17.84 m2 per hectare.
The highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index was recorded for trees (3.66) and minimum for
herbs (3.60).
Similarly, Kaushal et al., (2012) analyzed the ecological status of flora in the Great
Himalayan National Park and found that total number of species decreased with increase in
elevation. Pinus wallichiana was the most dominant tree species, while Abies pindrow was
the co-dominant species. Gairola et al., (2008) analyzed vegetation diversity along an
altitudinal gradient (2800 - 3600 m asl) in three sites of sub- alpine forests and noticed a
sharp decline in tree density from low to high altitude strata. The density of trees, saplings
and seedlings did not follow any specific trend. Similarly, shrubs and herbs also did not
exhibit uniform pattern across altitudinal range of the sites.
Pant and Samant (2012) conducted quantitative phytosociological survey in the
seventeen forest tree communities in the Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary. Cedrus deodara
community was the most widely distributed followed by Quercus leucotrichophora, Abies
pindrow and Quercus semecarpifolia communities. The structural diversity revealed that
Cedrus deodara community had maximum density of trees (1468 ha-1
), seedlings (1290 ha-1
)
and saplings (1172 ha-1
), while Picea smithiana community recorded the maximum total
basal area (186.2 m). However, IVI was highest for Aesculus indica (186) and lowest for
Rhododendron arboretum (43). Rawat and Kapoor (2008) studied the phytosociological
attributes of Alnus nitida Endl. forests of Kullu valley and found a total tree density of 470
per hectare at undisturbed site, while 780 per hectare at disturbed site.
Kumar et al., (2013) while examining the ecological status of chilgoza forest in the
dry temperate forest of North west Himalaya noticed an overall low diversity of tree species
which was attributed to xericity and low temperature resulting in coverage of 80% of area by
neoza pine and rest space shared by other species. The density of chilgaza pine trees ranged
8
from 24 to 930 tree per hectare with mean of 266 individuals per hectare and average basal
area of 25.5m2 per hectare.
In a recent research on phytosociology of rhododendron community in Kullu forest,
Katoch (2014) recorded Rhododendron campanulatum as the dominant species with respect
to maximum density per hectare in Rhala and Jalori pass forests, followed by Abies pindrow
and Betula utilis at Rhala, and Quercus semecarpifolia and Salix elegans at Jalori pass
forests. However maximum basal area per hectare was found for Abies pindrow in Rhala
forest, whereas, it was Quercus semecarpifolia in Jalori-pass forest.
2.2 EFFECT OF SITE FACTORS
Rawat and Kapoor (2008), while assessing the effect of biotic disturbances on
regeneration status of Alnus nitida in Kullu valley studied the soil properties and found that
the fertility status with respect to pH, organic carbon, electric conductivity available nitrogen,
available potassium and available phosphorus of un-disturbed site was higher than the
disturbed site. Similarly, Semwal et al., (2008) found low percentage of nitrogen (0.06±0.01),
soil organic carbon (0.9±0.1), water holding capacity (67.5±8.9) and pH (6.6±0.1) in chir
pine forest under considerable biotic interference compared to mixed oak forest with nitrogen
(0.09±0.01), soil organic carbon (1.00±0.09), water holding capacity (49.9±3.4) and pH
(5.8±0.3) under moderate biotic interference. While, Yadav (1963) on the other hand found
that soil under silver fir, spruce and kharsu oak have greater degree of podozolisation at
higher altitude as compared to those dominated by ban oak and mohru oak at lower elevation.
Soil under conifers was comparatively low in pH but higher in organic matter.
Ali et al., (2009) concluded that low moisture, solar influx and thick organic matter
layer was responsible for poor regeneration of Taxus wallichiana in Kullu, Banjar and Karsog
Forest Divisions of Himachal Pradesh. The per-cent moisture, per-cent organic carbon,
available nitrogen and phosphorous showed a decreasing trend with the increase in soil depth,
while pH and Available potassium showed a reverse trend. Similar results were reported by
Lanker (2007), while working on Himalayan yew in Kotgarh, Chopal and Theog Forest
Divisions. The per-cent solar radiation decreased with the increase in crown projection ratio
at all elevation, whereas, organic matter layer increased with increase in elevation.
9
Chandra et al.,(2001), while studying the soil nutrient status of teak, sal and mixed
forest area of Madhya Pradesh, found that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium
contents were higher in surface soil of sal and mixed forest, while soil pH was lower in teak
and sal area, but increased in mixed forest area which assisted natural regeneration in the
species.
Khera et al., (2001), while working in investigation in the central Himalayan forest,
found comparatively higher number of trees and shrubs on the western aspect exhibiting
lower erosion and anthropogenic pressure. Here the pH of the soil was neutral to basic and
ranged between 7.0 to 8.4. The carbon content ranged between 0.8%- 2.3%, nitrogen 0.04% -
0.11% and available phosphorus ranged 13.4 - 24.7 ppm.
Similarly, Mahajan (2010) while, studying the site characteristics of chir pine forest
found maximum solar intensity under lower diameter classes, whereas, LAI was more in
higher diameter classes. The organic carbon in general was high and ranged between from
1.73 to 2.66, while, pH was slightly acidic and ranged between 6.52 to 6.89.
Chaturvedi and Melkania (2013) studied soil characteristics in mixed oak and pine
forest of Kumaon Himalaya and revealed that soil texture at selected sites varied from loam
to sandy loam, while pH ranged from slightly acidic to neutral. The soil organic carbon stock
however, ranged from 110.37 to 125.03 ton per hectare in non-degraded mixed oak forest site
and 43.81 to 53.47 ton per hectare at degraded mixed pine forest site. Available phosphors,
potassium and total nitrogen were also found to be higher in mixed oak forest than in pine
forest.
2.3 NATURAL REGENERATION STUDIES
Natural regeneration is the process by which woodlands are restocked by plants that
develop from seeds that fall and germinate in situ. Restocking by natural regeneration is often
unsatisfactory, frequently for unknown reasons, which underlines the need for research to
understand the reason for whole process. Thus, assessment of natural regeneration is one of
the most important aspects one has to undertake for initiating silvicultural treatments under
forest management systems in the forest crops. The main objective is therefore to assess
whether or not there is adequate regeneration (seedling or established growth) in the forest
species/area.
10
According to Singh (1992), the grazing by domestic animals has been found as the
main reason of poor oak regeneration in central Himalayan forests. Similarly, Harmer and
Gill (2000) pointed out that more than 25 per cent of seedlings were browsed each year and
that the established advance regeneration growing beneath the over-storey canopy might
survive several years of summer browsing in the broadleaved forests in the USA. Then
further observed that the presence of advance regeneration was the most reliable indicator
that natural regeneration would succeed. Where there are too few seedlings of sufficient size,
management to improve their number and growth needs to be undertaken. Broadleaved tree
seedlings of many species were unlikely to establish without protection.
Srivastava et al., (2005) on the other hand concluded that several factors such as poor
seed crop, poor water supply due to poor snow fall and melt during summer when seed
germinate, consumption by birds, rodents, monkeys, bears and lopping of trees etc. contribute
to poor regeneration in oak. Earlier Singh (2004), working on natural regeneration status of
deodar revealed that maximum regeneration occurred in PB-I with 55.4 per cent established
stocking followed by 38 per cent in PB-IV while, PB-III area was totally devoid of
regeneration. Srivastava et al., (2005) on the other hand studied the regeneration status of
mixed conifer forest along an altitudinal gradient in Garhwal Himalaya and revealed that
saplings and seedlings of Quercus leucotrichophora were dominant on all the altitudes,
except 1800m to 2000m altitude where seedlings and saplings of Cupressus torulosa were
dominant.
Taylor et al., (2006), while studying the old forest of Wang Lang Natural Reserve in
southwest China reported the presence of wide range of age-classes in Picea purpurea trees
indicating a pattern of intermittent regeneration in each stand for at least 500 years. Betula
spp. and P. purpurea preferred different seed-beds than A. faxoniana for establishment and
regeneration of A. faxoniana, especially Betula utilis being associated with gaps. Natural
regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea alba) and Silver fir (Abies alba) was clumped and
located at the margin of the gaps but fir saplings were more represented in understory and
less in gaps as compared to spruce (Grassi et al., 2004). Majority of saplings (established)
was already present as the gap formation was predominant.
11
Gupta (2007), studying regeneration in PB-I fir forests in Kullu, Kotgarh and Rajgarh
forest divisions revealed that overall regeneration was better in Kullu (91.68%), followed by
Kotgarh (74.69%) and Rajgarh (72.47%) forests. Among trees, Picea smithiana showed
highest established stocking at Kotgarh (19.13%) followed by Kullu (17.25%) and Rajgarh
(17.24%) forests.
Dhaulkhandi et al., (2008) on the other hand, studied the regeneration potential of
natural forests of Gangotri region. In the seedling stage, maximum number was observed for
Pinus wallichiana (1080 seedling ha-1
) followed by Picea smithiana (1040 seedling ha-1
)
which was recorded just after in sapling stage, because it showed more survival rate of Picea
smithiana (600 sapling ha-1
) as compared to Pinus wallichiana (520 sapling ha-1
). As far as
regeneration status was concerned, 71.4 per cent species showed good regeneration, 14.3 per
cent species were facing the problem of poor regeneration whereas, only 14.3 per cent species
were not regenerating.
Similarly, Semwal et al., (2008) studied the regeneration status of different forest
types in Garhwal region and revealed that tree density showed strong correlations with the
densities of seedlings and pole. Out of the twenty tree species present, chir pine demonstrated
good regeneration (110 seedlings, 93.3 saplings and 136.7 poles) with respect to conversion
of seedling to pole stage, followed by ban oak, while other tree species had poor or no
regeneration.
Ali et al., (2009) while working on the regeneration of Taxus wallichiana, noticed a
decreasing trend in number of seedlings of yew and its associated species with increase in
elevation in Kullu, Banjar and Karsog forest divisions. Poor regeneration of Himalayan yew
was attributed to combined effect of site factors like low moisture, poor solar influx and thick
layer of organic matter. On the other hand, Lanker (2007) found maximum number of recruits
in Himalayan yew and established stocking per cent for associate species in upper elevation
as compared to lower elevation of Baggi and Sidhpur forest. Koop (1991), recommended the
fencing and opening up the canopy for adequate light to ensure vigorous natural regeneration
of yew.
Pant and Samant (2012), while studying forest communities in Khokhan Wildlife
Sanctuary concluded that eight communities exhibit maximum regeneration of the dominant
species, six showed maximum regeneration of co-dominant species, indicating the possibility
12
of at least partial replacement of the dominant species by the co-dominant species in future.
However, three communities showed poor or no regeneration of the dominant species
indicating a total replacement of the dominants in the coming years. On the other hand,
Rawat and Kapoor (2008), analysed the effect of biotic disturbances on the natural
regeneration of Alnus nitida Endl. in the Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh and found
maximum density of saplings (950/ha) and seedlings (1620/ha) on the undisturbed site, while
low density of saplings (40/ha) and seedlings (190/ha) at the disturbed site, reflected poor
regeneration status of the fast growing species.
Pinus gerardiana, the edible nut yielding species considered to be critically
endangered in North-west Himalayan region due to poor natural regeneration (15%) and
therefore facing risk of extinction due to high biotic pressure has been concluded by Malik, et
al. (2012). Besides, the species has erratic and infrequent seed years and dormancy related
problems which also prevented its regeneration in natural habitat (Malik and Shamet 2008;
Malik et al., 2008). Even though some seedlings appeared under the protection of some
thorny bushes, most were exposed to the harsh edaphoclimatic condition of sandy, shallow,
dry soil, dry wind, and intense solar radiation in the region (Singh et al., 1973).
Jamoh (2014), while studying the natural regeneration of Qak forest in Solan division
of Himachal Pradesh, revealed maximum regeneration of recruits (803 ha-1
) in ban oak + chir
forest, unestablished plants (2053.57 ha-1
) in pure oak and established plants (1517.86 ha-1
) in
ban oak + Deodar forest. However, the maximum height of the unestablished plants (885 cm)
was recorded in ban oak + chir forest. The overall per-cent regeneration success was ban oak
+ deodar (79.46%) > pure ban (70.56%) > ban oak + chir (50.89%) > ban + other
broadleaved species (40.18%) in different forests. Better regeneration success in oak + deodar
was attributed to low thickness of humus and good fertility status of forest soil.
Katoch (2014), in an attempt to understand the ecological and regeneration status of
endangered pink rhododendron (the state plant of Himachal Pradesh) in the Kullu Circle,
reported the highest regeneration success of Rhododendron campanulatum in Rhala and
Jalori pass bearing forest giving a value of 56 per-cent and 29.33 per-cent respectively.
However maximum recruits per hectare (555.67 ha-1
) was recorded for Abies pindrow in
Rhala forest, while unestablished and established seedlings were high for Rhododendron
campanulatum in Rhala forest.
13
2.4 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION TREATMENTS
Stratification is the method employed to break dormancy of seeds and to ensure
uniform and quick germination in forest species (Donald, 1980). The length of clod
stratification period required for dormancy release largely depends on the extent of dormancy
(Baskin and Baskin, 2001 and Wang, 2006) and varies among populations from different
elevation. The hazelnuts have high degree of dormancy which prevents seed to germinate
even when provided with favorable environment. Working on Corylus colurna, Nautiyal
(1993) concluded that hard nut alone was not the only factor for failure of germination in the
species. Seeds of Corylus colurna possess innate dormancy which can be overcome by GA3
treatment or by stratification. The stratification is known to remove the block to gibberellin
biosynthesis which begins when the nuts experience comparatively higher temperatures.
Several studies in recent past have shown that gibberellin is an effective germination
stimulator (Thompson et al., 1996; Juntilla, 1972). Krawiarza and Scezotka (2005) concluded
that release a physiological process and embryo axes cell start dividind only after dreaking
dormancy.
Li and Rosst (1990) suggested that dormancy in Corylus avellana L. (hazel) could be
broken by a sustained period of cold stratification which trigger both cytological and
metabolic changes in the seeds of the species. Starch was present initially at a low level but
increased by 20 per cent in the embryonic axes of hazel seeds during stratification at 50C,
while it decreased rapidly and then remained constant in the embryonic axes in seeds kept at
200C. Cold stratification resulted in an increase in starch content, which was probably as a
result of gluconeogenesis from products of reserve lipid hydrolysis. Hazel seed stores mainly
lipid and protein, with only trace amounts of carbohydrate reserves.
Phartyal et al., (2003) carried out stratification studies in seeds of Ulmus wallichiana
to know the effect of varying temperatures (200-50
0C) and three level of relative humidity
(16.2, 51.4 and 85.3%). The results concluded that 16.2 per cent relative humidity and 200C
temperature resulted in prolonged viability of seeds and better germination success in the
species.
Gautam and Bhardwaj (2006) studied the effect of stratification on germination
behavior of Quercus leucotrichophora under varying durations and media mixtures. It was
14
revealed that seeds stratified for 75 days in sand + FYM + forest soil (2:2:1) proved best with
highest germination parameters under both nursery and laboratory conditions.
Similarly, Cicek and Tilki (2007) studied the effect of temperature and light on the
germination behavior of Ulmus minor, U glabra and U laevis seeds. It was observed that 25
and 30/200 C under light induced the highest GP (>95%) and PV (>23) values in U minor.
The temperatures of 25/150
and 30/200 C produced the highest GP (>89%) in U glabra, while
light did not significantly affect GP. However, germination percentage of Ulmus laevis was
not affected by temperature and light, but the alternating temperature of 30/200
C produced
highest germination rate under darkness.
Tylkowski (2007) on the other hand, studied the stratification conditions required for
seed dormancy release of european bladder nut (Staphylea pinnata L.). Out of the eight
thermal stratifications, seed dormancy release was found highest after application of warm-
followed-by-cold stratification, first 4-6 weeks at temperature of 150C or cyclically
alternating temperature of 10~200C (24 + 24 h/cycle), followed by 16-18 weeks at 3
0C.
Seeds germinated at 30C with the same rate as at cyclically alternating temperature of 3~15
(16 +18 h/day). Drying nuts at room temperature to 11 per cent during the warm phase (after
2 or 4 weeks) and further stratification lead to increase in seed germinability.
Similarly, Malik et al., (2009) conducted studies on Pinus gerardiana seeds,
subjecting them to six stratification periods, four stratification temperatures and three
gibberellic acid treatments to determine the effect on germinability and seedling growth. The
result revealed that maximum germination occurred when stratification was done as outdoor
pit at 4±0C for 45 days for laboratory condition. However, under nursery condition, 60 days
stratification at 4±0C followed by soaking in 400ppm GA3 produced significantly best
seedling growth in the species.
Aygun et al., (2009) studied the effect of some pre sowing treatment for fast and
uniform germination of Turkish hazel nut. The nuts were treated with different conc of GA3
(0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), scarification with acid for 2hrs, shell splitting and
stratification in moist peat at 40C for 100, 110 and 120 days. While acid scarification, shell
splitting, and 100 and 110 days stratification did not result in any germination, all the GA3
treatments resulted in higher germination than that of control (0 ppm). Germination increased
15
as GA3 concentration increased but higher concentration had a negative effect on germination
i.e, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 400 ppm GA3 resulted in 41.3, 67.6, 92.1, 100.0, 84.7, 56.0
and 61.6 per cent germination respectively in the seeds.
Singh et al., (2010) on the other hand, investigated the effect of plant growth
substances (GA3, Kinetin) on the germinability Rhododendron niveum and indicated that all
concentrations of GA3 had higher germination and incresased seedling vigour over that of
control, with highest concentration (250 µM) being the was most effective. Under combined
effect maximum germination of 63.67% was obtained when the seeds was soaked in GA3 +
BAP (25 µM each) solution for 24 hour and incubation at 210
C in 16 hour light photoperiod.
Similarly, Kumar et al., (2013) studied the effect of pre-sowing seed treatments on
germinability of Pinus gerardiana and concluded that the treatment with 100ppm GA3
proved to be the most effective pre-sowing treatment with respect to germination (60.83%)
germination capacity (68.33%) and germination energy (44.17%). Farhadi et al., (2013) on
the other hand worked on the pre-sowing treatment of Acer velutinum and recommended cold
moist stratification of seeds for 16 weeks as the best pre-germination treatment for breaking
the dormancy. Earlier, Phartyal et al., (2003) had recommended the use of prolonged cold
stratification of 50
C for 20-28 weeks as the most effective treatment to overcome the deep
physiological dormancy in A. caesium.
Similarly, Katoch (2014) found the significant effect of stratification period and
temperature on germination behavior of Rhododendron campanulatum recording a maximum
germination per cent (78.67%), germination value (8.19) and germination index (2.51) in the
species when seeds were stratified for three weeks at room temperature.
Fetouh and Hassan (2014) reported similar results and suggested that increasing cold
stratification period enhanced germination parameters as well as seedling characteristics of
Magnolia grandiflora L. The most effective stratification period was found to be 90 days of
cold stratification followed by 120 days cold stratification treatment. Secu (2013) on the other
hand, revealed that fruits of Melia composita stratified at 00
C for four weeks provided
significantly better germination (67.78 %), seedling height (123.42 cm), collar diameter
(16.36 mm) and dry seedling weight (61.46 g) in the species.
16
Similarly, Kumar (2014) concluded that cold moist stratification of Acer acuminatum
and A. caseium seeds significantly enhanced germinability and seedling growth parameters in
the species. However, 60 days stratification at 3± 10C followed by 200 ppm GA3 treatment
provided significantly superior germinability in A. acuminatum, while for A. caseium, the
seeds stratified for eight weeks exhibited significantly maximum success.
2.5 BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF SEEDS
Biochemical changes occurring in the seeds play an important role in germination
process and growth of seedlings under natural/artificial treatments in forest species (Rediske,
1961; Edward, Blanche et al., 1990; Jones and Gosling, 1994; 1980; Sharma, 2003 and
Kumar, 2014). The determination of biochemical indicators is no doubt a time consuming,
requiring special laboratory techniques, yet it is considered to be more reliable and authentic
than the methods based upon visual observations. Most studies have been focused on
chemical components that remain relatively stable during the ripening and then undergo
significant changes in concentration as maturity is attained (Edwards, 1980). As seeds
matures, complex carbohydrates, lipids, oils and proteins usually accumulate and form the
major food reserve in many tree species. Lawrence and Rediske (1962) concluded that in
Pseudotsuga menziesii seeds with a reducing sugar level of 22 mg/g during ripening process
the same fall to 13 mg/g as the seed gets matured.
Hazel seed store mainly lipid and protein, with only traces of carbohydrate reserves.
Electron microscopy has suggested that there was parallel loss of lipids and increase in
transitory starch fraction in the embryonic axes of seeds during stratification (Younis, 1982).
Similarly Li and Rosst (1990) found significant increase in total lipase and isocitrate lyase
activities in both embryonic axes and cotyledons of seeds of Corylus avellana stratified at
50C, whereas the activities remained consistently low in those held at 20
0C.
Blanche et al., (1990) on the other hand observed that starch content declined slowly
in Quercus nigra with the aging although there was no definite pattern of change in contents
in Albizia zygia i.e. 40.46 per cent. Kumar and Toky (1994) analyzed the seeds of Albizia
lebbek of North and South India and found that carbohydrates and starch contents were more
in North India seeds as compared to that of South India.
17
Uniyal and Nautiyal (1995) studied the physical and biochemical changes occurring
in seeds of Albizia lebbek and found that at the onset of hard seededness, the carbohydrates
contents declined whereas, starch and proteins content showed an increasing trend. Earlier,
Bonner in 1973 had observed that carbohydrates formed the main food reserve of about 27
per-cent in seeds of Fraximus pennsylvanica, while crude fat constituted only 10 per cent.
Mitrovic et al., (1997), while studying the biochemical changes of Corylus colurna,
reported that protein content varied from 16.0 to 18.0 per-cent. Average oils content was
56.97 per-cent and ranged from 49.14-65.15 per-cent. Hazelnut fruit was reported to contain
higher mineral matter content (2.39 %). Similar other findings by Mitrovic et al., (2001),
while studying the biochemical status of six hazel biotypes of Sirbia reported that all the
selections were high in protein (16.4%) and oil content (average 56.2 %).
Gautam et al., (2005), on the other hand studied the biochemical contents of different
seed stands of chir pine in Himachal Pradesh and concluded that oil content, acid value,
saponification value, total sugar; total phenol and soluble proteins were different among
different seed stand. While, Dogra (2003) working with the biochemical status of fir and
spruce seeds reported that sugar, reducing sugar and soluble proteins increased steadily upto
60 days of wet or dry stratification and thereafter all the biochemical contents revealed a
declining trend.
Similarly, Kumar (1995) found that at highest germinability stage the seeds of Acer
oblongum contained biochemical constituents of 5.27 mg/g total sugar, 1.21 mg/g reducing
sugar, 3.85 mg/g non-reducing sugar, 10.26 mg/g starch, 3.86 mg/g total phenols, 4.33 mg/g
soluble protein and 2.21 mg/g total amino acids on dry weight basis. On the other hand,
Sharma (2003), while studying the effect of biochemicals on germination of Santalum album
concluded that sandalwood fruit collection be initiated when the content of total sugar and
protein fall to the range of 156.00 - 192.30 mg g-1
and 129.00 - 153.00 mg g-1
respectively,
while specific gravity and moisture content of the fruit should range between 0.96 - 1.09
g/cc and 31.95–37.49 per cent respectively.
Similarly, Han et al., (2006) noticed increased soluble protein, and declining soluble
starch contents in seeds of Corylus avellana during storage. Kumar (2008), while studying
the physio-biochemical contents of fresh deodar seeds revealed moisture content, total sugar,
18
reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total phenol were 22.0, 8.50, 1.68, 6.60 and 11.70
per cent and 39.50 mg/g respectively. However, Mehta (1999) while working on Albizia
chinensis reported total sugar (14.13mg g-1
), reducing sugar content of (1.74 mg g-1
) and
non-reducing sugar (12.59 mg g-1
) of freshly harvested seeds.
Satyanarayana et al., (2011) studying Sterculia urens seeds revealed that total
reducing sugar levels increased from 0 day (1.90 mg/g) up to 6th day (2.86 mg/g) of
germination and thereafter showed a decreasing trend. This might be due to mobilization and
hydrolysis of seed polysaccharides during seed germination. Further, a decrease in storage
carbohydrates and an increase in total soluble and reducing sugars up to 6th day of seed
germination might be due to requirement of energy by growing plant during initial stage of
seed germination. According to Bemfeld (1962) polysaccharides were hydrolysed by
amylases which might be responsible the increasing total reducing sugar levels in cotyledons
during initial stage of seed germination.
Kumar et al., (2013) on the other hand worked on the maturity indices of neoza pine
seed and determined different biochemical parameters like total sugar (96.27 mg/g),
reducing sugar (20.20 mg/g), non-reducing sugar (72.27 mg/g) and total phenol (36.62
mg/g) at the time of seed collection. Earlier, Malik (2007) had reported significantly higher
values of biochemical parameters like total sugar (8.21 %), reducing sugar (2.32 %), non-
reducing sugar (5.59 %) and soluble protein (15.88 %) when chilgoza seeds were kept for
stratification for 60 days as out-door pit (16.50/4.5
0C).
2.6 CUTTAGE PROPAGATION
Vegetative propagation entails formation of new independent plants from a piece of
parent part or tissue, which may occur in several ways of cutting, grafting, budding, layers or
tissue culture etc. The method is largely employed to get superior clone and uniformity of
planting stock for raising forest crop for higher production and management strategy. Rao
(1953) examined a number of hardwood and softwood species of different families and
concluded that certain families possessed remarkable properties of vegetative propagation,
although by no mean all genera or species of each family behave in similar manner.
Vegetative propagation is easier with young trees, but becomes more difficult as tree ages
19
(Harting, 1986; Hackett, 1988 and Steele et al., 1990) and Henry et al., (1992) also indicated
that the increased tree age reduced rooting capacity in stem cuttings of eastern red cedar.
Schroeder and Walker (1991) studied the effect of cutting portion on rooting of two
poplar clones and found that both clones rooted best with the basal portion of the lateral
shoots as compared to the apical portion. Similarly, Yamdagni and Sen (1973) reported that
the variation in root production in cuttings from different portions of shoot are often observed
with higher success rate in the lower than the upper portion. The rooting potential of cuttings
is influenced by many internal and external factors. The internal factors include; nature of
species, maturation stage of donor, position of cutting, the size of cutting and time of
collection (Nautiyal et al., 2007).
Shamet and Khosla (1996), with an aim to propagate Cedrus deodara vegetatively
succeeded in achieving a maximum 50 per cent rooting when cuttings from 4 year old stock
were treated with 10,000ppm NAA formulation in activated charcoal during the rainy season.
They also obtained 83.3 per cent success in case of air layering when 15-20 year old trees at
Chhachpur were treated with 0.75% IBA+ 0.25% NAA + 10 per cent sucrose and chlorogenic
acid during May. However, Shamet and Bhardwaj (2001) reported maximum rooting of 70
per cent under the mist condition when deodar cuttings were treated with powdered
formulation of 10,000ppm IBA. Similarly, cutting treated with IBA (2500, 5000 ppm) and
NAA (2500 ppm) solution gave good results in deodar but the best rooting success was
observed with 5000 ppm of IBA dip (Nicholson, 1984).
Bhardwaj and Mishra (1996) working on Acer oblongum observed that cuttings
planted in rainy reason had a higher sugar and C/N ratio resulting in better rooting
performance in the species. Cuttings treated with 0.6% IBA + 0.2% p-HBA + 5 % sucrose +
5 % captan-talc recorded maximum rooting of 40.99 per cent in the species. Uppal and
Khosla (1996), while working with Viburnum nervosum, Desmodium tiliaefolium and Vitex
negundo concluded that cuttings collected during monsoon exhibit best sprouting and rooting
results in all aforesaid species. Similarly, Naveen (2002) reported better sprouting and rooting
success in Hippophae rhamnoides in August which were planted in March (spring).
Shamet (2000) investigated the role of auxin formulations on the rooting behavior of
seedling origin cuttings in Pinus roxburghii and noted significantly high rooting of 71.4 per
20
cent and 61 per cent when treated with auxin formulation and struck in summer (May) and
rainy season (July) respectively. Earlier, Kanwar et al., (1996), while working with
propagation of Ulmus laevigata through stem cuttings, recorded maximum rooting (63.3%)
when cutting prepared from basal portions were treated with 1.5 per cent IBA formulation
during winter.
Kaundal and Shamet (2002), on the other hand found that the cuttings of deodar when
planted in February–March reported better bud activity, callusing and rooting success than
those planted during July-August month. Cutting of terminal type from deodar saplings
produced better rooting success during March. Application of NAA formulation (0.75
NAA% + 10% sucrose + 10% captan) to the girdled cuttings of seedling donors gave
maximum of 56.67% rooting in February–March.
Similarly, Shamet and Naveen (2005) carried out investigation on rooting behavior of
Celtis australis with respect to donor stage, pre-conditioning (girdling), cuttings portion and
auxin treatments. The cuttings taken in rainy season (July) from tree donors performed
remarkably better than those taken in spring and pole stage. Similarly, sub-apical and the
girdled cuttings resulted in significantly superior rooting and root quality as compared to the
apical and non-girdled ones. Kumar and Shamet (2002) reported similar observations and
suggested that girdled and lower portion cuttings produced significantly higher rooting than
non-girdled and upper portion cuttings of Himalayan yew.
Luna and Kumar (2006) on the other hand studied the effect of 1000, 2000, 3000 ppm
each of IBA, IAA and NAA on the rooting ability, sprouting percentage, and length of roots
in juvenile shoot cuttings of Melia composita under intermittent mist. Application of IBA
3000ppm produced the best results giving 57.14 per-cent rooting, 3.92 roots per rooted
cutting and 4.31cm mean root length in the cuttings.
Similarly, Kanwar and Bakshi (2010) carried out rooting studies in Dalbergia sissoo,
cuttings treated with three auxins i.e. IBA, NAA and IAA each with conc of 1000, 2000 and
4000ppm as dry dip under mist chamber. Maximum rooting (76.6%), sprouting and survival
performance was obtained when cuttings were treated with IBA 4000ppm.
21
Working with Corylus colurna, Srivastava et al., (2010) obtained maximum rooting
of 18 per cent for root suckers, followed by basal shoot (15%), when treated with 3000ppm of
IBA. Earlier, Soylu and Erturk (1979) studied some factors affecting the rooting of filbert
hardwood cuttings and found no significant relationship between the chemical composition of
bark tissue and base cut on the rooting ability. Maximum rooting of 6.7 per cent was
observed with one year old cuttings in both heated and non-heated medium at 4000 and
6000ppm IBA concentration. Two year old cuttings however, gave higher results with 13.3
per cent success when treated with 8000ppm IBA.
Similarly, Thakur et al., (2011), while working with the propagation of neoza pine in
district Kinnaur observed that cuttings of seedling donors and girdled ones produced
significantly better rooting of 36 per cent (1% IBA + 10% captan + 10% sucrose-talc) during
April as compared to results obtained from pole/tree stages. In case of air layering,
application of 0.75% IBA + 10% captan + 10% sucrose-talc during June proved most
effective, resulting in 43.33 per cent rooting.
In order to meet the increasing market demand of Magnolia grandiflora L., Fang et
al., (2011) carried out propagation studies with IBA and NAA in March, June, August and
November and concluded that cuttings collected in November produced highest 70.8 per cent
of rooting. Cuttings collected in June rooted upto 40.6 per cent, while less than 21.9 per cent
of rooting was observed from the cuttings collected in March and August.
Asexual propagation of Ilex rotunda was investigated by Tian et al., (2011) who and
reported a maximum of 79.7 per cent rooting success in October, which was significantly
higher than those collected in March (42.5%) and May (38.6%). Similarly, rooting quality, as
indicated by number of roots and mean root length, was significantly better when cuttings
were collected in October. The rooting was highest (83.3%) under the treatment of
Hormodin-1, a formulation based on indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) i.e. 1000 mg/L.
Similarly, Kumari (2012) found the application IBA- formulation as most effective
treatment while working with cuttage propagation Myrica nagi for all the parameters i.e.,
sprouting per cent (70%), rooting per cent (23.33%), survival per cent (16.67%) and root
length (6.77cm). However, NAA formulation (0.5% NAA + 5% captan + 5% sucrose) was
the most effective treatment for air layering.
22
Kumar (2014) on the other hand, carried out investigation on rooting behavior of Acer
acuminatum and A. caseium with respect to pre-conditioning (girdling) and auxin treatments.
The cuttings of A. acuminatum taken in spring recorded maximum sprouting (59.52) and
rooting (30.36 %) success when treated with 0.75 per cent IBA formulation.
Chapter-3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The investigations entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural regeneration
status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh”
was carried out in Hazel bearing forests of Theog (Shimla district) and Pangi (Chamba
district) Forest Divisions of Himachal Pradesh and in the laboratory and Experimental farm
of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of
Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan during year 2011-2013. Details about experimental
site, materials used and methodology adopted during the course of study period are described
in this chapter.
3.1 STUDY AREA
3.1.1 Theog Forest Division
A part of the study site and natural regeneration was carried out in the hazel bearing
Pattidhank and Gajta forests of Theog Forest Division (North Latitude 300
56' 55" and 31
0-
17' 5" and East Longitude 77
0 16' 10" and 77
0 37' 32").The area is situated to the West of
Shimla, and comes under Shimla Forest circle of Himachal Pradesh State Forest Department.
The entire tract is mountainous with slopes varying from moderate to steep and at places
precipitous, particularly in the northern portion viz., Shalli Dhar and Southern Chambi Dhār.
The climate of Pattidhank and Gajta is mostly temperate. Generally heavy snowfall occurs in
the forest during winter months (Nov-April), while summer (May-June) is moderately warm.
3.1.2 Pangi Forest Division
The other part of the site and natural regeneration studies was carried in Pangi Forest
Division (North Latitude 32o48' and 33
o13' and East Longitude 76
o15' and 76
o47') situated in
North-eastern part of the Chamba with Pir Panjal in the north and Zanskar on the north
western direction. The area is mountainous with slopes ranging from moderate to precipitous.
The climate is temperate to semi-arctic, with severe winters, while heavy snowfall and
frequent avalanches are prominent features.
24
3.1.3 Experimental farm and Nursery site
The experiments pertaining to nursery techniques were conducted in Mazgaon nursery
and laboratories of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, located 300
51' North
latitude and 760
11' East longitude at an elevation of about 1250 m above mean sea level. The
University campus lies 14 km south east of Solan town of the Himachal Pradesh on Solan-
Rajgarh road. The area is characterized by sub-tropical to sub-temperate climate with annual
rainfall of 858 mm to 1465 mm. Most of the rains are however received during the months of
July and August. Winter showers are common, frost occurs recurrently from December to
February, while snows are rare. December and January are the coldest months while May and
June form the hottest months (Appendix I).
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 Experiment 1: Study of the site characteristics and natural regeneration status of
Corylus colurna.
3.2.1.1 Selection of study sites
The selection of the sites was done on the basis of presence of Corylus colurna
trees/stand in the two forest divisions for the study purpose (Plate-1). The following sites
were selected in each of the two forest divisions.
Pangi Forest Division (Chamba Forest Circle)
� Sach Forest Range:
i. Sali forest
ii. Mindal forest
Theog Forest Division (Shimla Forest Circle)
� Kotkhai Forest Range
i. Pattidhank forest
ii. Gajta forest
3.2.1.2 Phytosociological studies
The study on site characteristics (vegetation and edaphic) was carried out to
understand the community structure and the biodiversity of the hazel bearing forests. The
size and minimum number of quadrats required to be studied were determined following
25
Species Area curve method (Mihsra, 1968). The phytosociological studies were carried out
by laying out eight main random quadrats of the size 25m x 20m per Range covering all
possible aspects and elevations. The observations on trees were recorded in main sample
plots, while for shrubs, four plots of 5m x 5m were laid out in each tree sample plot. The
various ecological parameters were determined from the basic data viz., number,
girth/diameter, height, and basal area collected for various plant communities, using standard
formulae (Raunkiaer, 1934; Mishra, 1968 and Menon and Balasubramanyan, 1985). The
vegetational data were quantitatively analyzed for density, Per cent frequency and
Abundance. (Curtis and Mc Intosh, 1950). Relative frequency, Relative density and Relative
dominance were determined following Phillips (1959), while Importance Value Index (IVI)
was calculated following Misra (1968).
Density (D)
It represents the numerical strength of species in a community calculated as:
Density (D) = Total number of individuals
Total number of quadrates studied
Percent Frequency (%F)
It is the indicator of number of samples in which the given species occurs, thus
expresses the distribution of various species in the community.
Percent
frequency (%)
=
Number of sampling units in which the
species occurs
X
100 Number of sampling units studied
Abundance (A)
Abundance (A)
=
Number of individuals of a species
Number of sampling units of occurrence
Basal Area
It refers to the ground area actually covered by the stems and calculated by using
following relation
Basal area: = πd2/4 or g
2/4π
Where
d – Diameter
g – Girth
26
Relative Density, Relative Frequency and Relative Basal Area
These parameters were obtained from the per cent frequency, density and basal area
according to procedure given by Phillips (1959).
Relative basal area
(RBA) =
Total basal area of the species X 100
Total basal area of all the species
Relative density
(RD) =
No. of individuals of the species X 100
No. of individuals of all species
Relative frequency
(RF) =
No. of occurrence of the species X 100
No. of occurrence of all species
Importance Value Index (IVI)
To express the dominance and ecological success of any species, with a single value,
the concept of important value index has been developed. The IVI, which is an integrated
measure of the relative frequency, relative density and relative basal area, was calculated for
all species of trees and shrubs separately for different sites in study areas of the two forest
divisions.
IVI = Relative Basal Area (RBA) + Relative Density (RD) + Relative Frequency (RF)
Shannon-Wiener index for diversity
The species diversity index was computed using the Shannon-Wiener information
function (Shannon-Wiener, 1963)
H � is Shannon-Wiener index of the species diversity, Ni is total density for the ith
species and
N is total density of all the species in the stand.
Estimation of stand characteristics
Identification of main species and its associates
All the trees falling under each sample plot were identified before going for further
estimations.
H�= �� ���
�
��� log2
���
27
Individual tree measurement
Trees falling in each sample plot were enumerated to determine the stand density as
number of plants per hectare.
Diameter at breast height
The mean of two diameter measurements of each stem over bark was taken at right
angles to each other at 1.37 m above ground level with the help of tree calliper.
Tree height
Total height of standing tree is the straight line distance from the tip of the leading
shoot to the ground level, usually measured on slopes from the uphill side of the tree
(Chaturvedi and Khanna, 1982). The height of the tree was measured with the help of Ravi
multimeter as well as Spiegel Relaskop and expressed in meters.
Crown width
The crown width was measured in two directions (North-South and East-West) and
average calculated as suggested by Assmann (1970) and Chaturvedi and Khanna (1982).
CW = D1 + D2
2
Where:
CW - Crown width (m)
D1 - First measured crown diameter (m)
D2 - Second measured crown diameter at right angle to the
firstmeasurement (m)
Crown projection ratio
It is the ratio which states that by how many times the crown diameter is larger than
the stem diameter (Assmann, 1970).
Crown project ratio = b/d
Where
b - Crown width
d - Stem diameter
28
Crown Basal Area
It refers to the ground area actually covered by the crown and calculated by using
following relation
Basal area: = πd2/4 or g
2/4π
Where
d – Diameter
g – Girth
3.2.1.3 Regeneration survey
The goal of the regeneration survey is to assess the impacts of past management
practices that prescribes the stocking, density and composition of present or future stand for
an area and sine qua non for the forest management. The sufficiency of regeneration is
judged on the basis of number of established plants in a unit area. According to Chacko
(1965), desired number of established plants is 2500 per hectare and the quadrat is considered
fully stocked when it contained at least one established plant. Observations on regeneration
were made in hazel bearing forest of Pangi and Theog forest divisions with a recording unit
(quadrat) size of 2m x 2m (4 sq m).The regeneration survey was carried out in all the major
sample plots of 25m x 20m (500 sq m) in which forty quadrates of size 2m x 2m were laid
out on each site.
The survey was conducted for recruits (defined as current years seedlings),
unestablished regeneration (plants other than recruits which has not yet established and the
height was less than 2 m); here four unestablished plants were taken equivalent to one
established plant and established regeneration having height of more than 2 m.
Data recording
The regeneration data for Corylus colurna and associated species was collected on the
basis of number of individuals occurring at recruit, unestablished and established stage in
each quadrate. The height of unestablished plants was also measured for the assessment of
regeneration (Champion, 1935).
Regeneration assessment
The data thus collected was analyzed using the formulae given by Chacko (1965) as
follows:
29
∑ u i / m n
i=1 2500
∑ e i / m n
i=1 2500
∑ r i / m n
i=1 2500 Recruits (r) /ha =
Unestablished regeneration (u)/ha =
Established regeneration (e)/ha =
Where
n – Number of sampling units
m – Total number of recording units in survey
ri – Total number of recruits in each sampling unit
ui – Total number of unestablished plants in each sampling unit
ei – Total number of established plants in each sampling unit
Weighted average height (m)
=
Total height of unestablished regeneration +
(Number of established plants x establishment
height)
Total unestablished plants + total established
plants
On the basis of above estimates, following indices were calculated:
Establishment index (I1) = Weighted average height
Establishment height
Stocking index (I2)
=
1/2500
X
Unestablished
regeneration/ha
+
Established
regeneration/ ha
4
Established stocking per cent = 100 (I1 x I2)
Regeneration success (%) = Stocking index (I2) X 100
3.2.1.4 Site factors
The following site factors were accessed to understand influence on regeneration and
growth of hazelnut.
Solar influx
Light illumination was recorded by digital luxmeter under and outside the hazelnut
canopy in selected forest sites at various elevations separately during day time and the value
in percentage of light intensity under canopy to that in the open was calculated as under (Rao,
1998).
30
Solar influx (%) = Total solar radiation beneath the canopy
X 100 Total solar radiation in open
Soil studies
Soil samples
Soil characteristics of the site were studied by collecting four soil samples at 0-15cm
depth from the forest floor in moisture boxes from both the selected forest divisions. These
samples were then mixed to form composite soil sample was taken from each site making a
total of two soil samples per forest Range. The fresh weight and oven dry weight were taken
for these soil samples to determine soil moisture. The air dry composite samples were
properly labelled and stored in polythene bags for their subsequent analysis.
Soil analysis
Soil samples were analysed in laboratory for different physico-chemical properties:
Physical properties
Per cent soil moisture
It was obtained by using the formula
Per-cent moisture = Weight of moist soil – oven dry weight
X 100 oven dry weight
Organic matter layer
It was measured as depth of the column from top of humus layer to the point under
humus where soil exists.
Chemical properties
Table 1. Physio-chemical characteristics of soil and method used for estimation
Nutrients Method Employed
Available N (kg ha-1
) Alkaline Potassium permanganate method (Subbiah and
Asija, 1956).
Available P (Kg ha-1
) Extraction with 0.05 M NaHCO3 (Olsen et al., 1954).
Available K (Kg ha-1
) Determined by flame photometer method.
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil pH
Determined by wet digestion method of Walkley and
Black’s Method (1954).
Determined by 1:2.5 water suspensions method (Jackson,
1973).
31
Seed Source
Fresh hazelnut seeds were collected from the Pangi Forest Division during Oct - Nov
of year 2011 and 2012. The fresh seeds were packed in gunny bags and transported to
University campus for laboratory and nursery studies.
3.2.2 Experiment 2: To study the effect of stratification period and temperature with
and without GA3 treatments on germination and seedling growth of Corylus
colurna
Stratification is one of the most commonly used methods to break dormancy in
temperate species that are difficult to germinate. It can be done in different ways of
stratifying media under different temperatures, conditions (moist and dry) and usually last for
upto several days/months. In this experiment, however, the following stratification treatments
were given:
Stratification periods:
The stratification was done for five different durations as listed below:
a) Stratification period: 5
P1 : 0 days
P2 : 20 days
P3 : 40 days
P4 : 60 days
P5 : 80 days
Stratification temperature: The following stratification temperatures were tested:
b) Stratification temperature: 4
T1 : Room temperature
T2 : Out-door pit (12.210C)
T3 : 40
± 10C
T4 : 00
± 10C
GA3 treatment: The following GA3 treatments were given to seeds:
c) GA3 treatments: 3
G1 : Control (Water only)
G2 : 100ppm
G3 : 200ppm
32
Replications : 3
Total number of treatments : 60
Number per treatment : 20
Design : CRD (Factorial)
The seeds were stratified by keeping them in moist sterilized sand for the entire
period. From December 2011 and 2012 onwards, each five batches of seeds were placed for
stratification for 80, 60, 40, 20, and 0 days in moist sand substrate and at four different
temperature condition taken accordingly so that seeds experienced the desired period of
stratification. The optimum substrate moisture content was tested manually by squeezing in
hand as approximately a single drop of water should leak between the figures (Gorden and
Rowe, 1982 and Surzka et al., 1996).
The gibberellic acid treatment was given as 24hr soak in the beaker prior to actual
sowing in germinator. However, before gibberellic acid (GA3) pretreatment 20 stratified
seeds per treatment were also kept for biochemical analysis. The germination study was
carried out by placing the seeds in germinator at 22±1oC. The observations on germination of
seeds were recorded daily upto 28 days after the emergence of first radical from seed.
The experiment thus, comprised of 60 treatments each replicated thrice in completely
randomized design (factorial) under laboratory condition during Feb 2011 and 2012 each.
Observations recorded: The following observations were recorded during the course of
investigation.
a) Germination studies
• Germination per cent
• Germination capacity
• Germination energy
• Germination value
• Germination index
b) Biochemical studies
• Total sugar
• Reducing sugar
33
• Non-reducing sugar
• Total starch
• Soluble protein
• Moisture content
3.2.3 Experiment 3: Effect of stratification medium, temperature condition (alternate
warm and cold temperature) and GA3 treatments on germinability and seedling
growth of Corylus colurna
Stratification medium: The following germination mediums was used:
i. Naked (Control)
ii. Sand
iii. Cow-dung
Temperature conditions: The following temperature condition was applied
i. Open (room temperature)
ii. Two week warm (25o-28
oC), followed by two week cold (3
0C)
iii. Three week warm (25o-28
oC), followed by three week cold (3
0C)
iv. Four week warm (25o-28
oC), followed by four week cold (3
0C)
v. Five week warm (25o-28
oC), followed by five week cold (3
0C)
vi. Six week warm (25o-28
oC), followed by six week cold (3
0C)
GA3 treatments: The nuts were treated with following GA3 concentrations.
i. Control (Water only)
ii. 150 ppm
Replications : 3
Number of treatments : 36
Number per treatment : 20
Design : RBD (Factorial)
The fresh nuts collected from the Pangi Forest Division were stratified in substrate of
cow dung slurry, moist sand and without substrate (naked) in polybags and kept in warm
followed by cold system from two weeks to six weeks. Care was taken to keep nuts moist in
each medium during whole treatment duration.
34
After treatments, nuts were soaked in water (control) and gibberellic acid 150ppm for
24 hours prior to actual sowing in the nursery bed or polybag. Before gibberellic acid
treatment however, 20 stratified seeds per treatment were kept for biochemical analysis. A
random sample of 20 seeds per replication was thus taken for conducting germination and
nursery studies. The observations on germination of seeds were recorded daily upto 28 days
after start of germination in seed. The irrigation and weeding operation were done as and
when required in the nursery.
Observations recorded
a) Nursery studies
•••• Germination per cent
•••• Seedling height (cm)
•••• Collar diameter (mm)
•••• Root-shoot ratio
•••• Root number
•••• Root length (cm)
•••• Total biomass of seedling (g)
b) Biochemical studies
•••• Total sugar
•••• Total starch
•••• Soluble protein
Description of observations
A) Germination studies: The following observations were recorded under laboratory
condition.
Germination (%) (G)
Germination per cent was calculated as the number of seeds sown and number of
seeds actually germinated, expressed in percentage.
Germination capacity (%)
The cumulative number of seeds that germinated during the 28 days of test period
plus the number of viable seeds at the end of the test expressed in percentage is the
germination capacity (GC).
35
Germination energy (%)
Germination energy (GE) was calculated on the basis of the percentage of the total
number of seeds that had germinated when the germination reached its peak generally taken
as the highest number of germination in 24 hours period.
GE (%) = Number of seeds germinated upto time of peak germination
X 100 Total number of seeds sown
Germination speed/rate
Germination speed (GS) was determined by the method prescribed by Maguire
(1962).
Germination speed = (n/t)
Where
n = Number of seed newly germinating at time (i)
t = Number of days from sowing
Mean daily germination or daily germination speed (MDG or DGS)
Mean daily germination was calculated as the cumulative germination percentage of
seeds at the end of the test divided by the number of days from sowing to the end of the test
or the total per cent germination divided by total days in the test gives the final mean daily
germination.
Peak value
Peak value was calculated as the maximum mean daily germination (MDG) reached
at any time during the period of test (Czabator, 1962).
Germination value
Germination value (GV) is the index combining speed and completeness of seed
germination. Daily germination counts were recorded and calculated as per Czabator (1962).
Germination value = PV x MDG
Where,
PV = Peak value of germination
MDG = Mean daily germination
36
Germination index
Germination index was calculated by dividing the total number of seed germinated at
the end of the experiment with the time taken for 50 per cent germination.
Viability per cent
The seed viability was determined by using Tetrazolium Chloride (TZ) test (AOSA,
2005). It was also worked out by summation of percentage of germinated seeds and the
percentage of un-germinated but apparently sound seeds (Willan, 1985).
B) Seedling growth studies
For seedling growth characteristics, five randomly selected seedlings from each
replication was carefully uprooted without in anyway breaking the roots in the first week of
November during 2011 and 2012 each after one growing season in nursery. The following
attributes were measured.
Seedling height (cm)
Seedling height was recorded in centimeters from ground level upto the tip of stem.
Root length (cm)
The length of tap root was recorded in centimeters using measuring scale by placing it
horizontally on the ground.
Collar diameter (mm)
Collar diameter of the seedling was measured in millimeters using electronic vernier
caliper.
Root and shoot weight (g)
The seedlings were washed with water. Excess of water was wiped out by placing it
between the folds of filter paper. Then the seedlings were cut at collar with a secateur and
root and shoot weights were taken on dry basis after drying to constant weight in an oven at
70oC and expressed in grams.
Root-shoot ratio
The ratio was worked out on dry weight basis by dividing the weight of dry root by
the weight of dry shoot of each plant separately.
37
Total biomass of seedling (g)
It was expressed in grams as the sum of dry root weight and dry shoot weight.
Stock quality index (SQI)
The stock quality index was used to quantify the morphological quality of the
seedlings as given by Dickson et al., (1960).
SQI = Total seedling dry weight (g)
Height (cm)/ Diameter (mm)
C) Biochemical studies
Moisture content (%)
The moisture content expressed in percentage on fresh weight basis was determined
by the following formula (Toluene distillation method).
Moisture content (%) = Original weight – Oven dry weight
X 100 Original weight
Total sugars and starch
Extraction of total sugars and starch
One gram of dried sample were placed in 20-25 ml of boiling ethanol (80%) for 10
minute and decanted. Another 10-15 ml of boiling ethanol was added to the residue.
Thereafter the two extracted sample filtrate and combined. The final volume was made of
50 ml. The alcoholic extract was used for the estimation of total sugars while the residue used
for determination of starch.
Total sugars
Total sugars in seed sample were estimated by phenol-sulphuric acid method given by
Dubois et al., (1951).
Reducing sugar
Reducing sugar was established by di-nitrosalicylic acid method developed by Miller
(1972).
38
Non reducing sugar
The content of non reducing sugars was calculated by deducting the quantity of
reducing sugars present in the individual sample from that of the total sugar present and then
multiplying by the factor 0.95.
Starch
Glucose in the sample was determined by phenol-sulphuric acid method of Dubois et
al., (1956) and then starch content was calculated by multiplying the glucose value with
conversion factor of 0.90.
Soluble proteins
Soluble proteins were estimated by the method prescribed by Lowry et al., (1951).
3.2.4 Experiment 4: Study the effect of various physical and chemical treatments on
rooting behavior of hazelnut cuttings.
Root formulation: 6
R1 : Control (talc)
R2 : 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc
R3 : 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc
R4 : 0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc
R5 : 0.8% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc
R6 : 1.0% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc
Pre-conditioning: 2
P1 : Girdled
P2 : Fresh/non-girdled
Cutting portion: 2
C1 : Upper part
C2 : Lower Part
Replications : 3
Total no of treatments : 24
No. of cuttings per treatment : 10
Design : CRD
39
The experiment was conducted in spring (March.-April) and rainy (June-Aug) seasons
under shade house condition in the experimental farm of the Department.
The experiment, thus comprised of 24 treatments each replicated (10
cuttings/replication) thrice in Completely Randomized Block Design. The cuttings were
plated in the polybags filled with sterilized river sand and placed in rows of ten bags each.
The polybags were placed in the sunken beds prepared under shade house. The planted
cutting were weeded and irrigated as and when required.
Observations recorded:
i. Sprouting per cent
ii. Callusing per cent
iii. Rooting per cent
iv. Length of primary roots
v. Number of roots
vi. Dry/fresh weight of roots
Collection and preparation of cuttings
Hazelnut cuttings were collected from Gajta beat of Theog Forest Division of Shimla
circle. Initially the pencil thick vigorously growing, straight, disease free (healthy) shoots
were selected and marked on vigorously growing middle aged trees. Then, with the
experienced field trained staff, the selected shoots of the trees were girdled by removing 1 to
1.25 cm wide ring bark, thereby exposing the underlying cambium for callus formation.
Debarked portion was wrapped with black tape and left undisturbed for about one month, for
the callus formation. Separate branches were girdled at top and basal portion of the shoot. To
prevent desiccation while transporting, branches were wrapped in sphagnum moss drenched
with water and carried to the experimental farm of the Department of Silviculture and
Agroforestry. In this way 6-8″ long cuttings were prepared from girdled cutting (by giving
the cut just below the callused/swollen portion) and non-girdled ones before actual treatment
with IBA formulation.
Preparation of rooting formulations
Direct mixing of the talc and reagent grade chemical are not recommended since this
do not provide a consistent and uniform mixture. The required amount of IBA (Indole-butyric
40
Acid) was dissolved in a small quantity of absolute alcohol (10 ml approx.) in 250ml beaker,
and then mixed with the calculated amount talc, sucrose and captan to form thick slurry. The
mixture was continuously stirred with glass rod by occasional addition of some distilled
water to form a uniform homogeneous slurry. The slurry was air dried by keeping the beakers
covered with a thin sheet of paper in cool, dry and dark place to avoid degradation of auxin in
light. The dried formulations were then grounded by using pestle and mortar to form a fine
powder ready for treatment.
Application of rooting formulation and planting
The cuttings of the Corylus colurna were grouped into girdled/non girdled and upper
(basal portion) and lower part (lower portion) with three replications each. Before the IBA
treatments, the cuttings were given two fine superficial vertical cuts with the help of a sharp
blade to promote rooting. The lower end of cuttings were immersed into the respective
rooting powder and then lightly tapped off against the edge of the container to remove excess
powder. The cuttings were then planted 7-8 cm deep in the polythene bags kept in sunken
beds. Soil around the cutting base was firmed up by compacting it with the help of fingers.
Polybags were drenched with dithane/captan (@ 1%) fortnightly to prevent rotting of
cuttings. The planted cuttings were irrigated frequently with rose cane (>80% humidity) and
weeded regularly as when needed.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 Software was used for the
statistical analysis of the data generated from the experiment 2-4 and interpretation of the
result. The least significant difference at 5 per cent level was used for testing the significant
differences among treatments. The data for both the years of investigation were pooled after
performing homogeneity test.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The results emanating from the investigation entitled
characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut
colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh”,
populations of hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division
Shimla Circle) and Sach Forest Range (Pangi Forest Division
Pradesh during the years 2011-13, are described in this chapter. The salient findings obtained
during the course of investigation are presented under following main headings:
4.1 Phytosociological studies
4.2 Effect of site and stand characteristics
4.3 Natural regeneration
4.4 Effect of stratification treatments
4.5 Biochemical indices of seeds
4.6 Cuttage propagation
4.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
The vegetational data were quantitatively analyzed to estimate density (D), basal area
(BA), per-cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative
frequency (RF), importance value index (IVI) and
sites of hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Ranges. The results of the study
are presented in tables from 2 to 4.
4.1.1 Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division)
4.1.1.1 Pattidhank Forest
The data tabulated in table 2, exhibiting the ecological status of tree species in
hazelnut bearing forest of Pattidhank revealed that out of the eleven tree species present in
the area, Corylus colurna was the dominating species with maximum IVI value of
contributed by relative basal area of 24.90% resulting from the basal area 1488.28 cm
followed by Picea smithiana
41
Chapter-4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The results emanating from the investigation entitled “Studies on site
characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut
L.) in Himachal Pradesh”, conducted in laboratory, farm nursery and natural
populations of hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division
Shimla Circle) and Sach Forest Range (Pangi Forest Division-Chamba Circle)
13, are described in this chapter. The salient findings obtained
during the course of investigation are presented under following main headings:
Phytosociological studies
Effect of site and stand characteristics
Effect of stratification treatments
Biochemical indices of seeds
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
The vegetational data were quantitatively analyzed to estimate density (D), basal area
cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative
frequency (RF), importance value index (IVI) and Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index
sites of hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Ranges. The results of the study
are presented in tables from 2 to 4.
Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division)
The data tabulated in table 2, exhibiting the ecological status of tree species in
hazelnut bearing forest of Pattidhank revealed that out of the eleven tree species present in
was the dominating species with maximum IVI value of
contributed by relative basal area of 24.90% resulting from the basal area 1488.28 cm
with IVI value of 58.61. The Acer caesium
“Studies on site
characteristics, natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus
conducted in laboratory, farm nursery and natural
populations of hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theog Forest Division-
Chamba Circle) of Himachal
13, are described in this chapter. The salient findings obtained
The vegetational data were quantitatively analyzed to estimate density (D), basal area
cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative
Diversity Index for four
sites of hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Ranges. The results of the study
The data tabulated in table 2, exhibiting the ecological status of tree species in
hazelnut bearing forest of Pattidhank revealed that out of the eleven tree species present in
was the dominating species with maximum IVI value of 69.61,
contributed by relative basal area of 24.90% resulting from the basal area 1488.28 cm2 ha
-1,
Acer caesium and Acer
42
acuminatum recorded the minimum IVI value of 5.34 each. Similarly, the highest number of
individuals (145 ha-1
) was recorded for Corylus colurna, while the lowest (5 ha-1
each) seen
for Acer caesium and Acer acuminatum. Out of total seven shrub species present in the area,
Viburnum cotinifolium had the highest value of all phytosociological parameters with IVI
value of 190.38, whereas, Plectranthus rugosus with lowest IVI (6.59) value was the rare
species. The total basal area of trees was 5978.11 cm2 ha
-1and it was 5193.22 cm
2 ha
-1 in case
of shrubs species.
4.1.1.2 Gajta Forest
The data collected in the Gajta forest revealed the presence of seven tree and eight
shrub species in the forest (Table 2). Among tree species, Quercus dilatata was the prominent
one having maximum dominance of 131.23 followed by Pinus wallichiana (40.52) and
Corylus colurna (36.58) in that order. The minimum IVI value was however, recorded for
Cedrus deodara (12.41). In shrubs, Viburnum cotinifolium was the dominant species
followed by Daphne cannabis and Sarcococca saligna with IVI value of 95.30, 93.15, and
27.74, respectively. Rosa macrophylla had the lowest IVI value of 4.60. Similarly, the
maximum share to average basal area of trees was contributed by Quercus dilatata i.e.
83279.97 cm2
ha-1
, while for shrubs, the maximum share was that of Viburnum cotinifolium
accounting for 664.83 cm2ha
-1.
4.1.2 Sach Forest Range( Pangi Forest Division)
4.1.2.1 Sali Forest
The table 3 represents the floristic composition in hazelnut bearing forest of Sali
forest which reveals that out of the eleven tree species, Picea smithiana was dominating with
maximum IVI value of 89.96 followed by Corylus colurna (76.94) and Pinus wallichiana
(47.64) respectively. On the basis of IVI values Salix denticulata (6.25) and Juglans regia
(6.46) are sparsely present in Sali forest of Pangi Forest Division. The total basal area of tree
species was found to be 6186.52 cm2/ha with maximum contribution (49.21%) of Picea
smithiana, whereas minimum share was that of Juglans regia (22.99).
Among shrubs, the species Lonicera quinquelocularis dominated the habitat with an
IVI value of 114.61 followed by Rosa centifolia (87.64) and Berberis chitera (48.42),
respectively, whereas the minimum IVI value (5.85) was found for Indigofera heterantha.
43
Table 2. Phytosociological status of Corylus colurna bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest
Range
Site/Species
Average
Density
ha-1
Average basal
area ha-1
(cm2)
%
Frequency RD RF RBA IVI
Pattidhank Forest Tree species
Abies pindrow 35.00 325.67 75.00 7.22 11.11 5.45 23.78
Picea smithiana 95.00 1447.22 100.00 19.59 14.81 24.21 58.61
Pinus wallichiana 15.00 256.47 25.00 3.09 3.70 4.29 11.09
Taxus wallichiana 10.00 50.57 50.00 2.06 7.41 0.85 10.32
Corylus colurna 145.00 1488.28 100.00 29.90 14.81 24.90 69.61
Quercus dilatata 75.00 672.36 75.00 15.46 11.11 11.25 37.82
Acer caesium 5.00 48.17 25.00 1.03 3.70 0.81 5.54
Acer acuminatum 5.00 35.93 25.00 1.03 3.70 0.60 5.34
Prunus cornuta 50.00 521.40 75.00 10.31 11.11 8.72 30.14
Juglans regia 40.00 1070.84 75.00 8.25 11.11 17.91 37.27
Symplocos paniculata 10.00 61.20 50.00 2.06 7.41 1.02 10.49
Total 485.00 5978.11 675.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
Shrub species
Berberis aristata 100.00 37.58 18.75 5.06 11.54 0.72 17.17
Elsholtzia fruticosa 50.00 156.74 6.25 2.53 3.85 3.02 8.76
Cotoneaster microphyllus 75.00 87.24 12.50 3.80 7.69 1.68 12.82
Cotoneaster nummularia 325.00 310.37 25.00 16.46 15.38 5.98 36.56
Indigofera hebepltala 150.00 818.90 12.50 7.59 7.69 15.77 27.73
Plectranthus rugosus 50.00 14.03 6.25 2.53 3.85 0.27 6.59
Viburnum cotinifolium 1225.00 3768.38 81.25 62.03 50.00 72.56 190.38
Total 1975.00 5193.22 162.50 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
Gajta Forest Tree species
Picea smithiana 30.00 670.18 100.00 5.61 17.39 9.44 31.98
Pinus wallichiana 40.00 1093.21 100.00 7.48 17.39 15.39 40.52
Cedrus deodara 15.00 367.44 25.00 2.80 4.35 5.17 12.41
Taxus wallichiana 45.00 112.86 75.00 8.41 13.04 1.59 23.07
Corylus colurna 75.00 360.72 100.00 14.02 17.39 5.08 36.58
Quercus dilatata 290.00 4239.75 100.00 54.21 17.39 59.70 131.23
Prunnus cornuta 40.00 258.16 75.00 7.48 13.04 3.63 24.22
Total 535.00 7102.32 575.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
Shrub species
Berberis aristata 100.00 20.28 25.00 6.56 11.43 1.45 19.43
Berberis chitera 100.00 28.67 25.00 6.56 11.43 2.05 20.03
Cotoneaster nummularia 75.00 12.22 18.75 4.92 8.57 0.87 14.36
Daphne cannabis 525.00 462.75 56.25 34.43 25.71 33.01 93.15
Prinsepia utilis 125.00 40.77 31.25 8.20 14.29 2.91 25.39
Rosa macrophylla 25.00 1.43 6.25 1.64 2.86 0.10 4.60
Sarcococca saligna 150.00 170.87 12.50 9.84 5.71 12.19 27.74
Viburnum cotinifolium 425.00 664.83 43.75 27.87 20.00 47.43 95.30
Total 1525.00 1401.81 218.75 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
44
Table 3. Phytosociology status of Corylus colurna bearing forests of Sach Forest Range
Site/Species Average density
ha-1
Average basal
ha-1 (cm2)
%
Frequency RD RF RD IVI
Sali Forest Tree species
Abies pindrow 5.00 89.57 25.00 1.09 5.00 1.45 7.53
Picea smithiana 95.00 3044.13 100.00 20.65 20.00 49.21 89.86
Pinus wallichiana 45.00 1723.33 50.00 9.78 10.00 27.86 47.64
Cedrus deodara 10.00 137.83 25.00 2.17 5.00 2.23 9.40
Corylus colurna 200.00 832.71 100.00 43.48 20.00 13.46 76.94
Acer acuminatum 15.00 30.39 25.00 3.26 5.00 0.49 8.75
Acer caesium 10.00 45.88 50.00 2.17 10.00 0.74 12.92
Betula utilis 25.00 45.88 50.00 5.43 10.00 0.74 16.18
Salix denticulata 5.00 9.95 25.00 1.09 5.00 0.16 6.25
Juglans regia 5.00 22.99 25.00 1.09 5.00 0.37 6.46
Populus ciliata 45.00 203.85 25.00 9.78 5.00 3.30 18.08
Total 460.00 6186.52 500.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
Shrub species
Berberis aristata 75.00 282.78 12.50 3.95 5.41 5.97 15.32
Berberis chitera 375.00 591.10 37.50 19.74 16.22 12.47 48.42
Cotoneaster acuminata 50.00 80.26 12.50 2.63 5.41 1.69 9.73
Cotoneaster bacillaris 100.00 111.86 25.00 5.26 10.81 2.36 18.43
Indigofera heterantha 25.00 86.63 6.25 1.32 2.70 1.83 5.85
Lonicera quinquelocularis 525.00 2713.70 68.75 27.63 29.73 57.25 114.61
Rosa centifolia 750.00 874.07 68.75 39.47 29.73 18.44 87.64
Total 1900.00 4740.40 231.25 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
Mindal Forest Tree species
Picea smithiana 5.00 407.64 25.00 1.12 5.56 4.64 11.32
Pinus wallichiana 5.00 382.56 25.00 1.12 5.56 4.36 11.03
Cedrus deodara 25.00 1980.19 25.00 5.62 5.56 22.54 33.72
Corylus colurna 235.00 2491.51 100.00 52.81 22.22 28.36 103.40
Acer acuminatum 30.00 123.91 75.00 6.74 16.67 1.41 24.82
Acer caesium 60.00 858.02 75.00 13.48 16.67 9.77 39.92
Alnus nitida 25.00 594.05 25.00 5.62 5.56 6.76 17.94
Juglans regia 10.00 1274.68 25.00 2.25 5.56 14.51 22.31
Prunus cornuta 40.00 570.52 50.00 8.99 11.11 6.50 26.59
Robinia pseudoacacia 10.00 100.82 25.00 2.25 5.56 1.15 8.95
Total 445.00 8783.90 450.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
Shrub species
Indigofera heterantha 50.00 56.59 6.25 5.00 6.25 1.25 12.50
Lonicera quinquelocularis 50.00 664.80 12.50 5.00 12.50 14.71 32.21
Parrotia jacquemontiana 100.00 159.97 12.50 10.00 12.50 3.54 26.04
Rosa moschata 25.00 574.39 6.25 2.50 6.25 12.71 21.46
Sorbaria tomentosa 750.00 3047.19 56.25 75.00 56.25 67.43 198.68
Viburnum cotinifolium 25.00 15.90 6.25 2.50 6.25 0.35 9.10
Total 1000.00 4518.83 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 300.00
45
4.1.2.2 Mindal Forest
Ecological status (Table 3) in Mindal forest revealed a total number of ten tree species
with Corylus colurna being the dominant species with respect to density (235 ha-1
), per-cent
frequency (100%), relative basal area (2491.51 cm2
ha-1
) and IVI (103.40) values. This was
followed by Acer caesium and Cedrus deodara with IVI value of 39.92 and 33.72,
respectively in the decreasing order. The least values of IVI was however, recorded for
Robinia pseudoacacia (8.95) and Pinus wallichiana (11.03). The average basal area of the
trees ranged from 100.82 cm2
ha-1
to 2491.51 cm2
ha-1
. Out of the total six shrub species,
maximum IVI value was recorded for Sorbaria tomentosa (198.68) and following in order of
dominance were Lonicera quinquelocularis, Parrotia jacquemontiana, Rosa moschata,
Indigofera heterantha and Viburnum cotinifolium. The total basal area of trees was found to
be 8783.90cm2
ha-1
and for shrubs it came out to be 4518.83 cm2
ha-1
.
4.1.3 Shannon-Wiener Index for Diversity
To reveal the species richness, the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index was calculated
from total density separately on the basis of different ranges for tree and shrub species (Table
4). The data in table 4 indicate that the higher value for diversity of trees was found in
Pattidhank and Gajta (1.96 each) forest followed by Sali (1.73) and Mindal (1.60) forest. The
maximum diversity in case of shrubs was found in Gajta (1.73), whereas, the minimum value
(0.93) was found in case of hazelnut bearing forests of Mindal.
Table 4. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) values for trees and shrubs in different
Sites in Corylus colurna forests of Kotkhai and Sach Forest Ranges
4.2 EFFECT OF SITE AND STAND CHARACTERISTICS ON HAZEL TREE
GROWTH
4.2.1 Effect of site factors
The effect of different site factors like solar influx (%), crown projection, ratio soil
nutrients (N, P and K), soil pH, soil moisture, organic carbon and depth of organic matter, on
Range Site Trees Shrubs
Kotkhai Pattidhank 1.96 1.25
Gajta 1.96 1.73
Sach Sali 1.73 1.48
Mindal 1.60 0.93
46
growth of hazel and its associated species was studied in different ranges of Kotkhai and
Sach Forest Ranges. The data pertaining to different parameters are described here as under:
The perusal of data in table 5 reveals that maximum number (535 ha-1
) of stems were
found in Gajta forest with 75 trees of Corylus colurna, 130 of conifer species and 330 trees of
other broadleaved species followed by Pattidhank (485ha-1
), Sali (460ha-1
) and Mindal
(445ha-1
) forests in that order. However, maximum number of Corylus colurna trees per
hectare were present in Mindal (235 ha-1
), followed by Sali (200 ha-1
), Pattidhank (145 ha-1
)
and Gajta (75ha-1
) forests. The crown projection ratio for hazel trees and its associated
species ranged from 13.19 to 23.81 and 12.12 to 26.63, respectively in hazelnut bearing
communities of the two ranges. The solar influx was found to range from 23.25 per cent to
39.06 per cent, while the depth of organic matter ranged from 2.28 to 3.60cm. It was also
evident that there was little variation in sand, silt and clay proportion in both the forest
ranges. Thus, the soil texture at pattidhank and Gajta forest of Kotkhai Forest Range was
found to be sandy clay loam, whereas, it was sandy loam texture in Sali and Mindal forest of
Sach Forest Range. The organic carbon ranged from 2.28 to 3.60 per-cent, with maximum
content recorded at Pattidhank and minimum at Gajta forest. Similarly, the pH of the soil was
found to be slightly acidic to nearly neutral and it ranged between 5.89 to 6.91. However,
there was little variation in the values of per cent moisture and it ranged between 9.27 to 9.76
per cent (Table 5) in different sites.
It was also evident from the data in table 5 that the available nitrogen was more in
Sali (353.75 kg ha-1
) followed by Gajta (348.33 kg ha-1
), Pattidhank (340.78kg ha-1
) and
Mindal (338.35kg ha-1
) forests. However, the value of available phosphorus was found to be
maximum at Gajta (32.00 kg ha-1
), followed by Pattidhank (31.50 kg ha-1
), Sali (30.90 kg ha-
1) and Mindal (29.40 kg ha
-1) hazel bearing forests. Similarly, available potassium was
maximum at Gajta (444.50 kg ha-1
), followed by Pattidhank (443.50 kg ha-1
), Sali (437.30 kg
ha-1
) and Mindal (434.60 kg ha-1
) forest.
4.2.2 Stand characteristics studies
4.2.2.1 Kotkhai Forest Range
The perusal of data in table 6 reveals distribution of diameter classes in hazel bearing
forests of Pattidhank and Gajta. In Pattidhank forest, the trees were found to be distributed in
47
Table 5. Site characteristics status of hazelnut bearing forests in site of Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range
Site
Average number of tree
per hectare Solar
influx
(%)
Established
stocking
percent PR
Crown
projection
ratio OML
(cm)
Soil
Texture
OC
(%) pH
SMC
(%)
Available
N
( Kg ha-1
)
Available
P
( Kg ha-1
)
Available
K
( Kg ha-1
) Corylus
colurna
Conifer
species
Other
spp.
Corylus
colurna
AS
Corylus
colurna AS
Kotkhai Forest Range
Pattidhank 145 155 185 25.58 0.31 0.78 8.75 14.72 26.63 2.58
Sandy
clay
loam
3.60 5.89 9.27 340.78 31.50 443.50
Gajta 75 130 330 23.25 0.00 11.95 29.07 23.81 12.44 1.70
Sandy
clay
loam
2.28 5.97 9.65 348.33 32.00 444.50
Sach Forest Range
Sali 200 155 105 39.06 11.25 5.95 26.25 23.67 16.34 2.73 Sandy
loam 3.37 6.91 9.62 353.75 30.90 437.30
Mindal 235 35 175 27.46 0.00 1.56 6.56 13.19 12.12 1.67 Sandy
loam 2.86 6.57 9.76 338.35 29.40 434.60
Abbreviation Used: AS= Associated species; PR= Per-cent Regeneration; OML = Organic matter layer; OC = Organic carbon; SMC = Soil moisture conten
48
all diameter classes except for 0-10 cm and above 80 cm, while in Gajta, the trees were
completely absent in 90-100 and ≥ 100 cm diameter classes.
The average dbh showed an increasing trend from 16.71cm to 74.04 cm in different
diameter classes at Pattidhank, while it ranged 15.96 to 85.99 cm in Gajta forest. Similarly,
height also showed an increasing trend at both the sites, except for diameter class 60-70 cm in
Pattidhank, and 50-60 and 70-80 cm classes in Gajta forest. It was also evident that more
number of stems were found in lower diameter classes than at higher classes.
Similarly, the maximum average basal area (1619.30 cm2
ha-1
) and average crown
basal area (2574.20 m2
ha-1
) was found in 30-40 cm diameter classes in Pattidhank forest.
However, in Gajta forest, the maximum number of trees (165 ha-1
) was obtained for 20-30 cm
diameter class, while the minimum number of trees (5 ha-1
each) was recorded in 80-90 cm
diameter classes. On the other hand, maximum basal area (1651.05 cm2
ha-1
) and average
crown basal area (2647.15 m2
ha-1
) was recorded in 40-50cm and 20-30 diameter classes
respectively (Table 6).
Table 6. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics in hazelnut
bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range
Sites
Diameter
class
(cm)
Average
dbh
(cm)
Average
height
(m)
Average
number of
tree
ha-1
Average basal
area ha-1
(cm2)
Average crown
basal area ha-1
(m2)
Patt
idh
an
k
Fore
st
0-10 - - - -
-
10-20 16.71 10.25 55.00 240.27 573.85
20-30 27.71 11.20 120.00 1057.07 1465.60
30-40 34.90 13.06 150.00 1619.30 2574.20
40-50 44.77 13.62 70.00 1201.42 1547.85
50-60 54.62 15.34 55.00 1261.40 1242.35
60-70 67.68 13.00 15.00 227.41 392.00
70-80 74.04 22.00 20.00 371.22 793.65
80-90 - - - - -
90-100 - - - - -
≥ 100 - - - - -
Total 485.00 5978.08 8589.50
Gajt
a
Fore
st
0-10 - - - -
-
10 -20 15.96 6.06 65.00 144.02 570.70
20-30 25.39 10.24 165.00 884.42 2647.15
30-40 35.23 14.78 105.00 1039.16 2276.50
40-50 44.59 16.07 105.00 1651.05 1633.25
50-60 56.69 14.60 25.00 631.17 459.10
60-70 65.64 17.94 45.00 1524.78 1080.70
70-80 77.23 17.45 20.00 937.50 475.00
80-90 85.99 26.50 5.00 290.20 72.90
90-100 - - - - -
≥ 100 - - - - -
Total - - 535.00 7102.32 9215.30
49
4.2.2.2 Sach Forest Range
The data in table 7 revealed that in Sali forest, the trees were well distributed in all
diameter classes except for 90-100 cm, while on the other hand, in Mindal forest the trees
were completely absent in 0-10 cm and 80-90 cm diameter classes. The Maximum number of
trees were obtained in diameter class 10-20 cm (175 ha-1
), while the minimum was noticed in
diameter classes 70-80 and 80-90 cm with 20 stems per hectare each in Sali forest. The
maximum value of average basal area (1109.18 cm2
ha-1
) and crown basal area (2243 m2
ha-1
)
was however, recorded for diameter classes 80-90 cm and 10-20 cm respectively in Sali
forest.
Table 7. Effect of diameter classes on growth and tree characteristics in hazelnut
bearing forests of Sach Forest Range
Sites Diameter
class (cm)
Average
dbh
(cm)
Average
Height
(m)
Average
number of
tree ha-1
Average
basal area
ha-1
(cm2)
Average
crown
basal area
ha-1
(m2)
Sali
Fo
rest
0-10 7.96 5.25 10.00 4.98 143.75
10-20 14.47 7.51 175.00 376.02 2243.28
20-30 24.52 12.29 85.00 386.68 1318.00
30-40 33.09 13.11 55.00 466.38 1000.24
40-50 42.74 14.60 25.00 306.12 313.16
50-60 53.70 17.14 40.00 906.60 1092.27
60-70 60.51 17.42 25.00 718.55 716.49
70-80 78.03 20.75 20.00 956.21 722.48
80-90 84.00 23.00 20.00 1109.18 827.33
90-100 - - - - -
≥ 100 156.05 24.00 5.00 955.81 168.39
Total 460.00 6186.52 8545.39
Min
dal
Fore
st
0-10 - - - - -
10 -20 18.31 6.25 10.00 394.61 0.90
20-30 25.84 9.10 80.00 813.10 1280.75
30-40 34.60 13.56 175.00 1579.10 3423.45
40-50 43.97 11.55 90.00 1296.70 1659.25
50-60 52.02 16.16 15.00 293.39 347.05
60-70 71.66 17.16 30.00 880.97 524.85
70-80 76.43 17.50 5.00 95.64 110.25
80-90 - - - - -
90-100 98.72 18.75 10.00 404.86 306.60
≥ 100 113.32 22.33 30.00 3025.60 1140.25
Total 445.00 8783.90 8863.35
50
In Mindal forest, (Table 7), there were nine diameter classes ranging from 10-20 cm
to ≥100 cm. The average dbh and height growth showed an increasing trend of 18.31 cm and
6.25 m to 113.32 cm and 22.33 m respectively from lower to higher diameter class. The
maximum basal area (3025.60 cm2
ha-1
) and crown basal area (3423 m2
ha-1
) was found in
≥100 cm and 30-40 cm diameter classes respectively. On the other hand, the minimum basal
area (95.64 cm2
ha-1
) and crown basal area (0.09 m2
ha-1
) was recorded in 70-80 cm and 10-20
cm diameter classes respectively. The maximum number of trees (175 ha-1
) was however,
recorded in 30-40 cm diameter class, while the minimum number of trees (5 ha-1
) was
observed in 70-80 cm diameter class.
4.3. NATURAL REGENERATION STUDIES
4.3.1 Regeneration components
The present investigations on regeneration studies were carried out on recruits,
unestablished, established and regeneration success in Pattidhank and Gajta forests of
Kotkhai Forest Range and Sali and Mindal forests of Sach Forest Range of State Forest
Department. The data on various regeneration components are presented in tables 8 to 9.
4.3.1.1 Recruits
The results revealed that maximum number of recruits was obtained for Quercus
dilatata (1250 ha-1
) in Gajta forest, while only 63 recruits of Corylus colurna were seen in
Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest Range. In-case of Sach Forest Range, the maximum
number of recruits (876 ha-1
) for tree species were noticed in Sali forest, with only 63
recruits of Corylus colurna. Among the conifer species, maximum number of recruits was
recorded for Pinus wallichiana (750 ha-1
) and Picea smithiana (406 ha-1
) in Kotkhai and Sach
Forest Range respectively (Table 8).
4.3.1.2 Unestablished regeneration
It is evident from the data in table 8 that the maximum numbers of unestablished
saplings was recorded for Pinus wallichiana in Gajta (719 ha-1
), Sali (437 ha-1
) and
Pattidhank (250 ha-1
) forests. However, no unestablished saplings was seen for Corylus
colurna in all the sites.
51
Table 8. Regeneration status of hazelnut bearing forest in Kotkhai and Sach Forest
Range
4.3.1.3 Established regeneration
The perusal of data in table 8 revealed that maximum number of established saplings
for the tree species was recorded in Sali forest (501 ha-1
) followed by Gajta forest (313 ha-1
),
while the minimum number was seen in Mindal forest (93 ha-1
). However, maximum
established saplings was recorded for Corylus colurna (281 ha-1
) in Sali forest. Established
Sites/Species Recruits
No.ha-1
Unestablished
No.ha-1
Established
No.ha-1
Per-cent
regeneration
Kotkhai Range
Pattidhank Forest
Abies pindrow 281.00 - - -
Picea smithiana 219.00 31.00 - 0.31
Pinus wallichiana 63.00 250.00 63.00 5.00
Quercus dilatata 63.00 188.00 - 1.88
Populus ciliata - 31.00 - 0.31
Corylus colurna 63.00 00 31.00 1.25
Total 689.00 500.00 94.00 8.75
Gajta Forest
Picea smithiana 219.00 313.00 188.00 10.63
Pinus wallichiana 750.00 719.00 125.00 12.19
Taxus wallichiana 31.00 94.00 - 0.94
Quercus dilatata 1250.00 500.00 - 5.00
Ilex dipyrena - 31.00 - 0.31
Total 2250.00 1657.00 313.00 29.07
Sach Range
Sali Forest
Abies pindrow 94.00 - - -
Picea smithiana 406.00 187.00 63.00 4.38
Pinus wallichiana 313.00 437.00 63.00 6.88
Acer caesium - - 63.00 2.50
Betula utilis - - 31.00 1.25
Corylus colurna 63.00 - 281.00 11.25
Total 876.00 624.00 501.00 26.25
Mindal Forest
Picea smithiana - - 31.00 1.25
Cedrus deodara 94.00 250.00 31.00 3.75
Acer caesium - 31.00 31.00 1.56
Total 94.00 281.00 93.00 6.56
52
regeneration of Corylus colurna was found to be completely absent from Gajta and Mindal
forests.
4.3.1.4 Per-cent regeneration
It was evident from the data in table 8 that highest per-cent regeneration occurred in
Gajta forest (29.07), while the lowest was seen in Mindal forest (6.56). In-case of the
individual species, the highest per-cent regeneration was recorded for connifer species i.e.
Pinus wallichiana in Gajta (12.19) in Kotkhai Forest Range, while in Sach Forest Range, the
highest per-cent regeneration was recorded for Corylus colurna (11.25) in Sali forest.
4.3.1.5 Weighted average height
The data (Table 9) reveals the maximum weighted average height for Corylus colurna
(200 cm) in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range and minimum was observed for Ilex dipyrena
(1.39 cm) in Gajta forest. In-case of the Kotkhai Forest Range, maximum weighted average
height was recorded for Picea smithiana (139 cm) in Gajta forest followed by Pinus
wallichiana (70.96 cm), Quercus dilatata (9.13 cm), Taxus wallichiana (3.88 cm) and Ilex
dipyrena (1.39 cm) in descending order.
4.3.1.6 Establishment index
Overall, the establishment index was found to be maximum for Corylus colurna
(1.00) in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range, while, the minimum values was obtained for Ilex
dipyrena (0.01) in Gajta forest. However, Cedrus deodara recorded the highest
establishment index (0.26) at Mindal forest, while Populus ciliata (0.35) was the tree species
in Pattidhank forest (Table 9).
4.3.1.7 Stocking index
It was evident from the data in table 9 that in Kotkhai Forest Range, the maximum
value of stocking index (0.12) was recorded for Pinus wallichiana, which was followed by
Picea smithiana (0.11) in Gajta forest. However, Corylus colurna recorded the maximum
value (0.11) of stocking index in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range.
53
53
Table 9. Regeneration establishment and stocking data for different tree species in
hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range
Sites/Species
Weighted
average
height
(cm)
Establishment
index
(I1)
Stocking
index
(I2)
Established
stocking per cent
(I1 x I2 x 100)
Kotkhai Range
Pattidhank Forest
Abies pindrow - - - -
Picea smithiana 20.00 0.10 0.00 0.03
Pinus wallichiana 18.81 0.09 0.05 0.47
Quercus dilatata 18.13 0.09 0.02 0.17
Populus ciliata 70.00 0.35 0.00 0.11
Corylus colurna 50.00 0.25 0.01 0.31
Total 176.94 0.88 0.08 1.09
Gajta Forest
Picea smithiana 139.00 0.70 0.11 7.38
Pinus wallichiana 70.96 0.35 0.12 4.32
Taxus wallichiana 3.88 0.02 0.01 0.02
Quercus dilatata 9.13 0.05 0.05 0.23
Ilex dipyrena 1.39 0.01 0.00 0.00
Total 224.35 1.13 0.29 11.95
Sach Range
Sali Forest
Abies pindrow 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Picea smithiana 106.75 0.53 0.04 2.34
Pinus wallichiana 77.69 0.39 0.07 2.67
Acer caesium 50.00 0.25 0.03 0.63
Betula utilis 50.00 0.25 0.01 0.31
Corylus colurna 200.00 1.00 0.11 11.25
Total 484.44 2.42 0.26 17.20
Mindal Forest
Picea smithiana 50.00 0.25 0.01 0.31
Cedrus deodara 52.45 0.26 0.04 0.98
Acer caesium 35.00 0.18 0.02 0.27
Total 137.45 0.69 0.07 1.56
54
4.3.1.8 Established stocking per cent
The data in table 9 revealed that the maximum value of established stocking per cent
was found in Gajta (11.95) and Sali (17.20) forests in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range
respectively. However, Picea smithiana (7.38) and Pinus wallichiana (0.47) recorded the
maximum value of established stocking per cent in Gajta and Pattidhank forests, while Pinus
wallichiana (2.67) and Cedrus deodara (0.98) were the trees at Sali and Mindal forest
respectively.
4.4 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION TREATMENTS
4.4.1 Effect of stratification period and temperature with and without GA3 treatments
on germinability and seedling growth of Corylus colurna.
4.4.1.1 Effect of stratification period on germinability of seeds
The Indian hazelnut being endemic to the temperate forest of North West Himalayas,
the climatic conditions and seed dormancy affects its restocking and establishment under
natural conditions. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine condition suitable for
seed dormancy release under laboratory condition. Dormancy in seed was sought to be
broken by different periods of cold moist incubation (stratification) viz., 0 (P1); 20 (P2); 40
(P3); 60 (P4) and 80 days (P5) and its effect on various parameters viz., germination per cent,
germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and germination
index was assessed (Table 10). These treatments were found to have significant differences
among different parameters studied and the pooled data for various parameters are described
as under:
Germination per cent
A perusal of the pooled data in table 10 indicates that the germination per cent was
significantly affected by various stratification periods. The significantly maximum
germination (50.49 %) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was
followed by 80 days (P5) stratification with the germination of 40.83 per cent, while the
significantly least value (4.31 %) was recorded in non-stratified control seeds (P1). Thus, the
maximum germination obtained in P4 was found to be 1118.15 per cent higher as compared to
that of control (P1) treatment.
A more or less similar trend was observed in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12
and 2012-2013 for this parameter (Appendix-II).
55
Table10. Effect of different stratification period (P), temperature (T) and gibberellic acid (G) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under
laboratory condition
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
Treatments
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity (%)
Germination
energy (%)
Germination
speed
Peak
value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
Stratification period (P)
Control (P1) 4.31 (10.60) 64.89 (53.67) 3.89 (10.05) 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.03 0.07
20 days (P2) 16.25 (22.19) 69.60 (56.56) 12.57 (19.08) 0.27 0.22 0.58 0.15 0.25
40 days (P3) 38.75 (38.37) 72.53 (58.41) 27.78 (31.35) 0.66 0.44 1.38 0.64 0.60
60 days (P4) 50.49 (45.93) 78.44 (63.24) 37.50 (37.43) 0.79 0.49 1.80 1.03 0.78
80 days (P5) 40.83 (39.53) 76.38 (61.00) 32.57 (34.46) 0.62 0.37 1.46 0.57 0.63
SE+ 0.81 0.25 1.04 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01
CD0.05 1.60 0.49 2.05 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.03
Stratification temperature (T)
Control (T1) 24.33 (27.11) 70.37 (57.14) 17.22 (22.47) 0.40 0.32 0.87 0.35 0.37
Out-door pit
(T2) 46.28 (42.13) 74.79 (60.67) 33.17 (33.73) 0.64 0.44 1.65 0.94 0.71
4±1oC (T3) 28.11 (30.51) 72.87 (58.73) 23.22 (26.97) 0.49 0.31 1.00 0.38 0.43
0±1oC (T4) 21.78 (25.55) 71.44 (57.76) 17.83 (22.72) 0.39 0.27 0.78 0.28 0.34
SE+ 0.72 0.64 0.93 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01
CD0.05 1.43 1.26 1.84 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.02
Gibberellic acid (G)
Control (G1) 22.83 (26.15) 70.83 (57.41) 16.79 (21.99) 0.45 0.27 0.82 0.28 0.35
100 ppm
(G2) 28.63 (30.18) 71.93 (58.10) 22.58 (26.34) 0.41 0.31 1.02 0.41 0.44
200 ppm
(G3) 38.92 (37.65) 74.33 (60.22) 29.21 (31.09) 0.59 0.41 1.39 0.76 0.60
SE+ 0.63 0.19 0.80 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01
CD0.05 1.24 0.38 1.59 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02
56
Germination capacity
The significantly maximum germination capacity of 78.44 per cent was obtained
when hazelnut seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) followed by 76.38 per cent obtained for
80 days (P5) stratification. The significantly least value was however, observed in control
seeds (P1) which produced 64.89 per cent success in this regard. Almost similar trend was
observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II)
Germination energy
An overview of the pooled data in table 10 reveals that germination energy was
significantly affected by different stratification periods. However, the significantly maximum
value of 37.50 per cent resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This
was followed by P5 treatments (80 days) (32.57 %), while the significantly minimum value of
3.89 per cent was observed in control seeds i.e. P1 (0 days). Almost similar trend was
observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II)
Germination speed
The scrutiny of data in table 10 reflects that 60 days (P4) stratification produced
significantly maximum germination speed of 0.79 followed by 40 days stratification (P3)
(0.66), The significantly least value was recorded in control seeds (P1) giving 0.08 value in
this regard. A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II)
Peak value
The appraisal of the pooled data pertaining to peak value of hazelnut seeds revealed
significantly maximum value of 0.49 when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was
however followed by treatment P3 (40 days) giving value of 0.44 in this regard. The
significantly minimum value (0.15) was obtained when control seeds (P1) were used for
sowing.
Mean daily germination
It is evident from the data in table 10 that significantly maximum mean daily
germination (1.80) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was followed by
57
1.46 obtained for 80 day treatment (P5). The significantly minimum value of 0.15 was,
however recorded in control seeds (P1). An almost similar trend was observed in both years
of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 for this parameter (Appendix-II).
Germination value
It is clear from the pooled data in table 10 that significantly maximum germination
value (1.03) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) being followed by 40 (P3)
and 80 (P5) days giving value of 0.64 and 0.57 in this regard. The significantly least value of
0.03 was, however recorded in control seeds (P1). Thus, the maximum germination value in
P4 treated seeds was found to be 3333.33 per cent higher as compared to minimum value
obtained in control P1 treatment. A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter
in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
Germination index
The pooled data in table 10 regarding germination index reveals significantly
maximum germination index of 0.78 when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4). This was
followed by value 0.63 obtained for 80 days stratification (P5). However, significantly
minimum value of 0.07 was registered when control seeds (P1) were used for the treatment.
Thus, the maximum germination value obtained in P4 treated seeds was found to be 638.70
per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control P1. An almost similar trend
was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II).
4.4.1.2. Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of seeds
The pooled data pertaining to the effect of different stratification temperature viz.,
room temperature (T1), out-door pit (T2), 4±1 0C (T3) and 0±1
0C (T4) on various
germinability parameters viz., germination per cent, germination capacity, germination
energy, germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and
germination index are presented in table 10. The pooled data for various parameters are being
described as under:
Germination per cent
A scrutiny of pooled data in table 10 reflects that germination per cent was
significantly affected by various stratification temperatures. The significantly maximum
58
germination (46.28 %) resulted when seeds were stratified as out-door pit (T2) treatment. This
was followed by 4±10C (T3) stratification with the germination of 28.11 per cent, while
significantly least value (21.78 %) was recorded for 0±1 0C (T4) temperature. Thus, the
maximum value of germination obtained in T2 treated seeds was found to be 112.48 per cent
higher as compared to minimum value obtained in T4 treatment. A more or less similar trend
was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II).
Germination capacity
The significantly maximum germination capacity of 74.79 per cent resulted when
hazelnut seeds were stratified as out-door pit treatment (T2) and followed by 4±10C (T3)
stratification viability 72.87 per cent success. The significantly minimum value (70.37 %)
was however recorded at room temperature (T1).
Germination energy
An inquisition of pooled data in table 10 reveals that germination energy was
significantly affected by different stratification temperatures. The significantly maximum
value of 33.17 per cent resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified as out-door pit treatment
(T2). This was followed by 4±1 0C (T3) (23.22 %), while significantly minimum value of
17.22 per cent was observed in room temperature (T1). A more or less similar trend was
observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II).
Germination speed
It is evident from the pooled data in table 10 that out-door pit treatment (T2)
registered significantly maximum germination speed of 0.64, while significantly least value
was recorded in seeds stratified for 0±1 0C (T4) giving 0.39 value in this regard. A more or
less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12
and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
Peak value
The pooled data pertaining to peak value of hazelnut seeds revealed significantly
maximum value of 0.44 when seeds were stratified as out-door pit temperature (T2).
59
However, this was followed by room temperature (T1) giving the mean value of 0.32 in this
regard. The significantly minimum value (0.27) was obtained for 0±1 0C (T4) treatment.
Mean daily germination
It is evident that mean daily germination exhibited significant effect of different
stratification temperatures (Table 10). The significantly maximum mean daily germination
(1.65) resulted when seeds were stratified as out-door pit temperature (T2). On the other hand,
significantly minimum value of 0.78 was recorded when seed were subjected at 0±1 0C (T4).
A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e.
2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
Germination value
It is apparent from the pooled data in table 10 that significantly maximum
germination value (0.94) resulted when seeds were stratified as out-door pit temperature (T2).
The significantly minimum value of 0.28 was, however recorded at 0±1 0C (T4). Thus, the
maximum germination value obtained in T2 treated seeds was found to be 235.71 per cent
higher as compared to minimum value obtained in T4 treatment. A more or less similar trend
was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II).
Germination index
It is apparent from the pooled data in table 10 that germination index was significantly
affected by various stratification temperatures. The significantly maximum value of
germination index (0.71) was observed for the seeds stratified as out-door pit temperature
(T2).The significantly least value of 0.34, was however recorded when seeds were subjected
at 0±1 0C (T4). A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
4.4.1.3. Effect of gibberellic acid on germinability of seeds
The table 10 reveals the effect of different concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3)
viz., control (G1), GA3 100 ppm (G2) and GA3 200 ppm (G3) on germination parameters of
hazelnut seeds. The interpretation of pooled data for different parameters are described as
under:
60
Germination per cent
It is quite apparent from the pooled data in table 10 that germination per cent was
significantly affected by different concentration of GA3. Significantly maximum germination
of 38.92 per cent resulted when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The significantly
minimum value of 22.83 per cent was however, recorded when seeds were not treated with
GA3 i.e. control (G1). The best germination success obtained in GA3 was thus, found to be
70.47 per cent more as compared to that of control (G1). An almost similar trend was
observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013
(Appendix-II).
Germination capacity
Likewise, Germination capacity was significantly affected by the gibberellic acid as
evident from the pooled data in table 10. The seeds treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3) resulted
in significantly maximum germination capacity (74.33 %) in the seeds. The significantly
minimum value (70.83 %) was, however observed when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e.
control (G1).
Germination energy
The pooled data from the table 10 reveal significant affect of GA3 application on this
parameter. Significantly maximum germination energy of 29.21 per cent resulted when seeds
were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). On the other hand, significantly minimum value of
16.79 per cent was recorded when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e control (G1). An
almost similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e. 2011-
12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
Germination speed
The perusal of the pooled data in table 10, reveals that germination speed was
significantly affected by different concentration of GA3. Significantly maximum germination
speed of 0.59 was recorded for seeds applied with 200ppm GA3 (G2), while significantly
minimum value of 0.41 was recorded when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e control (G1).
A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of investigation i.e.
2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
61
Peak value
Significant affect of different concentration of GA3 on peak value was observed with
significantly maximum success of 0.41 when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The
significantly least value of 0.27 resulted when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e control
seeds (G1).
Mean daily germination
It appears from the pooled data in table 10 that significantly maximum mean daily
germination of 1.39 resulted when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The
significantly least mean value of 0.82 was however, recorded when seeds were not treated
with GA3 i.e control (G1). A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in
both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
Germination value
It is apparent from the data in table 10 that GA3 application exerted significant affect
on this parameter. The significantly maximum germination value (0.76) resulted when seeds
were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (G3). The significantly minimum values of 0.28 was,
however recorded when seeds were not treated with GA3 i.e. control (G1). The maximum
value obtained in G3 was thus, found to be 171.42 more as compared to that obtained in G1
treatment. A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in both years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
Germination index
As is evident from the pooled data in table 10, the germination index was significantly
affected by different concentration of gibberellic acid treatment. The significantly maximum
germination index of 0.60 was recorded for seeds that were treated with 200ppm GA3 (G2).
The significantly minimum value of 0.35 was however, recorded when seeds were not treated
with GA3 i.e control (G1). A more or less similar trend was observed for the parameter in
both years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-2013 (Appendix-II).
4.4.1.4. Interaction effect of stratification period and stratification temperature (PxT)
on germinability parameters of seeds
Interaction of stratification period and stratification temperature (PxT) was found to
exert significant effect on germination per cent, germination capacity, germination energy,
62
germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and germination
index. The pooled data is presented in table 11 and described here as under.
It is evident from the data in table 11 that significantly maximum germination of
77.78 per cent resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days as out-door pit (P4T2). This was
however, followed by treatment combinations P5T2, P3T2 and P4T1 giving values of 63.06 per
cent, 53.61 per cent and 38.61 per cent respectively in descending order. The significantly
minimum value of 3.61 per cent was observed when non stratified control seeds kept at room
temperature (P1T1) were used. Thus, the maximum value of germination in P4T2 treated seeds
was found to be 2002.16 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control
P1T1. Similarly, significantly maximum germination capacity of 83.89 per cent resulted when
seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2). This was followed by treatment
combinations P5T3 (79.39 %), P4T3 (78.50 %) and P5T1 (77.89 %) giving values in descending
order. The significantly least value of 62.17 per cent resulted when non stratified seeds kept
at room temperature (P1T1) were used. The significantly maximum germination energy
(52.78 %) was recorded when seeds were stratified for 60 days as out-door pit (P4T2). This
was followed by treatment combinations P5T2 (45.00 %), P4T3 (42.50 %) and P5T3 (33.61%)
giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum value of 3.33 per cent resulted
when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1) were used. Likewise, seeds
stratified for 60 days as out-door pit (P4T2) recorded significantly maximum germination
speed of 1.16 for hazelnut seeds. This was followed by treatment combinations P3T2 (0.82),
P5T2 (0.71) and P4T1 (0.70) giving values in descending order. The significantly least value of
0.04 resulted when seeds stratified as control at room temperature (P1T1) were used. (Table
11). It is quite clear from the data in table 11 that significantly highest peak value of 0.80
resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days as out-door pit temperature (P4T2). The
significantly least value of 0.08 each resulted when non stratified seeds kept at 0±1 0C (P1T4)
and 4±1 0C (P1T3) were used. The significantly maximum mean daily germination of 2.78
was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days as out-door pit temperature (P4T2). The least
value of 0.13 was obtained in non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1). The data
in table 11 also revealed significantly maximum germination values of 2.38 when seeds were
stratified for 60 days as out-door pit temperature (P4T2). The significantly least value of 0.01
resulted when non stratified seeds kept at 0±1 0C (P1T4) were used. The maximum value
recorded in P4T2 treated seeds was thus found to be 23700 per cent higher as compared to
minimum value obtained in control P1T1. Similarly, significantly maximum germination
63
index of 1.20 resulted when seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit temperature (P4T2).
The least value of 0.06 was obtained when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature
(P1T1) and 0±1 0C (P1T4) was used. Thus, the maximum value of germination index in P4T2
treated seeds was found to be 1900.00 per cent higher as compared to minimum value
obtained in control P1T1. An almost similar trend was observed for each of the parameters in
both the years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-III).
4.4.1.5. Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid (PxG) on
germinability parameters of seeds
An overview of pooled data in table 12 reveals that stratification period and
gibberellic acid interaction (PxG) exert significant effect on germination per cent,
germination capacity, germination energy, germination speed, peak value and germination
value only.
A perusal of pooled data in table 12 reflects that significantly maximum germination
of 64.58 per cent resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm
GA3 (P4G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P5G3 and P3G3 giving
values of 49.79 per cent and 48.96 per cent respectively, in descending order. The minimum
value of 2.29 per cent was obtained when non-stratified seeds without GA3 treatment was
used (P1G1). Thus, the maximum value of germination in P4G3 treated seeds was found to be
5998.00 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control P1G1. Similarly,
significantly maximum germination capacity of 83.21 per cent was obtained when seed
stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3) was used. This was however,
followed by treatment combinations of P5G3 and P5G2 giving values of 78.46 per cent and
76.75 per cent respectively, in descending order. The significantly minimum germination
capacity of 64.08 per cent resulted when non- stratified seeds without GA3 treatment (P1G1)
was used. Though non-significant, the maximum germination energy of 49.17 per cent was
seen when seeds stratified for60 days were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3).
The minimum value of 2.50 per cent was observed for non-stratified seeds without
GA3 treatment (P1G1). On the other hand, the significantly maximum germination speed of
1.01 was noticed when seeds stratified for 60 days were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3).
This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P3G3 and P5G3 giving values of
0.73 per cent and 0.67 per cent respectively, in descending order. The significantly minimum
value of 0.06 was observed for unstratified seeds without GA3 treatment (P1G1).
64
Table 11. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Treatments
(PxT)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity (%)
Germination
energy (%)
Germination
speed Peak value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
P1T1
3.61 (8.94) 62.17 (52.04) 3.33 (8.61) 0.04 0.20 0.13 0.03 0.06
P1T2 5.28 (12.92) 65.61 (54.10) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.25 0.19 0.04 0.08
P1T3 4.72 (11.58) 65.33 (53.93) 3.89 (10.05) 0.10 0.28 0.17 0.04 0.07
P1T4 4.72 (11.58) 65.33 (53.93) 3.89 (10.05) 0.10 0.28 0.17 0.04 0.07
P2T1 6.67 (14.76) 65.94 (54.30) 5.56 (13.53) 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.04 0.10
P2T2 31.67 (33.71) 72.28 (58.23) 27.22 (30.49) 0.45 0.27 1.13 0.34 0.49
P2T3 19.17 (25.71) 68.72 (56.00) 12.78 (20.47) 0.35 0.26 0.68 0.19 0.29
P2T4 7.50 (14.58) 71.44 (57.71) 4.72 (11.82) 0.15 0.16 0.27 0.05 0.12
P3T1 35.28 (36.15) 70.00 (56.80) 21.11 (26.83) 0.57 0.45 1.26 0.59 0.54
P3T2 53.61 (47.32) 74.33 (59.57) 35.83 (36.39) 0.82 0.53 1.91 1.04 0.82
P3T3 30.28 (33.26) 72.39 (58.31) 23.33 (28.61) 0.59 0.40 1.08 0.43 0.47
P3T4 35.83 (36.73) 73.39 (58.98) 30.83 (33.55) 0.65 0.40 1.28 0.51 0.55
P4T1 43.89 (41.42) 75.83 (60.61) 28.06 (31.70) 0.70 0.37 1.57 0.58 0.68
P4T2 77.78 (63.91) 83.89 (69.55) 52.78 (46.75) 1.16 0.80 2.78 2.38 1.20
P4T3 47.78 (43.70) 78.50 (62.39) 42.50 (40.41) 0.76 0.40 1.71 0.71 0.74
P4T4 32.50 (34.68) 75.56 (60.40) 26.67 (30.88) 0.54 0.38 1.16 0.45 0.50
P5T1 32.22 (34.25) 77.89 (61.96) 28.06 (31.69) 0.58 0.37 1.15 0.47 0.50
P5T2 63.06 (52.77) 77.83 (61.92) 45.00 (42.11) 0.71 0.39 2.25 0.90 0.97
P5T3 38.61 (38.30) 79.39 (63.01) 33.61 (35.33) 0.67 0.38 1.38 0.56 0.59
P5T4 29.44 (32.81) 70.39 (57.10) 23.61 (28.73) 0.52 0.34 1.05 0.36 0.45
SE+ 1.62 0.50 2.07 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.03
CD0.05 3.20 0.98 4.11 0.14 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.05
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
65
Table 12. Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid (PxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Treatments
(PxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity (%)
Germination
energy (%)
Germination
speed
Peak
value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
P1G1 2.29(6.58) 64.08 (53.19) 2.50 (6.46) 0.06 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.04
P1G2 3.75(10.13) 64.96 (53.71) 4.17 (10.77) 0.07 0.15 0.13 0.02 0.06
P1G3 6.88(15.08) 65.63 (54.11) 5.00 (12.92) 0.10 0.19 0.25 0.04 0.11
P2G1 10.63(18.31) 69.04 (56.20) 7.08 (15.01) 0.23 0.16 0.38 0.07 0.16
P2G2 13.75(19.97) 69.46 (56.48) 11.46 (18.08) 0.20 0.22 0.49 0.12 0.21
P2G3 24.38(28.29) 70.29 (56.99) 19.17 (24.14) 0.38 0.26 0.87 0.27 0.38
P3G1 30.42(33.28) 70.79 (57.31) 20.83 (26.71) 0.58 0.39 1.09 0.44 0.47
P3G2 36.88(37.28) 72.71 (58.52) 27.92 (31.57) 0.62 0.44 1.32 0.58 0.57
P3G3 48.96(44.54) 74.08 (59.41) 34.58 (35.76) 0.78 0.49 1.75 0.90 0.75
P4G1 38.54(38.23) 76.33 (60.93) 25.83 (30.34) 0.73 0.37 1.38 0.55 0.59
P4G2 48.33(44.20) 75.79 (60.55) 37.50 (37.34) 0.63 0.43 1.73 0.80 0.74
P4G3 64.58(55.35) 83.21 (68.23) 49.17 (44.62) 1.01 0.65 2.31 1.74 0.99
P5G1 32.29(34.33) 73.92 (59.40) 27.71 (31.45) 0.63 0.29 1.15 0.34 0.50
P5G2 40.42(39.30) 76.75 (61.22) 31.88 (33.94) 0.56 0.36 1.44 0.53 0.62
P5G3 49.79(44.97) 78.46 (62.37) 38.13 (38.00) 0.67 0.47 1.78 0.84 0.77
SE+ 1.40 0.43 - 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.02
CD0.05 2.78 0.85 NS 0.12 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.05
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
66
The scrutiny of data in table 12 revealed significantly highest peak value of 0.65 when seeds
stratified for 60 days were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3) was used. The significantly least
value of 0.12 resulted when non stratified seeds without GA3 (P1G1). Similarly, significantly
maximum mean daily germination of 2.31 was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days and
treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of
P5G3 and P3G3 giving values of 1.78 per cent and 1.75 per cent respectively, in descending
order. The least value of 0.08 was obtained in non-stratified seeds without GA3 treatment
(P1G1). A critical review of the data in table 12 indicated significantly maximum germination
value of 1.74 when seeds were stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3).
The significantly least value of 0.02 resulted for treatments combination of P1G1 and P1G2
seeds were used. Thus, the maximum germination value recorded in P4G3 treated seeds was
found to be 8600 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in the control P1G1.
Similarly, significantly maximum germination index of 0.99 resulted when seeds were
stratified for 60 days and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4G3). This was however, followed by
treatment combinations of P5G3 and P3G3 giving values of 0.77 per cent and 0.75 per cent
respectively, in descending order. Thus, the maximum value of germination index obtained
in P4G3 treated seeds was found to be 2375.00 per cent higher as compared to minimum value
obtained in control P1G1 seeds. The least value of 0.04 was obtained when non stratified seeds
without GA3 treatment (P1G1) was used.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-IV).
4.4.1.6. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (TxG) on
germinability parameters of seeds
A perusal of pooled data in table 13 revealed that interaction of stratification
temperature and gibberellic acid (TxG) exert significant effect on germination per cent,
germination capacity, germination energy, peak value, mean daily germination, germination
value and germination index of hazelnut seeds under laboratory condition.
An appraisal of the data (Table 13) reflects significantly maximum germination of
61.5 per cent when seeds were stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3
(T2G3). This was followed by treatment combinations T2G2 (43.3), T3G3 (36.0 %) and T2G1
67
(34.00 %) giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum value of 16.8 per
cent was observed when seeds kept at room temperature were used without GA3 treatment
(T1G1). Thus, the maximum value of germination in T2G3 treated seeds was found to be
266.07 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control T1G1 seeds.
Similarly, significantly maximum germination capacity of 78.80 per cent resulted when seeds
stratified as out-door pit were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). This was followed by
treatment combinations T3G3 (73.90 %), T4G3 (73.80 %) and T2G2 (73.33 % each) giving
values in descending order. The significantly least value of 70.00 per cent resulted when
seeds kept at room temperature were used without GA3 treatment (T1G1).
The significantly maximum germination energy (46.50 %) was recorded when seeds
were stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). This was followed by
treatment combinations T2G2 (30.67), T3G3 (27.83 %) and T3G2 (24.00 %) giving values in
descending order. The significantly minimum value of 13.33 per cent resulted when non
stratified seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1) were used. Similarly, seeds stratified as out-
door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3) recorded significantly maximum germination
speed of 0.89 in the seeds. This was followed by treatment combinations T3G2 (0.54), T3G1,
T2G2and T2G1 (0.52 each) giving values in descending order. The least value of 0.34 resulted
when seeds kept at room temperature without GA3 treatment (T1G1) was used. A critical
review of data in table 13 indicated significantly highest peak value of 0.56 when seeds
stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). The significantly least value
of 0.26 resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1). Similarly,
significantly maximum mean daily germination of 2.20 was registered in seeds stratified as
out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). The significantly least value of 0.60 was
obtained in non-treated seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1) was used.
The data in table 13 revealed significantly maximum germination value of 1.58 when
seeds stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3) was used. This was
followed by treatment combinations T2G2 (0.71), T3G3 (0.56) and T1G3 (0.53) giving values in
descending order. The significantly least value of 0.20 resulted when non treated seeds kept
at room temperature (T1G1) was used.
68
Table 13. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (TxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under
laboratory condition
Treatments
(TxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity (%)
Germination
energy (%)
Germination
speed
Peak
value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
T1G1 16.8 (21.80) 70.00 (56.89) 13.33 (19.04) 0.34 0.26 0.60 0.16 0.26
T1G2 22.8 (26.13) 70.27 (57.12) 15.33 (21.32) 0.37 0.32 0.82 0.30 0.35
T1G3 33.3 (33.39) 70.83 (57.42) 23.00 (27.06) 0.50 0.39 1.19 0.53 0.51
T2G1 34.0 (33.93) 72.23 (58.26) 22.33 (26.90) 0.52 0.39 1.21 0.51 0.52
T2G2 43.3 (39.86) 73.33 (58.97) 30.67 (32.39) 0.52 0.36 1.55 0.71 0.67
T2G3 61.5 (52.59) 78.80 (64.78) 46.50 (41.90) 0.89 0.56 2.20 1.58 0.95
T3G1 21.3 (25.68) 72.00 (58.13) 17.33 (22.12) 0.52 0.24 0.76 0.22 0.33
T3G2 27.0 (30.00) 72.70 (58.62) 24.50 (28.25) 0.42 0.31 0.96 0.36 0.42
T3G3 36.0 (35.85) 73.90 (59.43) 27.83 (30.55) 0.54 0.37 1.29 0.56 0.55
T4G1 19.2 (23.18) 68.83 (56.11) 14.17 (19.91) 0.41 0.27 0.68 0.20 0.29
T4G2 21.3 (24.72) 71.70 (57.90) 19.83 (23.40) 0.34 0.27 0.76 0.27 0.33
T4G3 24.8 (28.75) 73.80 (59.27) 19.50 (24.84) 0.42 0.33 0.89 0.36 0.38
SE+ 1.25 0.38 1.61 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02
CD0.05 2.48 0.76 3.18 0.11 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.04
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
69
Table 14. Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds
under laboratory condition
Treatments
(PxTxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination capacity
(%)
Germination energy
(%)
Germination
speed
Peak
value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value Germination index
P1T1G1 1.67 (4.31) 60.50 (51.06) 1.67 (4.31) 0.02 0.13 0.06 0.01 0.03
P1T1G2 3.33 (8.61) 63.17 (52.63) 3.33 (8.61) 0.03 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.05
P1T1G3 5.83 (13.91) 62.83 (52.44) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.38 0.21 0.08 0.09
P1T2G1 3.35 (10.37) 64.50 (53.43) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.38 0.12 0.05 0.05
P1T2G2 4.17 (11.65) 65.67 (54.13) 5.00 (12.92) 0.05 0.25 0.15 0.04 0.06
P1T2G3 8.33 (16.74) 66.67 (54.74) 5.00 (12.92) 0.11 0.15 0.30 0.05 0.13
P1T3G1 2.50 (7.34) 65.83 (54.23) 1.67 (4.31) 0.10 0.24 0.12 0.03 0.04
P1T3G2 4.17 (11.65) 64.83 (53.63) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.24 0.15 0.04 0.06
P1T3G3 7.50 (15.75) 65.33 (53.93) 5.00 (12.92) 0.11 0.12 0.27 0.03 0.12
P1T4G1 3.33 (10.37) 65.50 (54.03) 1.67 (4.31) 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.03
P1T4G2 3.35 (8.61) 66.17 (54.43) 3.33 (8.61) 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.03 0.05
P1T4G3 5.83 (13.91) 67.67 (55.35) 5.00 (12.92) 0.09 0.14 0.21 0.03 0.09
P2T1G1 6.67 (14.76) 65.83 (54.23) 5.00 (12.92) 0.15 0.14 0.24 0.03 0.10
P2T1G2 5.00 (12.92) 65.33 (53.93) 5.00 (12.92) 0.08 0.22 0.18 0.04 0.08
P2T1G3 8.33 (16.60) 66.67 (54.74) 6.67 (14.76) 0.13 0.14 0.30 0.04 0.13
P2T2G1 18.33 (25.19) 71.00 (57.42) 11.67 (19.45) 0.27 0.22 0.65 0.14 0.28
P2T2G2 25.00 (29.98) 72.50 (58.37) 24.17 (29.44) 0.31 0.24 0.89 0.21 0.38
P2T2G3 51.67 (45.96) 73.33 (58.91) 45.83 (42.59) 0.76 0.35 1.85 0.65 0.79
P2T3G1 12.50 (20.64) 69.33 (56.37) 6.67 (14.76) 0.33 0.22 0.45 0.10 0.19
P2T3G2 20.00 (26.54) 68.00 (55.55) 13.33 (21.34) 0.32 0.27 0.71 0.19 0.31
P2T3G3 25.00 (29.95) 68.83 (56.06) 18.33 (25.31) 0.41 0.30 0.89 0.27 0.38
P2T4G1 5.00 (12.64) 70.00 (56.79) 5.00 (12.92) 0.16 0.24 0.18 0.04 0.08
P2T4G2 5.00 (10.45) 72.00 (58.06) 3.33 (8.61) 0.07 0.24 0.18 0.04 0.08
P2T4G3 12.50 (20.64) 72.33 (58.27) 5.83 (13.91) 0.22 0.26 0.45 0.12 0.19
P3T1G1 20.83 (27.12) 68.83 (56.07) 11.67 (19.50) 0.37 0.36 0.74 0.27 0.32
P3T1G2 39.17 (38.74) 70.00 (56.79) 23.33 (28.86) 0.59 0.44 1.40 0.62 0.60
P3T1G3 45.83 (42.60) 71.17 (57.53) 28.33 (32.14) 0.75 0.55 1.64 0.90 0.71
P3T2G1 41.67 (40.19) 73.17 (58.80) 25.00 (29.80) 0.68 0.49 1.49 0.73 0.64
P3T2G2 43.33 (41.16) 74.33 (59.56) 27.50 (31.49) 0.69 0.49 1.55 0.76 0.67
P3T2G3 75.83 (60.60) 75.50 (60.33) 55.00 (47.88) 1.10 0.60 2.71 1.63 1.17
P3T3G1 27.50 (31.59) 70.00 (56.79) 22.50 (28.24) 0.64 0.38 0.98 0.37 0.42
P3T3G2 25.00 (29.98) 72.67 (58.48) 21.67 (27.22) 0.52 0.42 0.89 0.38 0.38
70
Treatments
(PxTxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination capacity
(%)
Germination energy
(%)
Germination
speed
Peak
value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value Germination index
P3T3G3 38.33 (38.22) 74.50 (59.67) 25.83 (30.38) 0.60 0.40 1.37 0.55 0.59
P3 T4G1 31.67 (34.22) 71.17 (57.58) 24.17 (29.31) 0.63 0.36 1.13 0.40 0.49
P3T4G2 40.00 (39.22) 73.83 (59.24) 39.17 (38.70) 0.67 0.42 1.43 0.59 0.62
P3T4G3 35.83 (36.76) 75.17 (60.11) 29.17 (32.63) 0.66 0.42 1.28 0.54 0.55
P4T1G1 34.17 (35.77) 80.00 (63.46) 26.67 (30.95) 0.59 0.38 1.22 0.47 0.53
P4T1G2 38.33 (38.22) 72.83 (58.59) 20.83 (26.88) 0.64 0.36 1.37 0.49 0.59
P4T1G3 59.17 (50.29) 74.67 (59.78) 36.67 (37.26) 0.87 0.37 2.11 0.78 0.91
P4T2G1 58.33 (49.85) 75.83 (60.56) 30.00 (33.16) 0.90 0.53 2.08 1.09 0.90
P4T2G2 78.33 (62.27) 76.67 (61.12) 51.67 (45.96) 0.87 0.59 2.80 1.67 1.21
P4T2G3 96.67 (79.63) 99.17 (86.97) 76.67 (61.12) 1.70 1.27 3.45 4.39 1.49
P4T3G1 34.17 (35.76) 76.50 (61.01) 26.67 (30.79) 0.86 0.30 1.22 0.37 0.53
P4T3G2 45.83 (42.60) 78.50 (62.38) 48.33 (44.00) 0.59 0.39 1.64 0.65 0.71
P4T3G3 63.33 (52.74) 80.50 (63.80) 52.50 (46.43) 0.84 0.49 2.26 1.12 0.97
P4 T4G1 27.50 (31.57) 73.00 (58.71) 20.00 (26.45) 0.57 0.29 0.98 0.28 0.42
P4 T4G2 30.83 (33.73) 75.17 (60.12) 29.17 (32.51) 0.44 0.36 1.10 0.40 0.47
P4 T4G3 39.17 (38.74) 78.50 (62.38) 30.83 (33.68) 0.62 0.48 1.40 0.68 0.60
P5T1G1 20.83 (27.03) 76.17 (60.78) 21.67 (27.52) 0.58 0.29 0.74 0.22 0.32
P5T1G2 28.33 (32.14) 78.67 (62.49) 24.17 (29.31) 0.50 0.30 1.01 0.31 0.44
P5T1G3 47.50 (43.57) 78.83 (62.61) 38.33 (38.22) 0.66 0.52 1.70 0.87 0.73
P5T2G1 48.33 (44.04) 76.67 (61.12) 40.00 (39.19) 0.66 0.33 1.73 0.57 0.74
P5T2G2 65.83 (54.25) 77.50 (61.69) 45.00 (42.12) 0.70 0.39 2.35 0.92 1.01
P5T2G3 75.00 (60.00) 79.33 (62.96) 50.00 (45.00) 0.78 0.45 2.68 1.20 1.15
P5T3G1 30.00 (33.06) 78.33 (62.26) 29.17 (32.51) 0.69 0.24 1.07 0.26 0.46
P5T3G2 40.00 (39.23) 79.50 (63.08) 34.17 (35.77) 0.58 0.39 1.43 0.56 0.62
P5T3G3 45.83 (42.61) 80.33 (63.68) 37.50 (37.72) 0.74 0.52 1.64 0.85 0.71
P5T4G1 30.00 (33.17) 64.50 (53.43) 20.00 (26.57) 0.61 0.29 1.07 0.31 0.46
P5T4G2 27.50 (31.57) 71.33 (57.63) 24.17 (28.56) 0.46 0.34 0.98 0.34 0.42
P5T4G3 30.83 (33.70) 75.33 (60.24) 26.67 (31.07) 0.49 0.39 1.10 0.43 0.47
SE+ 2.80 0.86 3.59 0.13 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.05
CD0.05 5.55 1.70 7.11 0.25 0.11 0.22 0.16 0.09
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
71
Thus, the maximum germination value in T2G3 treated seeds was found to be 690 per
cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in control T1G1. The significantly
maximum germination index of 0.95 resulted when seeds stratified as out-door pit and treated
with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3) was used. The significantly least value of 0.26 resulted when non
stratified seeds kept at room temperature (T1G1) was used. Thus, the maximum germination
index obtained in T2G3 treated seeds was found to be 265.38 per cent higher as compared to
minimum value obtained in control T1G1 seeds.
The almost similar trend was observed for the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-V).
4.4.1.8 Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid
(PxTxG) on germinability parameters of seeds
A cursory glance at the pooled data in table 14 indicated that the interaction effect of
stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) exerted significant effect on
germination per cent, germination capacity, germination speed, peak value, mean daily
germination, germination value and germination index. The pooled results are described here
as under.
The data in table 14 reveal significantly maximum germination of 96.67 per cent
when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and the treated with 200 ppm GA3
(P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P4T2G2 (78.33 %),
P3T2G3 (75.83 %), P5T2G3 (75.00 %) and P5T2G2 (65.834%) giving values in decreasing
order. The significantly minimum value of 1.67 per cent was observed when non stratified
seeds kept at room and treated with water only (P1T1G1) were used. Thus, the maximum
value of germination obtained in P4T2G3 treated seeds was found to be 5586.4 per cent higher
as compared to minimum value obtained in control P1T1G1. Alike, the significantly
maximum germination capacity of 99.17 per cent resulted when seeds were stratified for 60
days in out-door pit. This was followed by treatment combinations P4T3G3 (80.50%), P5T3G3
(80.33 % each) and P4T1G1 (80.00 %) giving values in descending order. The significantly
least value of 60.50 per cent resulted when P1T1G1 treatment combination was used for study.
The pooled data in table 14 indicated significantly maximum germination energy
(76.67 %) when seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit were treated with 200 ppm GA3
(P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P3T2G3 (55.00 %),
P4T3G3 (52.50 %), P4T2G2 (51.67 %) and P5T2G3 (50.00 %) giving values in decreasing order.
72
The significantly minimum value of 1.67 per cent resulted when non stratified seeds kept at
room temperature were treated with 100 ppm GA3 (P1T1G3). Similarly, seeds stratified for 60
days in out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3) recorded significantly maximum
germination speed of 1.70 in the species. The significantly least value of 0.02 resulted when
P1T1G1 treatment combination was used for the study. A critical review of the data in table 14
indicate significant effect on peak value giving highest value of 1.27 when seeds stratified for
60 days in out-door pit were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3). The minimum value of
0.13 however, resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature and treated with
water (P1T1G1) were used. Similarly, significantly maximum mean daily germination of 3.45
was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3
(P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P4T2G2 (2.80), P3T2G3
(2.71), P5T2G3 (2.68) and P5T2G2 (2.35) giving values in decreasing order. The significantly
minimum value of 0.06 resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature were
treated with water (P1T1G1) only. The data in table 14 also revealed significant effect on
germination value giving success rate of 4.39 when seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit
were treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3). This was however, followed by treatment
combinations P4T2G2 (1.67), P3T2G3 (1.63), P5T2G3 (1.20) and P4T3G3 (1.12) giving values in
descending order. However, the significantly minimum value of 0.02 resulted when non
stratified seeds kept at room temperature were treated with water (P1T1G1). Similarly,
significantly maximum germination index of 1.49 was registered in seeds stratified for 60
days in out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3).The significantly minimum
value of 0.03 resulted when non stratified seeds kept at room temperature were used without
GA3 application (P1T1G1). Thus, the maximum germination index obtained in T2G3 treated
seeds was found to be 4866.66 per cent higher as compared to minimum value obtained in
control T1G1 seeds.
The almost similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-VI).
4.4.2 Effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid on germination
and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
The pooled data for germination per cent and seedling growth parameters viz.
seedling height, collar diameter, root length, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, shoot-root
ratio, total dry weight of seedlings and stock quality index are described as under:
73
4.4.2.1 Effect of stratification medium on germination and seedling growth
It is revealed from the data in table 15 that stratification medium exert significant
effect on germination and various seedling growth parameters including stock quality index
for hazel seedlings. The details of parameters are described as under:
The stratification medium exert significant affect on germination per cent of hazel
seeds as evidenced from the data in table 15. The significantly highest germination of 35.70
per cent resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2) followed by M1 (15.94 %)
medium. The significantly least value of 8.68 per cent was observed when seeds stratified in
cow-dung (M3) were used for sowing. The significantly maximum seedling height of 8.44 cm
was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2). The
least value of 2.09 cm was however, observed when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified in cow dung medium (M3). Similarly, the collar diameter was significantly affected
by different stratification media as observed from the data in table 15.
The significantly maximum collar diameter was recorded when seedlings were raised
from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2) giving a value of 3.62 mm in this regard. The
significantly least value of 1.23 mm was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified in cow dung medium (M3). Likewise, significantly maximum root length of 15.20
cm resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2). The significantly least value of
3.9 cm was obtained when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung medium
(M3).
An overview of the data in table 15 reveals that significantly least value of dry shoot
weight (0.24 g) resulted when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium (M3).Whereas,
significantly maximum dry shoot weight resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium
(M2) giving value of 0.58 g. Similarly, significantly maximum dry root weight when
seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2) giving value of 0.55 g. The
significantly least value of 0.20 g resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in
cow dung medium (M3).
It is also apparent from the given data that significantly maximum total dry weight of
1.13 g resulted when seedlings were raised from seed stratified in sand medium (M2). The
significantly least value of 0.12 g was, however, seen when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified in cow dung medium (M3).
74
Table 15. Effect of stratification medium (M), temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) treatments on germination and seedling growth
of Corylus colurna
Treatments Germination
(%)
Seedling
s height
(cm)
Collar
diameter
(mm)
Root
length
(cm)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Total
dry
weight
(g)
Root:
shoot
ratio
Stock
quality
index
Stratification medium (M)
Naked (Control)(M1) 15.94 (9.10) 3.91 2.18 7.6 0.33 0.26 0.59 0.55 0.28
Sand (M2) 35.70 (35.28) 8.44 3.62 15.2 0.58 0.55 1.13 0.88 0.40
Cow-dung(M3) 8.68 (3.54) 2.09 1.23 3.9 0.24 0.20 0.45 0.33 0.19
SE+ 0.74 0.26 0.13 0.43 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.02
CD0.05 1.48 0.51 0.26 0.86 0.15 0.10 0.25 0.06 0.04
Stratification temperature (C)
Control (C1) 16.80 (10.42 3.34 1.90 7.3 0.37 0.26 0.63 0.46 0.31
2 week warm (250-280C)+2 week cold (30C) (C2) 27.56 (24.17) 7.16 2.85 11.4 0.61 0.45 1.06 0.73 0.37
3 week warm (250-280C) +3 week cold (30C)
(C3) 29.32 (28.89) 7.43 3.02 13.7 0.65 0.70 1.35 0.89 0.39
4 week warm (250-280C) + 4 week cold (30C)
(C4) 21.43 (17.78) 5.80 2.53 9.4 0.42 0.35 0.77 0.59 0.29
5 week warm (250-28
0C) +5 week cold (3
0C)
(C5) 14.57 (8.89) 3.09 2.22 6.7 0.15 0.17 0.32 0.50 0.22
6 week warm (250-280C) +6 week cold (30C)
(C6) 10.96 (5.69) 2.06 1.54 4.8 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.34 0.15
SE+ 1.05 - - 0.61 - 0.07 - 0.04 -
CD0.05 2.09 NS NS 1.22 NS 0.14 NS 0.08 NS
Gibberellic acid (G)
Control (G1) 17.76 (13.19) 4.68 2.22 8.5 0.34 0.30 0.64 0.55 0.27
150 ppm (G2) 22.46 (18.75) 4.94 2.47 9.3 0.43 0.38 0.81 0.61 0.31
SE+ 0.61 - 0.11 0.35 0.06 - - 0.02 0.02
CD0.05 1.21 NS 0.21 0.71 0.12 NS NS 0.05 0.03
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
75
75
The significantly, maximum shoot-root ratio of 0.88 resulted when seedlings were
raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2). The significantly least value of 0.33 g
resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung medium (M3).
Similarly, the significantly maximum stock quality index of 0.19 was observed when
seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium (M2). However, significantly least
value of 0.19 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung medium
(M3).
The more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-VII).
4.4.2.2 Effect of stratification temperature on germination and seedling growth
The various stratification temperature (Table 15) treatments exerted significant effect
on germination per cent and seedling growth parameters viz. seedling height, collar diameter,
root length, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, root- shoot ratio, total dry weight and stock
quality index in hazelnut seedlings. The detailed pooled data is described here as under:
A critical review of the data in table 15 indicate significantly maximum germination
of 29.32 per cent when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). This was followed by C2 treatment giving
a success rate of 27.56 per cent. The least significant value of 10.96 per cent resulted when
seeds were stratified as six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6).
Similarly, significantly maximum seedling height of 7.43 cm was observed when seedlings
were raised from nuts stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold
(30 C) (C3) treatments. The result being at par with C2 giving a value of 7.16 cm in this
regard. The minimum value of 2.06 cm resulted when seedlings were raised from nuts
stratified as six week warm (25-280C) followed by six week cold (3
0 C) (C6).
An inquisition of the pooled data in table 15 revealed that stratification temperature
had a significant effect on collar diameter of hazelnut seedlings. The significantly highest
collar diameter was registered when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified for three
week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3) treatment giving value of 3.02
mm, the result being at par with C2 (2.85 mm) in this regard. The significantly minimum
76
value of 1.54 mm was, however observed when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified as
six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments. Likewise,
significantly maximum root length of 13.7 cm resulted when seeds were stratified as three
week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3) treatments. This was followed
by C2 giving value of 11.4 cm in this regard. The significantly minimum value of 4.8 cm was,
however recorded when nuts were stratified as six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six
week cold (30 C) (C6).
The appraisal of the pooled data in table 15 indicated significantly maximum dry
shoot weight of 0.65 g when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified as three week warm
(25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3) treatments, the result being at par with C2
giving value 0.61g in this regard. However, significantly minimum shoot dry weight (0.10 g)
was observed for the seedlings raised from seeds stratified as six week warm (25-280
C)
followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments. Similarly, significantly highest dry root
weight (0.70 g) resulted when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed
by thee week cold (30 C) (C3) treatment. Likewise, maximum total dry weight of 1.35 g
resulted when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week
cold (30 C) (C3) treatments. However, the minimum total dry weight of 0.20 g resulted when
the seedlings were raised from seeds stratified as six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six
week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments.
The significantly maximum root-shoot ratio of 0.89 resulted when seedlings were
raised from seeds stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30
C) (C3) treatments. This was followed by C2 (0.73) and C4 (0.54) treatments giving values in
descending order. It is also clear from the data in table 15 that significantly minimum root-
shoot ratio of 0.34 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified for six week
warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (C6) treatments. Similarly, stratification
temperature exerted significant effect on quality index of hazelnut seedlings. The
significantly maximum quality index of 0.39 was observed when seedlings were raised from
seeds stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (C3)
treatments. This was however, at par with C2 treatment giving values of 0.37 in this regard.
The significantly minimum value of 0.15 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified for C6) six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) treatments.
77
A more or less similar trend was observed for almost all the parameters in both the
years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix- VII).
4.4.2.3 Effects of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth
The effect of different gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments on germination and seedling
growth parameters were found to be significant. It is evident from the pooled data in table 15
that germination per cent was significantly affected by different GA3 treatments. Maximum
germination of 22.46 per cent was obtained when seeds were given 150 ppm GA3 treatment
(G2) before sowing in the nursery. Though non-significant, maximum plant height of 4.94 cm
resulted when seeds were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). On the other hand, gibberellic acid
had a significant effect on collar diameter of seedlings. The significantly maximum collar
diameter of 2.47 mm was obtained when seeds were treated with150 ppm GA3 (G3).
Similarly, the significantly maximum root length of 9.3 cm resulted when seeds were treated
with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). The significantly minimum value of 8.5 cm resulted when seedlings
were raised from seeds without the application of GA3 i.e. controls (G1).
The perusal of pooled data in table 15 indicate significantly maximum dry shoot
weight of 0.43 g when seedlings were raised from seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2).
Though non-significant, maximum dry root weight of 0.38 g resulted when seeds were treated
with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). Similarly, maximum total dry weight of 0.81 g (NS) resulted when
seedlings were raised from seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). On the other hand, the
significantly maximum root - shoot ratio of 0.61 resulted when seedlings were raised from
seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G2). The significantly minimum value of 0.55 resulted
when seeds were sown without the application of GA3 i.e. control (G1). Likewise,
significantly maximum stock quality index of 0.31 was observed when seeds were treated
with 150 ppm GA3 (G2).
A more or less similar trend was observed for almost all the parameters in both the
years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix- VII).
4.4.2.4 Interaction effect of stratification medium and stratification temperature
(MxC) on germination and seedling growth
An inquisition of pooled data in table 16 reveals that interaction of stratification
medium and temperature (MxC) exert significant effect on germination per cent and seedling
78
growth parameters except dry shoot weight. The significantly highest germination of 53.90
per cent resulted when seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) was used for sowing. This was however, followed
by treatment combinations M2C2 (46.69 %), M2C4 (39.20 %) and M2C5 (25.84 %), giving
values in descending order. The significantly least value of 0.25 per cent was obtained when
seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for five week warm (25-280
C) followed by five
week cold (30 C) treatment. On the other hand, significantly maximum seedling height of
14.75 cm resulted when seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. This was however, followed by
treatment combinations M2C2 (13.17 cm), M2C4 (8.97 cm) and M1C4 (7.97 cm), giving values
in descending order. The significantly minimum value of 0.55 cm was observed when seeds
were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
(30 C) (M3C6) treatment. Similarly, the significantly maximum collar diameter (4.68 mm)
resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium for three week
warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. This was followed by
treatment combinations of M2C5 (3.89 mm), M2C2 (3.80 mm) and M2C4 (3.75 mm), giving
values in descending order. The similarly minimum value of 0.48 mm resulted when seeds
were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
(30 C) (M2C6) treatment. Similarly, significantly maximum root length of 26.2 cm resulted
when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-
280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. The minimum (1.2 cm) value
resulted when seeds were stratified in cow dung for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by
six week cold (30 C) (M3C6) treatment.
Though, non significant, maximum dry shoot weight (1.04 g) was obtained when
seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed
by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. However, significantly maximum dry root
weight of 1.14 g resulted from seed stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (M2C3) treatment. This was however, followed by treatment
combinations of M2C2 (0.73 g), M2C4 (0.73 g) and M2C1 (0.46 g), giving values in descending
order. Similarly, significantly maximum total dry weight of 2.18 g resulted when seedlings
were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three
week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. The significantly minimum value of 0.08 g resulted when
79
seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung for five week warm (25-280
C)
followed by five week cold (30 C) (M3C5) treatment. It is also evident from the data in table
16 that significantly maximum root-shoot ratio 1.60 resulted when seedlings were raised
from seeds stratified in sand followed by three week warm and three week cold treatment
(M2C3). Similarly, significantly maximum stock quality index of 0.50 resulted when seedlings
were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three
week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatment. The significantly minimum value of 0.06 each resulted
when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung for five week warm (25-280
C)
followed by five week cold (30 C) and cow dung for six week warm (25-28
0 C) followed by
six week cold (30 C) treatments.
A more or less similar trend was observed for almost all the parameters in both the
years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-VIII).
Table 16. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on germination
and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
Treatments
(MxC)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings
height
(cm)
Collar
diameter
(mm)
Root
length
(cm)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Total
dry
weight
(g)
Root:
shoot
ratio
Stock
quality
Index
M1C1 9.89 (4.58) 1.63 1.37 3.5 0.17 0.12 0.28 0.29 0.19
M1C2 18.44 (10.42) 4.59 2.31 9.0 0.37 0.31 0.69 0.66 0.32
M1C3 25.83 (19.17) 5.03 2.86 11.2 0.67 0.44 1.11 0.71 0.44
M1C4 19.92 (11.67) 7.97 3.04 11.6 0.47 0.40 0.87 0.79 0.32
M1C5 14.83 (6.67) 4.28 2.52 8.6 0.23 0.23 0.46 0.66 0.27
M1C6 6.70 (2.08) 0.95 1.02 2.8 0.07 0.06 0.13 0.20 0.09
M2C1 26.96 (20.83) 4.83 2.51 11.7 0.71 0.46 1.17 0.60 0.48
M2C2 46.69 (52.92) 13.17 3.80 17.1 0.67 0.73 1.40 0.88 0.40
M2C3 53.90 (65.00) 14.75 4.68 26.2 1.04 1.14 2.81 1.60 0.50
M2C4 39.20 (40.00) 8.97 3.75 14.6 0.69 0.53 1.22 0.77 0.41
M2C5 25.84 (19.17) 4.23 3.89 10.9 0.19 0.23 0.42 0.72 0.34
M2C6 21.64 (13.75) 4.69 3.12 10.5 0.18 0.23 0.40 0.69 0.28
M3C1 13.56 (5.83) 3.57 1.81 6.6 0.23 0.22 0.45 0.49 0.25
M3C2 5.85 (3.06) 3.73 2.46 8.0 0.41 0.10 0.71 0.66 0.38
M3C3 2.50 (8.22) 2.51 1.51 3.8 0.62 0.51 1.13 0.36 0.24
M3C4 5.19 (1.67) 1.46 0.87 3.2 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.21 0.13
M3C5 3.03 (0.83) 0.75 0.52 1.5 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06
M3C6 4.55 (1.25) 0.55 0.48 1.2 0.06 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.06
SE+ 1.82 0.63 0.32 1.06 - 0.13 0.31 0.07 0.05
CD0.05 3.62 1.26 0.63 2.12 NS 0.25 0.61 0.15 0.10
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
80
4.4.2.5 Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid (MxG)
An overview of pooled data in table 17 reveals that stratification medium and
gibberellic acid interaction (MxG) exert significant effect on germination per cent only. The
significantly maximum germination of 39.09 per cent was obtained when seeds stratified in
sand were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).
The significantly minimum value of 2.92 per cent was however, obtained when seeds
stratified in cow dung (M3) were sown without GA3 (G1) treatment. On the other hand, the
interaction indicated non-significant effect on seedling height. The maximum seedling height
of 8.51 cm resulted when seeds were stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).
This was however, followed by M2G1 (8.37 cm) and M1G2 (4.14 cm) combinations giving
values in descending order. The minimum value of 2 cm resulted when seedlings were raised
from seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly non
significant, the maximum collar diameter of 3.72 mm was noticed when seeds were stratified
in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).
The minimum value of 1.20 mm was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1).The maximum root length of
15.6 cm was observed when seeds were stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3
(M2G2). The minimum value of 3.7 cm was observed when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1).
Table 17. Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid (MxG) on
germination and seedling growth parameters of Corylus colurna
Treatments
(MxG)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings
height
(cm)
Collar
diameter
(mm)
Root
length
(cm)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Total
dry
weight
(g)
Root:
shoot
ratio
Stock
quality
index
M1G1 13.12 (6.67) 3.68 1.94 7.2 0.30 0.23 0.53 0.51 0.24
M1G2 18.75 (11.53) 4.14 2.42 8.0 0.35 0.28 0.64 0.60 0.31
M2G1 32.31 (30.00) 8.37 3.52 14.7 0.57 0.53 1.09 0.84 0.39
M2G2 39.09 (40.56) 8.51 3.72 15.6 0.59 0.58 1.17 0.91 0.42
M3G1 7.84 (2.92) 2.00 1.20 3.7 0.14 0.14 0.28 0.32 0.18
M3G2 9.53 (4.17) 2.18 1.27 4.2 0.35 0.27 0.62 0.33 0.20
SE+ 1.05 - - - - - - - -
CD0.05 2.09 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
81
Though non-significant, maximum dry shoot weight of 0.59 g resulted when seedlings
were raised from seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The
minimum value of dry shoot weight of 0.14 g was observed when seeds were stratified in cow
dung without the treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly, maximum dry root weight of 0.58 g was
recorded for seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The minimum
value of 0.14 was however, observed for seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the
treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly, maximum total dry weight of 1.17 g was recorded for seeds
stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The minimum value of 0.28 g was
however, observed for seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the treatment of GA3 (G1).
It was also evident from the given data in table 17 that though non-significant,
maximum root-shoot ratio of 0.91 resulted when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in
sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). The minimum value of 0.32 was however,
observed when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in cow dung (M3) without the
treatment of GA3 (G1). Similarly, maximum stock quality index of 0.42 resulted when
seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2).
The minimum value of 0.18 was however, observed from seeds stratified in cow dung (M3)
without the treatment of GA3 (G1).
A more or less similar trend was observed for almost all the parameters in both the
years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-IX).
4.4.2.6 Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (CxG)
A scrutiny of pooled data in table 18 reflects that interaction of temperature and
gibberellic acid (CxG) exerts significant effect on germination per cent and collar diameter
only. The significantly maximum germination of 31.28 per cent resulted when seeds
stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated
with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The least value of 4.72 per cent resulted when seeds stratified for
six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) were sown without GA3 (C6G1)
treatment. On the other hand, though, non-significant, maximum seedling height of 7.56 cm
resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold
(30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 1.97 cm resulted when
seeds stratified for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) were sown
82
without GA3 (C6G1). The significantly maximum collar diameter of 3.09 mm was recorded
when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C)
were sown without GA3 (C3G1). However, seeds stratified for six week warm (25-280
C)
followed by six week cold (30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment gave least value of
1.39 mm.
Table 18. Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (CxG) on
germination and seedling growth parameters of Corylus colurna
Treatments
(CxG)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings
height
(cm)
Collar
diameter
(mm)
Root
length
(cm)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Total
dry
weight
(g)
Root:
shoot
ratio
Stock
quality
index
C1G1 12.26 (6.67) 2.62 1.45 6.0 0.28 0.22 0.50 0.37 0.24
C1G2 21.34 (14.17) 4.06 2.34 8.5 0.46 0.31 0.77 0.55 0.37
C2G1 24.47 (20.00) 6.77 2.83 10.6 0.57 0.41 0.98 0.69 0.36
C2G2 30.65 (28.33) 7.55 2.87 12.2 0.65 0.49 1.13 0.77 0.38
C3G1 27.36 (25.00) 7.56 3.09 13.4 0.48 0.55 1.03 0.86 0.37
C3G2 31.28 (32.78) 7.31 2.94 14.0 0.82 0.85 1.67 0.91 0.42
C4G1 19.67 (15.56) 6.19 2.53 10.1 0.43 0.36 0.79 0.60 0.28
C4G2 23.20 (20.00) 5.42 2.54 8.8 0.41 0.34 0.75 0.59 0.30
C5G1 13.11 (7.22) 3.00 2.02 6.7 0.15 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.22
C5G2 16.02 (10.56) 3.17 2.43 6.8 0.14 0.17 0.31 0.51 0.22
C6G1 9.66 (4.72) 1.97 1.39 4.3 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.32 0.14
C6G2 12.26 (6.67) 2.16 1.69 5.4 0.11 0.11 0.22 0.35 0.16
SE+ 1.48 - 0.26 - - - - - -
CD0.05 2.96 NS 0.52 NS NS NS NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
It was apparent from the data in table 18 that though, non significant, maximum root
length of 14.00 cm resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The least value of 4.3 cm
resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
(30 C) without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Similarly, though non-significant, maximum dry shoot
weight of 0.82 g resulted from seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.09 g
resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
(30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Similarly non significant, maximum dry root
weight of 0.85 g resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
83
three week cold (30 C) were sown with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2) treatment. The minimum value
of 0.10 g resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six
week cold (30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Though non-significant, the
highest total dry weight of 1.67 g resulted when seeds were stratified for three week warm
(25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The
minimum value of 0.19 g resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280
C)
followed by six week cold (30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment.
It is also seen from the data in table 18 that though non-significant, maximum root-
shoot ratio of 0.91 resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.32
resulted when seeds were stratified for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
(30 C) and sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment. Though non-significant, highest stock quality
index of 0.42 resulted when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three
week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.14
resulted when seeds stratified for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C)
were sown without GA3 (C6G1) treatment.
A more or less similar trend was observed for almost all the parameters in both the
years of investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-X).
4.4.2.7 Interaction effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid
(MxCxG) on germination and seedling growth
It is apparent from the pooled data in table 19 that interaction effect of stratification
medium, temperature and gibberellic acid (MxCxG) exert significant effect on germination
per cent, collar diameter, root length and root-shoot ratio of seedlings. The significantly
highest germination of 74.17 per cent resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week
warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3
(M2C3G2) being quite superior to all the other treatments. This was, however followed by
treatment combinations M2C2G2 (60.00 %), M2C3G1 (55.83 %), M2C2G1 (45.83 %) and
M2C4G2 (45.00 %) giving values in descending order. The significantly least success of 0.81
per cent resulted when stratified seeds kept in cow dung for six week warm (25-280
C)
followed by six week cold (30 C) were treated with water only (M3C1G1) but being at par with
M3C1G2, M1C1G1, M3C4G1 and M3C4G2 combinations in this regard. Though non-significant,
84
maximum seedling height of 14.94 cm resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week
warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3
(M2C3G2). This was, however followed by M2C3G2 (14.57) and M2C2G2 (13.83 cm)
treatment giving values in descending order. The least value of 0.38 cm each resulted when
stratified seeds kept in cow dung for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30
C) were treated with water (M3C6G1) and treatment combination of M1C1G1. On the other
hand, it was quite apparent from the given data that significantly highest collar diameter of
5.03 mm resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2), but being at par with
M2C3G1 (4.34 mm) combination in this regard. The significantly minimum value of 0.35 mm
each resulted when stratified seeds kept in cow dung for six week warm (25-280
C) followed
by six week cold (30 C) were treated with water only (M3C6G1) and treatment combination of
M1C1G1.
As evident from the data in table 19, the significantly, maximum root length of 27.50
cm resulted when seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three
week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). This was, however followed by
combinations M2C3G1 (24.82 cm), M2C2G2 (18.60 cm) and M2C2G1 (15.67 cm) giving values
in descending order. The significantly least value of 0.75cm resulted when non stratified
seeds were used for sowing in nursery (M1C1G1). Though, non significant, maximum dry
shoot weight of 1.03 g resulted from seeds stratified in sand for two week warm (25-280
C)
followed by two week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C2G2). The minimum
value of 0.04 g resulted when seeds were stratified in cow dung for six week warm (25-280
C)
followed by six week cold (30 C) and treated in water only (M3C6G1).
Though non-significant, highest dry root weight of 1.25 g resulted from seeds
stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) and
treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). The minimum value of 0.02 g resulted when seeds
stratified in cow dung for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) were
treated in water only. The non-significant, highest total dry weight of 1.82 g was obtained
when seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). The minimum
value of 0.05 g resulted when non stratified seeds were used for sowing.
85
Table 19. Interaction effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid
(MxCxG) on germination and seedling growth parameters of Corylus colurna
Treatments
(MxCxG)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings
height
(cm)
Collar
diameter
(mm)
Root
length
(cm)
Dry
shoot
weight
(g)
Dry
root
weight
(g)
Total
dry
weight
(g)
Root:
shoot
ratio
Stock
quality
index
M1C1G1 0.83 (3.03) 0.38 0.35 0.75 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.04
M1C1G2 8.33 (16.74) 2.87 2.39 6.24 0.30 0.22 0.51 0.49 0.35
M2C1G1 15.83 (23.39) 4.80 2.58 11.83 0.63 0.45 1.08 0.63 0.46
M2C1G2 25.83 (30.52) 4.85 2.44 11.48 0.80 0.48 1.27 0.57 0.47
M3C1G1 3.33 (10.37) 2.68 1.43 5.50 0.19 0.18 0.37 0.39 0.21
M3C1G2 8.33 (16.74) 4.45 2.19 7.75 0.27 0.25 0.52 0.58 0.28
M1C2G1 6.67 (14.90) 4.27 2.19 8.32 0.26 0.26 0.52 0.64 0.28
M1C2G2 14.17 (21.98) 4.92 2.43 9.62 0.48 0.37 0.85 0.68 0.37
M2C2G1 45.83 (42.61) 12.50 3.87 15.67 1.02 0.70 1.72 0.82 0.43
M2C2G2 60.00 (50.77) 13.83 3.72 18.60 1.03 0.76 1.73 0.94 0.38
M3C2G1 7.50 (15.89) 3.55 2.44 7.70 0.37 0.29 0.66 0.63 0.38
M3C2G2 10.83 (19.19) 3.90 2.48 8.33 0.44 0.33 0.77 0.69 0.38
M1C3G1 15.83 (23.35) 4.70 2.87 10.32 0.59 0.39 0.98 0.72 0.42
M1C3G2 22.50 (28.32) 5.37 2.85 12.00 0.75 0.49 1.24 0.69 0.49
M2C3G1 55.83 (48.35) 14.57 4.34 24.82 0.75 1.04 1.79 1.38 0.46
M2C3G2 74.17 (59.46) 14.94 5.03 27.50 0.58 1.25 1.82 1.82 0.53
M3C3G1 3.33 (10.37) 3.40 2.07 5.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.49 0.23
M3C3G2 1.67 (6.06) 1.62 0.95 2.58 0.13 0.81 0.95 0.23 0.25
M1C4G1 10.00 (18.43) 7.63 3.30 12.58 0.57 0.45 1.02 0.80 0.37
M1C4G2 13.33 (21.40) 6.33 2.68 8.48 0.32 0.35 0.67 0.80 0.29
M2C4G1 35.00 (36.27) 9.60 3.39 14.70 0.61 0.51 1.13 0.79 0.34
M2C4G2 45.00 (42.13) 8.33 4.10 14.57 0.77 0.55 1.31 0.75 0.49
M3C4G1 1.65 (4.31) 1.33 0.89 3.08 0.12 0.11 0.23 0.20 0.13
M3C4G2 1.67 (6.06) 1.58 0.85 3.25 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.21 0.13
M1C5G1 5.00 (12.92) 4.35 2.21 9.42 0.26 0.24 0.51 0.64 0.26
M1C5G2 8.33 (16.74) 4.22 2.84 7.83 0.20 0.21 0.41 0.69 0.28
M2C5G1 15.83 (23.39) 3.98 3.87 10.73 0.19 0.23 0.42 0.73 0.34
M2C5G2 22.50 (28.29) 4.47 3.92 10.98 0.20 0.24 0.43 0.72 0.33
M3C5G1 0.83 (3.03) 0.67 0.52 1.50 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06
M3C5G2 0.83 (3.03) 0.83 0.52 1.50 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.06
M1C6G1 1.67 (6.06) 0.77 0.70 1.67 0.07 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.09
M1C6G2 2.50 (7.34) 1.13 1.34 4.00 0.06 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.09
M2C6G1 11.67 (19.89) 4.75 3.11 10.25 0.17 0.23 0.40 0.71 0.28
M2C6G2 15.83 (23.39) 4.63 3.13 10.67 0.18 0.23 0.41 0.68 0.29
M3C6G1 0.81 (3.00) 0.38 0.35 0.83 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.04
M3C6G2 1.67 (6.06) 0.72 0.62 1.57 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.08
SE+ 2.57 - 0.45 1.50 - - - 0.10 -
CD0.05 5.13 NS 0.90 2.99 NS NS NS 0.21 NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
86
It is also evident from the data in table 19 that significantly maximum root-shoot ratio
of 1.82 resulted when seeds and stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed
by three week cold (30 C) and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). On the other hand,
significantly least root-shoot ratio of 0.08 each resulted when seeds stratified in cow dung for
six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) and treated with water (M3C6G1)
and treatment combination of M1C1G1.
Though non-significant, highest stock quality index of 0.53 resulted from seeds
stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) and
treated with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The minimum value of 0.04 each resulted when non
stratified seeds were kept for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
temperature (30 C) and treated with water (M3C6G1) and treatment combination of M1C1G1.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XI).
4.5 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION PERIOD, MEDIUM AND TEMPERATURE
ON MOISTURE CONTENT AND BIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF HAZEL
SEEDS
The biochemical analysis of the seeds of Corylus colurna was carried out to study the
various changes that occurred during stratification treatments. The freshly collected hazelnut
seeds were also investigated for viability, germination, moisture content, and biochemical
parameters before subjecting them to various stratification treatments as given in table 20. It
is quite clear from the data that germination of the fresh seeds was very low (5.50 %), but
possessed high viability (97.77 %). The initial moisture content was 12.87 per cent, while
biochemical parameters were found as reducing sugar-22.69 mg/g, non-reducing sugar-17.10
mg/g, total sugar-39.79 , starch-23.75 and soluble protein as 50.23 per cent.
Table 20. Initial viability, moisture content and biochemical parameters of hazel seeds
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Viability (%) 97.77 Non-reducing sugar (mg/g) 17.10
Germination (%) 5.00 Total sugar (mg/g) 39.79
Moisture (%) 12.87 Starch (mg/g) 23.75
Reducing sugar (mg/g) 22.69 Protein (%) 15.25
87
4.5.1 Effect of stratification period on moisture content and biochemical status of hazel
seeds
The pooled data regarding moisture content and the biochemical status viz., , sugar,
starch content, protein and during different stratification periods (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days)
are presented in table 21. The data revealed that stratification period exert significant effect
on germination of hazel seeds. The significantly maximum moisture content (17.94 %) was
observed in seeds stratified for 60 days (P4), while the least value of 14.54 per cent was
recorded in non-stratified seeds (P1). Reducing sugars, on the other hand showed significant
increase with increasing stratification period. It is apparent from the pooled data in table 21
that significantly highest reducing sugar content (33.97) was recorded when the seeds were
stratified for 60 days (P4), followed by stratification period of P5 (32.26 mg/g) period.
However, significantly minimum value of 24.38 mg/g was observed for control seeds (P1).
The perusal of data in table 21 reveals that though non-significant, the highest non-
reducing sugar (24.45 mg/g) was observed when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) and
followed by stratification period of P5 (24.11 mg/g) in this regard. However, stratification
period had significant effect as far as total sugar content was concerned. The 60 days
stratification period (P4) resulted in significantly maximum sugar content of 58.13 mg/g,
while the significantly minimum value of 42.77 per cent was registered in non-stratified
control seeds (P1). Likewise, the starch content was also significantly affected by different
stratification periods. The significantly maximum starch content (23.78 mg/g) was, however
recorded in non stratified control seeds (P1) while, the significantly minimum value of 19.59
mg/g was registered in 60 days stratified seeds (P4). On the other hand, significantly
maximum soluble protein content (17.45 %) was recorded in seeds stratified for 60 days (P4),
while the minimum value of 15.42 per cent was obtained in non-stratified control seeds (P1).
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XII).
4.5.1.1 Effect of stratification temperature on moisture content and biochemical status
of hazel seeds
The perusal of pooled data in table 21 reveals that significantly maximum moisture
content (18.91 %) resulted when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2), followed by T4
(17.77 %) and T3 (15.88%) treatments, giving values in descending order. The significantly
88
least value of 13.30 per cent was however observed for the seeds kept at room temperature
(T1). The maximum moisture content found in T2 was, therefore 17.91 per cent higher as
compared to T1. Likewise, significantly maximum reducing sugar (32.03 mg/g) was recorded
when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2). This was, however followed by T3 (31.25
mg/g) and T4 (25.37) treatments, giving values in descending order. The significantly least
value of 24.31 mg/g was observed when seeds were kept at room temperature (T1). The
maximum value of reducing sugar content in T2 was thus found to be 31.00 per cent higher as
compared to that of control (T1) seeds.
Table 21. Effect of stratification period and temperature on moisture content and bio-chemical
status of hazel seeds
Treatments
Moisture
content
(%)
Reducing
sugar
(mg/g)
Non-
reducing
sugar (mg/g)
Total
sugar
(mg/g)
Starch
(mg/g) Protein %
Stratification periods (P)
Control (P1) 14.54 (3.81) 24.38 18.38 42.77 23.78 15.42 (3.93)
20 days (P2) 15.01 (3.87) 25.04 18.88 43.92 23.47 15.59 (3.95)
40 days (P3) 17.23 (4.13) 25.54 19.25 44.79 21.49 16.37 (4.05)
60 days (P4) 17.94 (4.21) 33.97 24.15 58.13 19.59 17.45 (4.17)
80 days (P5) 17.61 (4.18) 32.26 24.11 56.58 19.89 16.79 (4.10)
SE+ 0.04 0.51 0.13 0.08 0.01
CD0.05 0.08 1.03 NS 0.26 0.17 0.02
Stratification temperature (T)
Control (T1) 13.30 (3.65) 24.31 18.33 42.64 22.03 15.52 (3.94)
Out-door pit (T2) 18.91 (4.31) 32.03 23.78 55.81 21.28 17.10 (4.13)
4 oC (T3) 15.88 (3.99) 31.25 22.61 54.01 21.71 16.44 (4.05)
0 oC (T4) 17.77 (4.21) 25.37 19.12 44.49 21.77 16.23 (4.03)
SE+ 0.04 0.46 0.50 0.11 0.09 0.01
CD0.05 0.07 0.93 1.01 0.23 0.17 0.02
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
A scrutiny of the pooled data in table 21 reveals significantly maximum non-reducing
sugar content (23.78 mg/g) when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2), followed by T3
(22.61 mg/g) and T4 (19.12 mg/g) treatments, giving values in descending order. The
significantly minimum values for (18.33 mg/g) was observed when seeds were kept at room
temperature (T1). Similarly, significantly maximum total sugar content (55.81 mg/g) was
observed when seeds were stratified in out-door pit (T2), followed by T3 (54.01 mg/g) and T4
89
(44.49 mg/g) treatments, giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum
values for total sugar (44.49 mg/g) was observed when seeds were kept at room temperature
(T1). On the other hand, significantly highest starch content (22.03 mg/g) was observed in
seeds kept at room temperature. However, significantly minimum starch content (21.28 mg/g)
was observed for seeds kept in out-door pit (T2). Similarly, the significantly maximum
soluble protein content (17.10 %) was observed when seeds were stratified for in out-door pit
(T2). The significantly minimum values for soluble protein (15.52 %) was recorded when the
seeds were kept at room temperature (T1).
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XII).
4.5.1.2 Effect of stratification period and temperature interaction (PxT) on moisture
content and biochemical status of hazel seeds
It is evident from the data in table 22 that significantly maximum moisture content of
24.55 per cent resulted in the seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2). This was
however, followed by treatment combinations P5T2 and P3T2 giving values of 22.88 per cent
and 20.20 per cent, respectively in descending order. However, minimum moisture content
(12.83 %) was observed for non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1). The
significantly maximum reducing sugar content (42.50 mg/g) resulted when seeds were
stratified for 60 days at 40C temperature (P4T3). This was however, followed by treatment
combinations P4T2 (42.11 mg/g) and P5T2 (38.86 mg/g), giving values in descending order.
The significantly least value of 22.76 mg/g was obtained when unstratified seeds were kept at
room temperature (P1T1). Likewise, significantly maximum non-reducing sugar (29.90 mg/g)
was recorded when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2). ). However, this
was followed by treatment combinations P5T2 (29.30 mg/g) and P4T3 (28.07 mg/g), giving
values in descending order. The significantly minimum non-reducing sugar content (17.16
mg/g) resulted when non stratified seeds were kept at room temperature (P1T1). Similarly,
seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door pit (P4T2) recorded significantly maximum total sugar
(72.01 mg/g). This was however, followed by treatment combinations P4T3 (70.57 mg/g) and
P5T2 (68.17 mg/g), giving values in descending order. The significantly of total sugar content
(39.93 mg/g) was, however obtained when unstratified seeds were kept at room temperature
(P1T1).
90
It is also evident from the pooled data in table 22 that significantly highest starch
content (23.80 mg/g) was recorded in non stratified seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1).
This was however, followed by treatment combinations of P1T3 and P1T4 giving values of
23.79 mg/g and 23.78 mg/g respectively in descending order. On the other hand, significantly
maximum soluble protein (19.55 %) was registered in seeds stratified for 60 days in out-door
pit (P4T2), being followed by P5T2 (17.51 %) and P4T3 (17.27 %) in the descending order. The
significantly minimum value of soluble protein (15.06 %) was, however obtained when non
stratified seeds were kept at room temperature (P1T1).
Table 22. Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on moisture
content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments
(PxT)
Moisture content
(%)
Reducing
sugar
(mg/g)
Non-
reducing
sugar (mg/g)
Total
sugar
(m/g)
Starch
(mg/g)
Protein
(%)
P1T1 12.83 (3.58) 22.76 17.16 39.93 23.80 15.06 (3.88)
P1T2 13.46 (3.67) 25.24 19.03 44.27 23.75 15.53 (3.94)
P1T3 15.88 (3.99) 24.83 18.72 43.55 23.79 15.53 (3.94)
P1T4 16.00 (4.00) 24.70 18.62 43.32 23.78 15.55 (3.94)
P2T1 13.25 (3.64) 23.46 17.69 41.15 23.44 15.54 (3.94)
P2T2 13.45 (3.67) 26.66 20.10 46.76 23.27 15.70 (3.96)
P2T3 15.52 (3.94) 24.98 18.83 43.81 23.50 15.63 (3.95)
P2T4 17.81 (4.22) 25.06 18.88 43.95 23.69 15.47 (3.93)
P3T1 12.67 (3.56) 23.87 17.98 41.86 22.16 15.51 (3.94)
P3T2 20.20 (4.49) 27.27 20.56 47.83 20.60 17.22 (4.15)
P3T3 16.18 (4.02) 25.50 19.22 44.72 21.60 16.57 (4.07)
P3T4 19.87 (4.46) 25.54 19.24 44.78 21.62 16.19 (4.02)
P4T1 14.15 (3.76) 25.34 19.11 44.45 20.60 15.85 (3.98)
P4T2 24.55 (4.95) 42.11 29.90 72.01 19.21 19.55 (4.42)
P4T3 16.34 (4.04) 42.50 28.07 70.57 19.80 17.27 (4.16)
P4T4 16.73 (4.08) 25.94 19.56 45.50 19.85 17.15 (4.14)
P5T1 13.62 (3.69) 26.12 19.69 45.81 20.15 15.63 (3.95)
P5T2 22.88 (4.78) 38.86 29.30 68.17 19.60 17.51 (4.18)
P5T3 15.51 (3.94) 38.43 28.98 67.41 19.85 17.19 (4.15)
P5T4 18.43 (4.29) 25.62 19.30 44.92 19.90 16.81 (4.10)
SE+ 0.67 1.02 1.12 0.25 0.19 0.14
CD 0.05 1.35 2.07 2.26 0.51 0.39 0.28
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIII).
91
4.5.2 Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisture content and
biochemical status of hazel seeds
4.5.2.1 Effect of stratification medium on moisture content and biochemical parameters
of hazel seeds
The appraisal of pooled data in table 23 reveals significantly maximum moisture
content (15.97 %) when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2), followed by cow dung
(13.0 %) and naked seeds (12.48 %) in the descending order. The significantly maximum
reducing sugars (29.48 mg/g) resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium
(M2), followed by control (M1) (22.21 mg/g) and cow dung seeds (M3) (20.39 mg/g) seeds in
the descending order. Similarly, the significantly maximum non-reducing sugar content
(24.46 mg/g) was obtained when seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2). However, the
significantly minimum value was recorded for M3 (20.39 mg/g) seeds in this regard.
Likewise, significantly maximum value for total sugar content (53.95 mg/g) was obtained
when hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium (M2). The minimum value was, however
noticed for M3 (37.31 mg/g) seeds in this regard. On the other hand, the significantly
maximum value (21.99 mg/g) for starch content was recorded in case of control M1 seeds.
The significantly maximum soluble protein content having value of 16.41 per cent was
observed for seeds stratified in sand medium (M2), followed by M1 (12.48 %) and M3 (13.0
%) seeds in the descending order.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIV).
4.5.2.2 Effect of stratification temperature on moisture content and biochemical
parameters of hazel seeds
An overview of pooled data in table 23 indicates significantly maximum moisture
content (14.58 %) when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). This was however, followed by C2 (14.43 %) and C4
(14.00 %) treatments giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum moisture
content (13.79 mg/g) was, however recorded for the C1 treatment. The significantly maximum
reducing sugars (26.64 mg/g) resulted when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week
warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). This was however,
followed by C4 (26.45 mg/g) and C2 (26.37 mg/g) giving values in descending order. The
92
significantly minimum reducing sugar (21.21 mg/g) was recorded for the C6 treatment.
Similarly, significantly maximum value for non-reducing sugar (22.11 mg/g) was noticed
when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week
cold (30 C) treatment (C3). While, significantly minimum value (17.60 mg/g) was recorded
for C6 treatment.
Table 23. Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisture content and bio-
chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments
Moisture
content
(%)
Reducing
sugar
(mg/g)
Non-
reducing
sugar
(mg/g)
Total
sugar
(mg/g)
Starch
(mg/g)
Protein
(%)
Stratification medium
Naked (Control) (M1)
12.48
(3.53) 22.21 18.43 40.58 21.99
15.18
(3.90)
Sand (M2)
15.97
(3.99) 29.48 24.46 53.95 19.61
16.41
(4.05)
Cow-dung (M3)
13.00
(3.60) 20.39 16.92 37.31 22.95
14.81
(3.85)
SE+ 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.002
CD0.05 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.003
Stratification temperature (C)
(Control) C1
13.79
(3.71) 21.77 18.07 39.72 22.37
15.28
(3.91)
2 week warm (250-280C)+2 week
cold (30C) (C2)
14.43
(3.79) 26.37 21.89 48.26 20.86
15.94
(3.99)
3 week warm (250-28
0C) + 3 week
cold (30C) (C3)
14.58
(3.81) 26.64 22.11 48.75 20.63
16.09
(4.01)
4 week warm (250-280C) + 4
week cold (30C) (C4)
14.00
(3.73) 26.45 21.95 48.41 20.65
15.52
(3.94)
5 week warm (250-280C), + 5
week cold (30C) (C5)
13.27
(3.64) 21.71 18.02 39.73 21.95
15.11
(3.89)
6 week warm (250-280C) + 6
week cold (30C) (C6)
12.82
(3.58) 21.21 17.60 38.81 22.65
14.87
(3.86)
SE+ 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.002
CD0.05 0.03 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.03 0.005
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
93
Likewise, the significantly maximum value for total sugar content (48.75 mg/g) was
obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3).This was, however followed by C4 (48.41 mg/g) and C2
(48.26 mg/g) giving values in descending order. The significantly least value (38.81 mg/g)
was recorded for C1 treatment. On the other hand, the significantly maximum value (22.65
mg/g) of starch content was obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified as six week warm
(25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). The significantly minimum value
(20.63 mg/g) was, however noticed when hazelnut seeds were stratified as three week warm
(25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3). The significantly maximum
soluble protein content of 16.09 per cent was observed for seeds stratified as three week
warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment (C3), followed by C2 (15.94
%) and C4 (15.52 %) in descending order. However, the minimum value (14.87 %) was
recorded for C6 treatment in this regard.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIV).
4.5.2.2 Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on moisture
content and biochemical parameters
A scrutiny of the pooled data in table 24 reveals that interaction of stratification
medium and temperature (MxC) exert significant effect on moisture content, and various
biochemical parameter on hazelnut seeds. The significantly maximum moisture content
(17.44 %) was noticed when seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments was used. This was however, followed
by treatment combinations of M2C2 (16.86 %), M2C4 (16.40 %) and M2C5 (15.27 %), giving
values in descending order. The significantly least value of 11.50 per cent was obtained when
seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six
week cold (30 C) (M3C6). However, significantly maximum reducing sugar content (35.77
mg/g) was observed when seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments in this regard. This was however,
followed by treatment combinations of M2C4 (35.21 mg/g), M2C2 (35.19 mg/g) and M2C5
(24.43 mg/g), giving values in descending order. The significantly least value of 18.72 mg/g
was obtained when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280
C)
94
followed by six week cold (30 C) (M3C6). The significantly maximum value for non-reducing
sugar (29.68 mg/g) was noticed when seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week
warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) in this regard. The significantly
least value of 15.54 mg/g was obtained when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for
six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C) (M3C6).
Table 24. Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on moisture
content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments
(MxC)
Moisture
content
(%)
Reducing
sugar
(mg/g)
Non-
reducing
sugar (mg/g)
Total
sugar
(mg/g)
Starch
(mg/g)
Protein
(%)
M1C1 12.22 (3.50) 21.13 17.53 38.32 23.26 14.90 (3.86)
M1C2 12.52 (3.54) 22.66 18.81 41.47 21.94 15.54 (3.94)
M1C3 13.27 (3.64) 23.19 19.25 42.45 21.37 15.65 (3.96)
M1C4 12.41 (3.52) 23.07 19.15 42.22 20.86 15.15 (3.89)
M1C5 12.34 (3.51) 21.98 18.25 40.23 21.81 15.12 (3.89)
M1C6 12.14 (3.48) 21.22 17.61 38.83 22.68 14.74 (3.84)
M2C1 14.99 (3.87) 22.79 18.92 41.71 20.66 15.73 (3.97)
M2C2 16.86 (4.11) 35.19 29.21 64.40 18.081 17.14 (4.14)
M2C3 17.44 (4.18) 35.77 29.68 65.45 17.95 17.70 (4.21)
M2C4 16.40 (4.05) 35.21 29.21 64.42 18.38 16.60 (4.07)
M2C5 15.27 (3.91) 24.43 20.27 44.70 20.68 15.85 (3.98)
M2C6 14.84 (3.85) 23.50 19.50 43.01 21.90 15.45 (3.93)
M3C1 14.15 (3.76) 21.38 17.75 39.14 23.18 15.20 (3.90)
M3C2 13.92 (3.73) 21.27 17.66 38.93 22.54 15.14 (3.89)
M3C3 13.03 (3.61) 20.96 17.40 38.36 22.57 14.92 (3.86)
M3C4 13.19 (3.63) 21.09 17.50 38.59 22.69 14.82 (3.85)
M3C5 12.20 (3.49) 18.90 15.60 34.50 23.34 14.42 (3.80)
M3C6 11.50 (3.39) 18.72 15.54 34.26 23.36 14.37 (3.79)
SE+ 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.02 0.03
CD0.05 0.33 0.26 0.26 NS 0.05 0.07
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
Likewise, the significantly maximum value for total sugar content (65.45 mg/g) was
obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments. This was however, followed by
treatment combinations of M2C4 (64.42 mg/g), M2C2 (64.40 mg/g) and M2C5 (44.70 mg/g),
95
giving values in descending order. The significantly least value of 34.26 mg/g was obtained
when seeds were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by
six week cold (30 C) in this regard. On the other hand, the significantly maximum for starch
content (23.36 mg/g) was obtained when hazelnut seeds were stratified in cow dung medium
for (M3C6) six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold (30 C). While, the
significantly least value (17.95 mg/g) was recorded for M2C3 treatment. The significantly
maximum soluble protein content having value of 17.70 per cent was observed for when
hazelnut seeds were stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by
three week cold (30 C) (M2C3) treatments. This was however, followed by treatment
combinations of M2C2 (17.14 %), M2C4 (16.60 %) and M2C5 (15.85 %), giving values in
descending order. The significantly least value of 14.37 per cent was obtained when seeds
were stratified in cow dung medium for six week warm (25-280
C) followed by six week cold
(30 C) (M3C6) in this regard.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XV).
4.6 EFFECT OF IBA FORMULATION AND PRE-CONDITIONING ON
ROOTING BEHAVIOUR OF HAZELNUT
The observation on sprouting and its progress was initiated one week after planting of
cuttings and recorded upto two months. The observations on callusing and rooting
characteristics were recorded after four months. The findings thus arrived at and analyzed
data for both years of study is given in appendix- XVI to XXV, while the pooled data are
described here as under:
4.6.1 Rooting behaviour of hazelnut during spring season (February-April)
4.6.1.1 Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting
and rooting behaviour during spring season (February-April)
It can be inferred from the pooled data in table 25 that all the studied parameters were
significantly affected by IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion treatments
except for mean number of roots.
Sprouting per cent
A scrutiny of pooled data in table in table 25 reveals that significantly highest
sprouting (50.83 %) resulted in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3%
96
sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. This was however, followed by R5, R4 and R6 giving
values 45.83, 44.17, and 39.17 per cent in the descending order. Significantly minimum
sprouting was observed in R1 (control), having value of 17.08 per cent. Similarly,
significantly more sprouting success (39.31 %) was found in girdled cuttings (G1) as
compared to non-girdled cuttings (36.67 %) (G2). Likewise, basal portion of cuttings (C2)
sprouted significantly better as compared to apical portion of cuttings (C1), giving values of
46.11 per cent and 28.86 per cent, respectively.
Callusing per cent
An overview of pooled data in table 25 indicates significantly maximum callusing
(36.25 %) in R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. This was
however, followed by R4, R5 and R2 giving values 26.67, 24.58 and 23.75 per cent in this
regard. Similarly, significantly maximum callusing was observed in girdled cuttings (G1)
(25.95 %) as compared to non-girdled cuttings (20.69 %) (G2) during the spring season.
However, significantly maximum callusing (28.75 %) was observed in the basal portion of
cuttings (C2) was as compared to that of 17.92 per cent in upper portion (C1).
Table 25. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting
and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean
root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
IBA formulation R1 17.08 (24.16) 8.75 (15.63) 5.42 (11.53) 2.00 2.33 57.46
R2 30.00 (32.97) 23.75 (28.80) 10.83 (18.30) 3.12 3.46 82.54
R3 50.83 (45.54) 36.25 (36.78) 22.92 (27.96) 4.76 5.00 207.88
R4 45.42 (42.33) 26.67 (30.82) 16.67 (23.42) 4.62 4.75 219.21
R5 45.42 (42.31) 24.58 (29.54) 16.25 (23.17) 4.26 4.04 196.42
R6 39.17 (38.64) 20.00 (26.26) 11.67 (18.76) 3.81 3.71 150.79
SE+ 1.05 1.67 1.96 0.36 0.37 3.05
CD0.05 2.11 3.35 3.94 0.72 0.74 6.13
Girdling G1 39.31 (38.46) 25.97 (29.55) 17.36 (23.10) 4.09 4.22 178.39
G2 36.67 (36.86) 20.69 (26.40) 10.56 (17.95) 3.44 3.54 126.38
SE+ 0.61 0.96 1.13 0.21 0.21 1.76
CD0.05 1.22 1.93 2.28 0.42 0.43 3.54
Cutting portion C1 29.86 (32.68) 17.92 (24.03) 9.58 (16.52) 2.99 3.19 112.10
C2 46.11 (42.63) 28.75 (31.92) 18.33 (24.53) 4.53 4.57 192.67
SE+ 0.61 0.96 1.13 0.21 0.21 1.76
CD0.05 1.22 1.93 2.28 0.42 0.43 3.54
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
97
Rooting per cent
It is also apparent from the pooled data in table 25 that significantly highest rooting
(22.92 %) resulted in the cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +
talc) formulation of IBA. This was however, followed by R4, R5 and R6 giving values 16.67,
16.25 and 11.67 per cent in the descending order. However, significantly least rooting was
recorded control (R1) (5.42 %) in the hazelnut cuttings. The highest rooting success found in
R3 was thus found to be 103.12 per cent greater as compared to the control (R1). Similarly,
girdled cuttings (G1) resulted in significantly highest success of 17.36 per cent as compared to
10.56 per cent of non-girdled (G2) ones, in this regard. The girdled (G1) cuttings thus
produced 28.77 per cent more success as compared to non-girdled (G2).
As far as the portion of the cutting was concerned, significantly maximum rooting was
recorded in basal portion (C2) with 18.33 per cent success as against only 9.58 per cent in
apical or upper portion of the hazelnut cuttings (C1).
Mean root length (cm)
A cursory glance of the pooled data in table 25 indicates significantly maximum mean
root length (4.76 cm) in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc)
formulation of IBA. This was however, found to be at par with R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan +
3% sucrose + talc) and R5 (0.8% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) treatment giving
value of 4.62 cm and 4.26 cm respectively. Whereas, significantly minimum root length (2.00
cm) was recorded in control (R1). Likewise, girdled cuttings (G1) exhibited significantly
higher root length as compared to non-girdled cuttings (G2), having values of 4.06 cm and
3.44 cm, respectively. Similarly, root length (4.53 cm) was significantly maximum in
basal/lower portion cuttings (C2) as compared to upper portion of cuttings (C1) (2.99 cm).
Mean number of roots
A perusal of the pooled data in table 25 also reveals significantly maximum root
number (5.00) when the cuttings were treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose
+ talc) formulation of IBA. However, significantly least number of roots (2.33) was recorded
in control (R1). Similarly, girdled cuttings (G1) showed maximum number of roots (4.22) as
against 3.54 obtained in non-girdled cuttings (G2). On the other hand, lower portion cuttings
(C2) exhibited significantly maximum number of roots (4.57) in comparison to upper potion
cuttings (C2) (3.19).
98
Mean dry root weight (mg)
The pooled data in table 25 indicates that significantly highest mean dry root weight
(219.21 mg) was observed when the cuttings were treated with R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan +
3% sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. This was however followed by R3 and R5 treatments,
giving values of 219.19 mg and 196.42 mg, respectively, in the descending order. The
significantly minimum dry root weight (57.46 mg) was observed in the cuttings treated with
R1 (control). The maximum dry root weight obtained in R3 was thus found to be 281.50 per
cent more as compared to control (I1). Similarly, significantly maximum mean dry root
weight of 178.39 mg was observed in girdled cuttings (G1) as compared to 126.38 mg
obtained in non-girdled cuttings (G2). Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight
of 192.67 mg was recorded in lower portion cuttings (C2) as compared to 112.10 mg obtained
for upper portion cuttings (C1).
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix- XVI).
4.6.1.2 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on rooting
behaviour during spring season (February-April)
It is evident from the pooled data in table 26 that, though non-significant, maximum
sprouting (51.67 %) resulted in girdled cuttings treated with R3 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3%
sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1). However, the minimum sprouting success (15.83
%) was recorded in R1G1 and R1G2 treatment combination. The significantly maximum
callusing (44.17 %) was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. However, minimum
callusing (8.33%) was recorded in R1G1 treatment combination. It is also clear from the
pooled data that significantly highest rooting (30.83 %) was observed in girdled cuttings
treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation (R3G1). This was
however followed by R4G1 (21.67 %), R5G2 (20.00 %) and R6G1 (15.00 %) treatment
combinations, giving value in descending order. However, minimum rooting success (4.14
%) was observed in control of girdled (R1G1) cuttings.
Similarly, the perusal of the pooled data in table 26 indicates a non-significant effect
of IBA formulations and pre-conditioning interaction on mean root length and mean root
number of cuttings. However, maximum mean root length (6.08 cm) was observed in R3G1
treatment combination. This was however, found to be at par with R5G1 giving 4.99 per cent
98
99
value in this regard. Treatment combination of R1G1 produced the minimum root length of
4.17 cm in the cuttings. Similarly, though non-significant, maximum root number (6.08) was
recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. However, least number of roots (1.50) was observed
in R1G1, treatment combination. Though non-significantly maximum mean dry root weight
(271.58 mg) was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. This was however, followed by
R4G1 and R5G1 (264.42 mg) (226.08 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in the
descending order. However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight (48.42 mg) was
noticed in the treatment combination of R1G1. The maximum mean dry root weight in R3G1
was thus found to be 446.09 per cent more as compared to R1G1 treatment combination.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XVII).
Table 26. Effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on sprouting and
rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(RxG)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean
root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
R1G1 17.50 (24.52) 8.33 (15.36) 4.17 (9.53) 1.44 1.50 48.42
R1G2 16.67 (23.80) 9.17 (15.89) 6.67 (13.52) 2.57 3.17 66.50
R2G1 30.83 (33.46) 24.17 (28.91) 12.50 (20.52) 3.46 3.67 83.25
R2G2 29.17 (32.48) 23.33 (28.70) 9.17 (16.09 2.78 3.25 81.83
R3G1 51.67 (46.07) 44.17 (41.46) 30.83 (33.32) 5.42 6.08 271.58
R3G2 50.00 (45.00) 28.33 (32.10) 15.00 (22.60) 4.11 3.92 144.17
R4G1 49.17 (44.51) 30.83 (33.46) 21.67 (27.06) 4.81 5.02 264.42
R4G2 41.67 (40.16) 22.50 (28.19) 11.67 (19.79) 4.43 4.00 174.00
R5G1 45.00 (42.03) 29.17 (32.57) 20.00 (26.01) 4.99 4.42 226.08
R5G2 45.83 (42.58) 20.00 (26.51) 12.50 (20.32) 3.53 3.67 166.75
R6G1 41.67 (40.14) 19.17 (25.54) 15.00 (22.15) 4.43 4.17 176.58
R6G2 36.67 (37.13) 20.83 (26.99) 8.33 (15.36) 3.20 3.25 125.00
SE+ - 2.36 2.77 - - -
CD0.05 NS 4.74 5.58 NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
100
4.6.1.3 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cuttings portion (RxC) on sprouting
and rooting behaviour during spring season (February-April)
It is evident from the data in table 27 that significantly maximum sprouting (63.33 %)
resulted in cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of
IBA (R3C2). This was however, followed by R5C2 (54.17 %) and R4C2 (53.33 %) treatment
combination, giving values in descending order. The significantly minimum value (13.33 %)
was noticed in R1C1 treatment combination. On the other hand, significantly maximum
callusing of 45.00 per cent was recorded in cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3%
sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). Significantly minimum callusing (5.83 %) was
recorded in R1C1 treatment combination. It is quite clear from the table that significantly
highest rooting success (29.17 %) resulted in the cuttings were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3%
captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). This was however found to be at par
with R4C2 (22.50 %) and R5C2 (21.67 %) treatment combinations, giving values in descending
order. However, minimum rooting success of 3.33 per cent was recorded in control treatment
(R1C1).
Table 27. Effect of IBA and cutting portion interaction (RxC) on sprouting and rooting
behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(RxC)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean
root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
R1C1 13.33 (21.24) 5.83 (11.37) 3.33 (7.38) 1.23 1.25 46.00
R1C2 20.83 (27.08) 11.67 (19.89) 7.50 (15.68) 2.78 3.42 68.92
R2C1 21.67 (27.71) 16.67 (23.95) 8.33 (15.36) 2.77 3.00 78.75
R2C2 38.33 (38.23) 30.83 (33.65) 13.33 (21.24) 3.47 3.92 86.33
R3C1 38.33 (38.00) 27.50 (31.57) 16.67 (23.80) 3.53 4.00 117.25
R3C2 63.33 (53.07) 45.00 (42.00) 29.17 (32.12) 6.00 6.00 298.50
R4C1 37.50 (37.73) 20.83 (27.08) 10.83 (19.16) 3.72 4.58 164.67
R4C2 53.33 (46.93) 32.50 (34.57) 22.50 (27.69) 4.95 4.92 273.75
R5C1 36.67 (37.21) 21.67 (27.62) 10.83 (18.97) 3.65 3.25 143.00
R5C2 54.17 (47.40) 27.50 (31.46) 21.67 (27.37) 4.88 4.83 249.83
R6C1 31.67 (34.19) 15.00 (22.60) 7.50 (14.44) 3.08 3.08 122.92
R6C2 46.67 (43.08) 25.00 (29.93) 15.83 (23.07) 4.55 4.33 178.67
SE+ 1.49 2.36 - 0.51 0.52 4.31
CD0.05 2.99 4.74 NS 1.02 1.05 8.68
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
An overview of the pooled data in table 27 indicates non-significantly maximum
mean root length (6.00 cm) in R3C2 treatment combination. This was however, followed by
R4C2 and R5C2 treatment combination, giving values of 4.95 cm and 4.88 cm, respectively.
101
However, minimum mean root length (1.25 cm) was recorded in R1C1 treatment combination.
The maximum mean root length in R3C2 was thus found to be 390.24 per cent more as
compared to R1C1 treatment combination. Similarly, significantly maximum mean root
number (6.00) was recorded in R3C2, followed by R4C2 (4.92) and R5C2 (4.83), treatment
combinations. However, significantly least mean number of roots (1.25) was recorded in
R1C1, treatment combination. Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight
(298.50 mg) was recorded in treatment combination of R3C2. This was however, followed by
R4C2 and R5C2 treatment combinations, giving values of 273.75 mg and 249.83 mg
respectively, in the descending order. However, significantly least mean dry root weight
(46.00 mg) was noticed in the treatment combination of R1C1. The maximum mean dry root
weight in R3C2 was thus found to be 547.82 per cent more as compared to R1C1 treatment
combination.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XVIII).
4.6.1.4 Interaction effect of pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on rooting
behaviour during spring season (February-April)
It is evident from the data in table 28 that significantly maximum sprouting (47.78 %)
resulted in girdled cuttings from the basal portion (G1C2) in this regard. This was however,
followed by G2C2 (40.28 %) and G2C1 (31.94 %) treatment combination, giving values in
descending order. For the same parameter, significantly minimum value (29.44 %) was
noticed in G1C1 treatment combination. On the other hand, significantly maximum callusing
of 33.61 per cent was recorded in G1C2. Significantly minimum callusing (17.50 %) was
recorded in G2C1 treatment combination. It is quite clear from the table that significantly
highest rooting success (24.17 %) resulted girdled cuttings from the basal portion (G1C2) in
this regard. This was however, followed by G2C2 (12.50 %) and G1C1 (10.56 %) treatment
combination, giving values in descending order. For the same parameter, significantly
minimum value (8.61 %) was noticed in G2C1 treatment combination.
An overview of the pooled data in table 28 indicates significantly maximum mean
root length (5.20 cm) in G1C2 treatment combination. This was however, followed by G2C2
(3.86) and G2C1 (3.01) treatment combination treatment combination. However, significantly
minimum mean root length (2.98 cm) was recorded in G1C1 treatment combination. Though
non-significant significantly maximum mean root number (5.06) was recorded in G1C2,
102
followed by G2C2 (4.08) and G1C1 (3.39), treatment combinations. However, significantly
least mean number of roots (3.00) was recorded in G2C1, treatment combination. Likewise,
significantly maximum mean dry root weight (250.72 mg) was recorded in treatment
combination of G1C2. This was however, followed by G2C2 and G2C1 treatment
combinations, giving values of 134.61 mg and 118.14 mg respectively, in the descending
order. However, significantly least mean dry root weight (106.06 mg) was noticed in the
treatment combination of G1C1. The maximum mean dry root weight in G1C2 was thus found
to be 136.37 per cent more as compared to G1C1 treatment combination.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XIX).
Table 28. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting
and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(GxC)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean
root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean
root dry
weight
(mg)
G1 C1 28.06 (31.62) 18.33 (24.30) 10.56
(17.59) 2.98 3.39 106.06
G1C2 50.56 (45.29) 33.61 (34.80) 24.17
(28.61) 5.20 5.06 250.72
G2 C1 31.67 (33.74) 17.50 (23.76)
8.61
(15.44) 3.01 3.00 118.14
G2C2 41.67 (39.98) 23.89 (29.03)
12.50
(20.45) 3.86 4.08 134.61
SE+ 0.86 1.36 1.60 0.29 - 2.49
CD0.05 1.73 2.73 3.22 0.59 NS 5.01
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
4.6.1.5 Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion
(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behaviour during spring season (February-
April)
It is evident from the pooled data in table 29 that, significant, maximum sprouting
(76.67 %) resulted in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA +
3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was followed by R4G1C2
(60.00 %), R5G1C2 (56.67 %) and R5G2C2 (51.67 %) treatment combinations, giving values in
descending order. However, the minimum sprouting (11.67 % each) was recorded for non-
103
girdled control cuttings of treatment R1G2C1 and R1G2C2. Likewise, non-significant, but
maximum callusing (60.00 %) was noticed in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were
treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2).
However, minimum callusing (5.00 %) was recorded in R1G2C1 treatment combination. The
perusal of the data also reveals that auxin concentration x pre-conditioning x cutting portion
(RxGxC) interaction has a significant effect on rooting success of cuttings. The maximum
rooting success (41.67 %) was recorded in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were
treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This
was followed by R4G1C2 (31.67 %), R5G1C2 (28.33 %) and R6G1C2 (21.67 %) treatment
combinations, giving values in descending order. However, minimum rooting success (1.67
%) was observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1).
The perusal of the pooled data in table 29 also reveals that significantly maximum
mean root length of 7.77 cm was obtained when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated
with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was
however followed by R4G1C2 (6.13 cm), R5G1C2 (5.98 cm) and R6G1C2 (5.13 cm) treatment
combinations, giving values in descending order. The significantly, least mean root length of
0.62 cm was recorded for treatment combination of R1G1C1 in this regard. The maximum
value obtained in R3G1C2 was thus 1153.22 per cent more as compared to R1G1C1 treatment
combination. Similarly, significantly maximum mean root number (7.67) was noticed when
girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +
talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). The minimum mean number of roots (0.50) was observed
in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1).
Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 430.17 mg was recorded
when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose
+ talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was however, followed by R4G1C2 (379.83 mg),
R5G1C2 (318.67 mg) and R6G1C2 (224.67 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in
descending order. However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight of 30.00 mg was
observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1). The maximum value obtained
in R3G1C2 was thus 1333.33 per cent more as compared to R1G1C1 treatment combination.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XX).
104
Table 29. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion (RxGxC) on
sprouting and rooting behavior during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(RxGxC) Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)
Mean
root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
R1G1C1 13.33 (21.34) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.62 0.50 30.00
R1G1C2 21.67 (27.71) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (14.76) 2.27 2.50 66.83
R1G2C1 13.33 (21.14) 5.00 (10.45) 5.00 (10.45) 1.83 2.00 62.00
R1G2C2 20.00 (26.45) 13.33 (21.34) 8.33 (16.60) 3.30 4.33 71.00
R2G1C1 21.67 (27.71) 15.00 (22.60) 10.00 (18.43) 3.20 3.50 82.33
R2G1C2 40.00 (39.21) 33.33 (35.22) 15.00 (22.60) 3.72 3.83 84.17
R2G2C1 21.67 (27.71) 18.33 (25.31) 6.67 (12.29) 2.33 2.50 75.17 R2G2C2 36.67 (37.26) 28.33 (32.09) 11.67 (19.89) 3.22 4.00 88.50
R3G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 28.33 (32.14) 20.00 (26.45) 3.07 4.50 113.00
R3G1C2 76.67 (61.14) 60.00 (50.79) 41.67 (40.20) 7.77 7.67 430.17
R3G2C1 50.00 (45.00) 26.67 (31.00) 13.33 (21.14) 3.98 3.50 121.50
R3G2C2 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (33.21) 16.67 (24.05) 4.23 4.33 166.83
R4G1C1 38.33 (38.24) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 3.27 4.67 149.00
R4G1C2 60.00 (50.77) 40.00 (39.21) 31.67 (34.23) 6.31 6.15 379.83
R4G2C1 36.67 (37.22) 20.00 (26.45) 10.00 (18.43) 4.17 4.50 180.33
R4G2C2 46.67 (43.09) 25.00 (29.93) 13.33 (21.14) 4.70 3.50 167.67
R5G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 25.00 (29.93) 11.67 (19.89) 4.00 3.33 133.50
R5G1C2 56.67 (48.85) 33.33 (35.22) 28.33 (32.14) 5.98 5.50 318.67
R5G2C1 40.00 (39.21) 18.33 (25.31) 10.00 (18.05) 3.30 3.17 152.50
R5G2C2 51.67 (45.96) 21.67 (27.71) 15.00 (22.60) 3.77 4.17 181.00
R6G1C1 35.00 (36.24) 13.33 (21.14) 8.33 (16.60) 3.72 3.83 128.50
R6G1C2 48.33 (44.04) 25.00 (29.93) 21.67 (27.71) 5.13 4.50 224.67
R6G2C1 28.33 (32.14) 16.67 (24.05) 6.67 (12.29) 2.43 2.33 117.33
R6G2C2 45.00 (42.12) 25.00 (29.93) 10.00 (18.43) 3.97 4.17 132.67
SE+ 2.10 - - 0.72 0.74 6.10
CD0.05 4.23 NS NS 1.45 1.49 12.27
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
4.6.2 Rooting behaviour of hazelnut during monsoon season (July-August)
4.6.2.1 Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting
and rooting behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)
An overview of the pooled data in table 30 reveals the studied rooting parameters are
significantly affected by auxin concentration, species and pre-conditioning treatment during
the rainy season, as described here under:
Sprouting per cent
The perusal of pooled data in table 30 reveals significantly highest sprouting (47.50
%) in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) formulation of
IBA. This was however, followed by R5, R4 and R6 giving values 39.17, 37.50, and 36.67per
cent in the descending order. Significantly minimum sprouting was observed in R1 (control),
105
having value of 12.50 per cent. Though non-significantly more sprouting success (33.89 %)
was observed in girdled cuttings (G1) as compared to non-girdled cuttings (33.61 %) (G2).
Likewise, basal portion of cuttings (C2) sprouted significantly better as compared to apical
portion of cuttings (C1), giving values of 26.94 per cent and 20.14 per cent, respectively.
However, basal portion cuttings (C2) sprouted significantly better as compared to upper
portion cuttings (C1), giving values of 41.39 per cent and 26.11 per cent, respectively.
Table 30. Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting
and rooting behaviorof cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%) Rooting (%)
Mean root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
IBA formulation R1 12.50 (20.47) 10.42 (17.08) 2.92 (6.92) 1.25 1.25 24.63
R2 29.17 (32.40) 22.08 (27.52) 7.08 (13.27) 2.38 2.75 53.67
R3 47.50 (43.44) 33.33 (34.95) 18.33 (24.45) 4.77 5.08 229.42
R4 37.50 (37.68) 29.17 (32.36) 15.42 (22.63) 4.47 4.79 217.63 R5 39.17 (38.55) 25.42 (30.03) 12.50 (19.41) 4.05 3.75 183.71
R6 36.67 (37.06) 20.83 (26.89) 9.58 (17.54) 3.37 3.17 144.58
SE+ 1.29 1.60 2.25 - - -
CD0.05 2.59 3.21 4.52 NS NS (NS)
Girdling G1 33.89 (34.98) 26.94 (30.16) 13.33 (19.12) 3.78 3.72 168.19
G2 33.61 (34.89) 20.14 (26.12) 8.61 (15.62) 3.00 3.21 116.35
SE+ - 0.92 1.30 0.25 - 6.26
CD0.05 NS 1.85 2.61 0.50 NS 12.58
Cutting portion C1 26.11 (30.23) 17.22 (23.62) 6.94 (13.32) 2.49 2.71 79.94
C2 41.39 (39.64) 29.86 (32.66) 15.00 (21.42) 4.29 4.22 204.60
SE+ 0.74 0.92 1.30 0.25 0.30 6.26
CD0.05 1.49 1.85 2.61 0.50 0.60 12.58
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
Callusing per cent
A scrutiny of the pooled data in table 30 indicates significantly maximum callusing
(33.33 %) in R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) treatment. This was however,
followed by R4, R5 and R2 giving values 29.17, 25.42, and 22.08 per cent in the descending
order for the respective IBA treatments. Significantly minimum sprouting was observed in R1
(control), having value of 10.42 per cent. As far as the pre-conditioning of the cuttings was
concerned, the girdled cuttings (G1) showed significantly maximum callusing of 26.94 per
cent as compared to non-girdled cuttings (20.14%) (G2). Similarly, callusing (29.86 %) was
106
found to be higher in basal portion cutting (C2) as compared to upper/apical portion cuttings
(C1) giving value of 17.22 per cent in this regard.
Rooting per cent
It is evident from the pooled data in table 30 that IBA formulations exert a significant
effect on rooting behavior of hazelnut cuttings in the monsoon season also. It was observed
that significantly highest rooting (18.33 %) resulted in the cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA
+ 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) formulation of IBA. However, this was found to be at par
with that of R4 (.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc) giving value of 15.42 per cent,
but superior to all other treatments. The control (R1) on the other hand, resulted in least
rooting success (2.92 %) in the cuttings. The highest rooting success found in R3 was thus
found to be 253.32 per cent greater as compared to control (R1). Likewise, the effect of pre-
conditioning treatment was also found to be significant with girdled cuttings (G1) giving
higher success rate of 13.33 per cent as compared to 8.61 per cent obtained in non-girdled
(G2) ones. Similarly, significantly maximum rooting was noticed in basal portion cuttings
(C2) with 15.00 per cent success as against the 6.94 per cent obtained in apical portion
cuttings (C1).
Mean root length (cm)
An overview of the pooled data in table 30 indicates significantly maximum mean
root length (4.77 cm) in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc)
formulation of IBA, being at par with R4 (4.47 cm) IBA formulation, in this regard. This was
however followed by R5 and R6 treatments giving values of 4.05 cm and 3.37 cm
respectively. However, significantly minimum root length (1.25 cm) was recorded in control
(R1) treatment. Similarly, effect of pre-conditioning treatment was also found to be
significant with girdled cuttings (G1) giving higher mean root length as compared to non-
girdled cuttings (G2), producing values of 3.78 cm and 3.00 cm, respectively. Likewise, mean
root length (4.29 cm) was significantly better incase of basal portion cuttings (C2) as
compared to upper portion cuttings (C1) cuttings (2.71 cm).
Mean number of roots
It is apparent from the pooled data in table 30 that significantly maximum mean root
number (5.08) was observed in cuttings treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose
+ talc), being at par with R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc), giving value of
4.79, but superior to all other treatments in this regard. However, significantly least mean
107
number of roots (1.25) was recorded in control (R1) treatment. However, non significant
effect of girdled cuttings (G1) showed maximum mean number of roots (3.72) as against 3.21
obtained in non-girdled cuttings (G2). On the other hand, cuttings from basal portion (C2)
exhibited significantly maximum mean number of roots (4.22) in comparison to that of lower
portion cuttings (C1) (2.71).
Mean dry root weight (mg)
It is evident from the pooled data in table 30 that the effect of auxin concentration was
also found to be significant on mean dry root weight. The significantly highest mean dry root
weight (229.42 mg) was recorded when the cuttings were treated with R3 formulation (0.4%
IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc). This was however, found to be at par with that of R4
(0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc), giving value of 217.63 mg, in this regard, but
superior to all other treatments. The control (R1) on the other hand, resulted in least dry root
weight (24.63 mg) in the cuttings. The maximum dry root weight obtained in R3 was thus
found to be 831.14 per cent more as compared to control (R1). Likewise, significantly
maximum mean dry root weight (168.19 mg) was recorded in girdled cuttings (G1) as
compared to non-girdled cuttings (G2) (168.19 mg). As far as the cutting portion was
concerned, significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 204.60 mg was recorded from
basal cuttings (C2) as compared to 79.94 mg obtained in cuttings from upper portion (C1).
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXI).
4.6.2.2 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on rooting
behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)
It is evident from the pooled data in table 31 that, significantly maximum sprouting
(50.00 %) was found in girdled cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +
talc formulation of IBA (R3G1), this was followed by R3G2 giving 45.00 per percent
sprouting. However, significantly minimum value for sprouting (11.67 %) was recorded in
R1G1 treatment combination. Similarly, though non-significant maximum callusing (41.67 %)
was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. The minimum callusing (9.17 %) was observed
in R1G1 treatment combination. It is also apparent that significantly maximum rooting (23.33
%) resulted in the girdled cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc
formulation (R3G1). This was however found to be at with R4G1 (19.17 %) treatment
108
combination. The minimum rooting success (2.50 %) was observed in non-girdled cuttings of
control (R1G1). An overview of the pooled data in table 31 reveals non significantly
maximum mean root length (5.42 cm) in R3G1 treatment combination. This was however,
found to be at par with R4G1 (5.31 cm) but superior to all other treatments. However,
treatment combination of R1G1 gave minimum root length (0.87 cm). The maximum mean
root length in R3G1 was thus found to be 513.36 per cent more as compared to R1G1 treatment
combination.
Similarly, though non-significant, maximum root number (5.42) was recorded in R3G1
treatment combination. However, least number of roots (1.08) was observed in R1G1,
treatment combination. Though non-significantly maximum mean dry root weight (247.17
mg) was recorded in R3G1 treatment combination. This was however, followed by R4G1 and
R5G1 giving values of 266.75 mg and 224.42 mg for the treatment combinations. However,
least value for mean dry root weight (21.33 mg) was noticed in the treatment combination of
R1G1.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXII).
Table 31. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on
sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments
(RxG)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
R1G1 11.67 (19.79) 9.17 (16.09) 2.50 (6.46) 0.87 1.08 21.33
R1G2 13.33 (21.14) 11.67 (18.07) 3.33 (7.38) 1.18 1.42 27.92
R2G1 28.33 (31.89) 23.33 (28.06) 7.50 (13.02) 2.40 2.83 55.17
R2G2 30.00 (32.90) 20.83 (26.99) 6.67 (13.52) 2.35 2.67 52.17
R3G1 50.00 (45.00) 41.67 (39.98) 23.33 (27.65) 5.40 5.42 247.17
R3G2 45.00 (41.89) 25.00 (29.93) 13.33 (21.24) 4.13 4.75 211.67
R4G1 40.00 (39.15) 34.17 (35.40) 19.17 (25.48) 5.31 5.33 266.75
R4G2 35.00 (36.22) 24.17 (29.33) 11.67 (19.79) 4.23 4.25 168.50
R5G1 40.00 (38.96) 30.83 (33.55) 15.83 (22.73) 4.77 4.17 224.42
R5G2 38.33 (38.14) 20.00 (26.51) 9.17 (16.09) 3.33 3.33 143.00
R6G1 38.33 (38.19) 22.50 (27.90) 11.67 (19.40) 3.94 3.50 194.33
R6G2 35.00 (35.93) 19.17 (25.88) 7.50 (15.68) 2.79 2.83 94.83
SE+ 1.82 - - - - -
CD0.05 3.66 NS NS NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
109
4.6.2.3 Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cuttings portion (RxC) on sprouting
and rooting behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)
It is evident from the data in table 32 that significantly maximum sprouting (58.33 %)
resulted in cuttings treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of
IBA (R3C2). This was however, followed by R5C2 (50.00 %) and R6C2 (45.00 %) treatment
combination, giving values in descending order. Though non-significant, maximum callusing
(41.67 %) was recorded when basal portion cuttings were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan
+ 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). The minimum callusing (6.67 %) was
recorded in R1C1 treatment combination. It is also apparent that significantly maximum
rooting (25.83 %) resulted in the cuttings from basal portion treated with 0.4% IBA + 3%
captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2). This was however found to be at with
R4C2 (20.00 %) treatment combination. The minimum rooting success (1.67 %) was observed
in cuttings from upper/apical portion of control (R1G1). Though non significantly maximum
mean root length (5.83 cm) in R3C2 treatment combination when the basal portion of cuttings
were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3C2).
However, treatment combination of R1G1 gave the minimum root length (0.75 cm) in this
regard. The maximum mean root length in R3C2 was thus found to be 905.17 per cent more as
compared to R1G1 treatment combination.
Table 32. Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cutting portion (RxC) on sprouting
and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments
(RxC)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%) Rooting (%)
Mean root
length (cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
R1C1 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.58 0.75 14.25
R1C2 15.00 (22.50) 14.17 (21.87) 4.17 (9.53) 1.47 1.75 35.00
R2C1 20.00 (26.57) 14.17 (21.97) 4.17 (8.30) 1.48 1.92 35.00
R2C2 38.33 (38.23) 30.00 (33.08) 10.00 (18.24) 3.27 3.58 72.33
R3C1 36.67 (37.04) 25.00 (29.90) 10.83 (18.97) 3.71 4.08 115.75
R3C2 58.33 (49.85) 41.67 (40.01) 25.83 (29.93) 5.83 6.08 343.08
R4C1 33.33 (35.22) 20.83 (27.14) 10.83 (19.16) 3.77 4.33 134.50
R4C2 41.67 (40.15) 37.50 (37.59) 20.00 (26.11) 5.77 5.25 300.75
R5C1 28.33 (32.10) 20.83 (27.08) 7.50 (14.44) 2.89 2.75 102.58
R5C2 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (32.98) 17.50 (24.37) 5.20 4.75 264.83
R6C1 28.33 (32.00) 15.83 (23.32) 6.67 (14.76) 2.53 2.42 77.58
R6C2 45.00 (42.12) 25.83 (30.46) 12.50 (20.32) 4.21 3.92 211.58
SE+ 1.82 - - - - 15.33
CD0.05 3.66 NS NS NS NS 30.82
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
110
An overview of the pooled data in table 32, though non significantly highest root
number (6.08) was recorded in R3C2. This was however, found to be at par with R4C2 (5.25)
but superior to all other treatments. However, treatment combination of R1C1 gave minimum
root number (0.75). The significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 343.08 mg was
recorded in treatment combination of R3C2. This was however, followed by R4C2 (300.75
mg) and R5C2 (264.83 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in the descending order.
However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight of 14.25 mg was noticed in the
treatment combination of R1C1.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXIII).
4.6.2.4 Interaction effect of pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on rooting
behaviour during monsoon season (July-August)
It is evident from the data in table 33 that non significantly maximum sprouting
(42.78 %) resulted in girdled cuttings from the basal portion (G1C2) in this regard. This was
however, followed by G2C2 (40.28 %) and G2C1 (27.22 %) treatment combination, giving
values in descending order. For the same parameter, minimum value (25.00 %) was noticed
in G1C1 treatment combination for the non girdled cuttings. On the other hand, significantly
maximum callusing of 36.11 per cent was recorded in G1C2. Significantly minimum callusing
(16.67 %) was recorded in G2C1 treatment combination. It is quite clear from the table that
significantly highest rooting success (19.72 %) resulted girdled cuttings from the basal
portion (G1C2) in this regard. This was however, followed by G2C2 (10.28 %), while G1C1
and G2C1 gave the least value of 10.56 per cent each for treatment combination.
Table 33. Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting
and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments
(GxC)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean root
length
(cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
G1 C1 25.00 (29.57) 17.78 (23.90) 6.94 (13.29) 2.50 2.67 74.61
G1C2 42.78 (40.38) 36.11 (36.42) 19.72 (24.95) 5.06 4.78 261.78
G2 C1 27.22 (30.88) 16.67 (23.33) 6.94 (13.35) 2.48 2.75 85.28
G2C2 40.00 (38.90) 23.61 (28.91) 10.28 (17.88) 3.52 3.67 147.42
SE+ - 1.30 1.83 0.35 0.30 8.85
CD0.05 NS 2.62 3.69 0.71 0.60 17.79
Figures in parentheses are arc transformed values
111
An overview of the pooled data in table 33 indicates significantly maximum mean
root length (5.06 cm) in G1C2 treatment combination. This was however, followed by G2C2
(3.52) and G2C1 (2.75) treatment combination treatment combination. However, significantly
minimum mean root length (2.50 cm) was recorded in G1C1 treatment combination.
Similarly, the significantly maximum mean root number (4.78) was recorded in G1C2,
followed by G2C2 (3.67) and G2C1 (2.75), treatment combinations. However, significantly
least mean number of roots (2.67) was recorded in G2C1, treatment combination. Likewise,
significantly maximum mean dry root weight (261.78 mg) was recorded in treatment
combination of G1C2. This was however, followed by G2C2 and G2C1 treatment
combinations, giving values of 147.42 mg and 85.28 mg respectively, in the descending
order. However, significantly least mean dry root weight (74.61 mg) was noticed in the
treatment combination of G1C1. The maximum mean dry root weight in G1C2 was thus found
to be 250.86 per cent more as compared to G1C1 treatment combination.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXIV).
4.6.2.5 Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion
(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behaviour during monsoon season (July-
August)
It is evident from the pooled data in table 34 that, significant, maximum sprouting
(63.33 %) resulted in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA +
3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was followed by R2G2C2
(53.33 %), R5G1C2 (53.33 %) and R5G2C2 (46.67 %) treatment combinations, giving values in
descending order. However, the minimum sprouting (10.00 % each) was recorded for control
cuttings of R1G1C1 and R1G2C1 treatment combination. Likewise, non-significant, but
maximum callusing (55.00 %) was noticed in the girdled cuttings from basal portion were
treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2).
However, minimum callusing (6.67 %) was recorded for R1G1C1 and R1G2C1 treatment
combination. The perusal of the data also reveals that auxin concentration x pre-conditioning
x cutting portion (RxGxC) interaction has a significant effect on rooting success of cuttings.
The maximum rooting success (36.67 %) was recorded in the girdled cuttings from basal
portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA
(R3G1C2). This was followed by R4G1C2 (26.67 %), R5G1C2 (23.33 %) and R6G1C2 (16.67 %)
112
treatment combinations, giving values in descending order. However, minimum rooting
success (0.57 %) was observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G2C1).
The perusal of the pooled data in table 34 also reveals non significantly maximum
mean root length of 7.43 cm was obtained when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated
with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose + talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was
however followed by R4G1C2 (6.80 cm), R5G1C2 (6.15 cm) and R6G1C2 (5.22 cm) treatment
combinations, giving values in descending order. The significantly, least mean root length of
0.67 cm was recorded for treatment combination of R1G2C1 in this regard. The maximum
value obtained in R3G1C2 was thus 1181.03 per cent more as compared to R1G2C1 treatment
combination. Similarly, significantly maximum mean root number (7.17) was noticed when
girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose +
talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). The minimum mean number of roots (0.67) was observed
in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G2C1).
Table 34. Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion
(RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon
season
Treatments
(RxGxC)
Sprouting
(%)
Callusing
(%)
Rooting
(%)
Mean root
length (cm)
Mean
no. of
roots
Mean root
dry weight
(mg)
R1G1C1 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.58 0.83 14.00
R1G1C2 13.33 (21.14) 11.67 (19.89) 3.33 (8.61) 1.15 1.33 28.67
R1G2C1 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 1.67 (4.31) 0.57 0.67 14.50
R1G2C2 16.67 (23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 5.00 (10.45) 1.78 2.17 41.33
R2G1C1 20.00 (26.57) 11.67 (19.89) 3.33 (6.14) 1.20 1.67 28.00
R2G1C2 36.67 (37.22) 35.00 (36.24) 11.67 (19.89) 3.60 4.00 82.33
R2G2C1 20.00 (26.57) 16.67 (24.05) 5.00 (10.45) 1.77 2.17 42.00
R2G2C2 40.00 (39.23) 25.00 (29.93) 8.33 (16.60) 2.93 3.17 62.33
R3G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 28.33 (32.09) 10.00 (18.05) 3.37 3.67 85.00
R3G1C2 63.33 (52.78) 55.00 (47.87) 36.67 (37.26) 7.43 7.17 409.33
R3G2C1 46.67 (43.08) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 4.05 4.50 146.50
R3G2C2 53.33 (46.92) 28.33 (32.14) 15.00 (22.60) 4.22 5.00 276.83
R4G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 3.82 4.50 139.67
R4G1C2 46.67 (43.08) 46.67 (43.09) 26.67 (31.07) 6.80 6.17 393.83
R4G2C1 33.33 (35.22) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 3.72 4.17 129.33
R4G2C2 36.67 (37.22) 28.33 (32.09) 13.33 (21.14) 4.73 4.33 207.67
R5G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.86) 8.33 (16.60) 3.38 3.00 105.00
R5G1C2 53.33 (46.92) 38.33 (38.24) 23.33 (28.86) 6.15 5.33 343.83
R5G2C1 30.00 (33.21) 18.33 (25.31) 6.67 (12.29) 2.40 2.50 100.17
R5G2C2 46.67 (43.08) 21.67 (27.71) 11.67 (19.89) 4.25 4.17 185.83
R6G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 15.00 (22.60) 6.67 (14.76) 2.67 2.33 76.00
R6G1C2 43.33 (41.15) 30.00 (33.21) 16.67 (24.05) 5.22 4.67 312.67
R6G2C1 23.33 (28.78) 16.67 (24.05) 6.67 (14.76) 2.38 2.50 79.17
R6G2C2 46.67 (43.08) 21.67 (27.71) 8.33 (16.60) 3.20 3.17 110.50
SE+ 2.57 - - - - -
CD0.05 5.17 NS NS NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc transformed values
113
Likewise, significantly maximum mean dry root weight of 409.33 mg was recorded
when girdled cuttings of basal portion were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose
+ talc formulation of IBA (R3G1C2). This was however, followed by R4G1C2 (393.83 mg),
R5G1C2 (343.83 mg) and R6G1C2 (312.67 mg) treatment combinations, giving values in
descending order. However, significantly minimum mean dry root weight of 14.00 mg was
observed in girdled control cuttings of upper portion (R1G1C1). The maximum value obtained
in R3G1C2 was thus 2821.14 per cent more as compared to R1G1C1 treatment combination.
A more or less similar trend was observed for all the parameters in both the years of
investigation i.e. 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Appendix-XXV).
Chapter-5
DISCUSSION
The results obtained in the present investigation “Studies on site characteristics,
natural regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in
Himachal Pradesh”, have been discussed after interpretation of the analyzed data of the
research undertaken. This chapter therefore, deals with the most likely cause and effect
relationships, underlying patterns, resulting in the predictions, evidence or even a line of
reasoning, which supports each interpretation, agree or perhaps disagree with previous work
in the light of the available literature. The results have therefore been discussed under the
following main headings:
5.1 Phytosociological studies
5.2 Effect of site and stand characteristics
5.3 Natural regeneration studies
5.4 Effect of stratification treatments
5.5 Cuttage propagation
5.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY STUDIES
Phytosociological study, structure and diversity of plant community in question was
studied by taking into consideration a number of characters like density (D), basal area (BA),
per-cent frequency (%F), relative density (RD), relative basal area (RBA), relative frequency
(RF), importance value index (IVI) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( H ). Plant
communities are ephemeral and sensitive to environmental change. Therefore, it is useful to
collect such data to describe the population dynamics of each species and know how they
relate to each other in the same community and thus, to decide the level of scientific
management. The comparison of such quantitative data over a period of time provides not
only the species richness and community structure but can also detect the sublet changes in
the flora to be correlated to either a change in climatic factors or to the anthropogenic
pressure. Importance value index (IVI) represents the relative dominance of the species in a
community, which indicates importance of the species with respect to its associates. The
overall structural patterns (Table 2, 3 and 4) of the present forest site revealed that out of the
115
24 woody species enumerated from Pattidhank and Gajta forest, equal number of trees and
shrubs i.e. 12 each accounts in both the forest sites of Kotkhai Range of Theog Forest
Division. On the other hand again 24 woody elements were enumerated from the hazelnut
bearing forest of Sali and Mindal forest of Sach Range of Pangi Forest Division of which 14
were identified as trees and 10 as shrubs species. This distribution pattern is comparable to
the Himalayan temperate forest of Kotgarh, Theog and Kullu Forest Division (Sharma, 2006;
Gupta, 2007; Lanker, 2007 and Gupta et al., 2015).
The salient features of the floristic composition showed (Fig. 1) that broad leaved
species dominated the hazelnut bearing forest of Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range, except for
Sali forest where the conifers dominated the habitat with highest IVI value (154.43).
However, with respect to the average number of trees per hectare, broad leaved species
dominated all forest sites of hazelnut bearing forest of Kotkhai and Sach forest ranges. The
maximum number of hazelnut trees were enumerated from Mindal (235 ha-1
) forest, followed
by Sali (200 ha-1
), Pattidhank (145 ha-1
) and Gajta (75 ha-1
) forests. While, maximum number
of conifers were enumerated in Pattidhank and Sali forest with 155 trees per hectare each and
the minimum number of conifer trees was found in Mindal forest (35 ha-1
).
It is postulated from the tables 2 and 3 that no distinct arrangement of tree distribution
could be made hazelnut bearing forest with well defined vegetational classes. This may be
attributed to the fact that the mountain ecosystem embodies considerable environmental
variations, even in small geographic area (Camarero et al., 2006; Bisht et al. , 2015). The
total density of trees in the hazelnut baring forest varied from 445 to 535 per hectare, while,
total basal area varied from 8783.35 cm2 to 5978.08 cm
2 per hectare. The value of density
and total basal area are thus within the ranged values reported by various researchers in
several Himalayan temperate forests, i.e. varying from 350 to 2080 trees and 1560 to 5930
cm2 per 100 m
2 per hectare respectively. According to Pananjay et al., (2012), the values of
density ranged from 619 to 687 trees per hectare in the oak and pine forest of central
Himalaya, while, Mir et al., (2011) reported density values of 299 to 602 trees per hectare,
whereas, the total basal area ranged from 43 m2 to 123 m
2 per hectare in Chopal Forest
Divisions of Himachal Pradesh. Similarly, Dhaulkandi et al., (2008) found density of 820
trees per hectare with total basal area of 2.69 m2
per hectare in temperate forest of Gangotri
region. On the other hand, Rawat and Kapoor (2008) reported density of 450 to 760 trees and
total basal area of 18.60 to 144.80 m2 per hectare in Alnus community in Kullu valley. Kumar
116
(2012) have recorded the basal area and density per hectare as 15.84 m2 to 24.35 m
2 and
92.50 to 149.00, respectively in different ranges of Kinnaur Forest Division. On the other
hand, Rana et al., (2011), while studying the phytosociological status of Himalayan Maple
bearing forest in Himachal Pradesh, recorded that mean tree density ranged from 10± 0.0 to
215±45 trees per hectare and mean basal area from 0.01±0.0 to 23.23±11.2 m2 per hectare.
Himalayan maple was found to grow well in association with Aesculus indica, Acer
cappadocicum, Abies pindrow, Juglans regia and Prunus cornuta in natural habitats.
However, in our case, Corylus colurna, was the dominant tree species at Mindal (Fig.
1) with highest IVI value (103.4), followed by Sali (76.94), Pattidhank (69.61) and Gajat
(36.58) forests. Conifers were found to be the most important associate of Corylus colurna
bearing forest. For example, Picea smithiana was the co-dominant species in Pattidhank
forest with IVI value of 58.61, whereas, Acer caesium (39.92) was important tree species in
Mindal forest. On the other hand, Pinus wallichiana was the dominant tree with IVI value of
40.52 in Gajta forest of Kotkhai Forest Range, while, Picea smithiana dominated in Sali
forest of Sach Forest Range with IVI value of 89.86. In the temperate forest of western
Himalaya, the conifer species have been reported to be the dominant in most of the forest
types.
Fig. 1 Bar-diagram showing comparison of IVI values and no. of tress ha-1
of Corylus
colurna and its associates in different hazel bearing forests
Kaushal et al., (2012) have reported Pinus wallichiana as the dominant species in
Great Himalayan National Park. While Kumar (2012) reported Pinus gerardiana as the
dominant species in all the studied sites in district Kinnaur The dominance of Pinus
gerardiana in all the selected sites was due to less precipitation and loamy sandy soil which
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindal
Conifer 103.79 107.98 154.43 56.07
Hazel 69.61 36.58 76.94 103.4
Other spp 126.6 155.44 68.63 140.53
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
IV
I
Important Value Index
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindal
Conifer 103.79 107.98 154.43 56.07
Hazel 69.61 36.58 76.94 103.4
Other spp 126.6 155.44 68.63 140.53
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
IV
I
Important Value Index
117
results in the formation of dry temperate forest in whole of Kinnaur. Infact, variation in
topography, elevation, soil, and other climatic conditions are also responsible for sustaining
specific type of plants community peculiar to Himalaya (Gaur 1999; Tambe and Rawat,
2010). Maximum number of species indicates the tendency of each species to emerge, grow
and establish with the onset of favorable conditions. However, this is ultimately determined
by the prevailing environmental conditions and through the range of tolerance and adaptation
of a particular species (Bhandari et al., 2000).
Fig 2. Bar-diagrams showing comparison of density and Shannon and Wiener
diversity index in different hazel bearing forests
As evident from the table 2 and 3, the lower canopy of the hazel bearing forests
represent a heterogeneous community with different species dominating the ground cover. In
Pattidhank and Gajta forests, Viburnum cotinifolium was the dominant shrub with IVI value
of 190.38 and 95.30, respectively. In Sali and Mindal forest, however it was Lonicera
quinquelocularis (114.61) and Sorbaria tomentosa (198.68) exhibiting highest IVI values.
Similarly, the highest basal area was recorded in Pattidhank (5193.22 cm2 ha
-1) forest
followed by Sali (4740.40 cm2 ha
-1), Mindal (4518.83 cm
2 ha
-1) and Gajta (1401.81 cm
2 ha
-1)
forests in descending order. The minimum basal area of shrub in Gajta forest might be
attributed to the higher number of stems and low solar influx in the forest. But on the other
hand, low density of shrub in the Mindal forest can be judged from the higher crown basal
area (8863.35 m2 ha
-1) of the above canopy.
Lankar (2007) while working on the stand parameters and regeneration status of
Taxus wallichiana found that dominant shrub species on the basis of IVI were Viburnum
cotinifolium, Rosa macrophylla, Cotoneaster bacillaris and Berberis aristata. Sharma,
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindal
SHANNON-WIENER DIVERSITY INDEX
Trees Shrubs
79.00
61.00
76.00
40.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindal
Pla
nts p
er h
a
Shrubs/ha
118
(2006), however reported Sarcococca saligna, Rosa macrophylla, Berberis aristata, Lonicera
angustifolia, Cotoneaster bacillaris and Viburnum cotinifolium as the dominant shrubs in fir
and spruce forests of Himachal Pradesh.
Kumar (2012) also reported different shrub species to be dominant in various forest
ranges of Kinnaur district. Rubus purpureus (IVI value 65.95) was the dominant shrub
species in Kalpa range, Lonicera quinquelocularis was dominant with IVI value of 64.84 in
Kilba range, Caranga brevispina had the highest IVI value of 77.92 in Moorang range, while
Rosa webbiana had the highest IVI (112.24) in Pooh range. The increase and decrease in the
values can be due to the change in number of species, the association pattern of species
contributing differently at different times to the total values or more intensified competition
between species and/or due to vigorous alteration, such as abiotic interferences (Precsenyi,
1981).
The Shannon and Wiener diversity index which reveal the species richness and
dominance is presented in figure 2. The data in table 7 also indicate that the higher value for
diversity of trees was found in Pattidhank and Gajta (1.96 each) forest followed by Sali (1.73)
and Mindal (1.60) forest. The maximum diversity in case of shrubs was found in Gajta (1.73),
whereas, the minimum value (0.93) was found in case of Mindal forest.The tree diversity in
the hazel bearing forest varied from 1.60 to 1.96 and for shrubs it varied from 0.93 to 1.75 as
indicted in the figure 2. The higher diversity of trees and shrubs was reported in Kotkhai
Forest Range than Sach Forest Range. In general, however, the tropical forests are more
diverse than temperate forest. Monk (1967) and Risser and Rice (1971) obtained the highest
as value 2.00 for diversity index for temperate forests. Except for Mindal forest of Sach
Range, there seems less difference in the value of diversity index in the hazel bearing forests
which can be attributed to lower rate of evolution and diversification of communities.
Pananjay et al., (2012) reported low diversity values (0.05 to 0.44) in oak and pine forests of
central Himalaya, which reflected the poor regeneration potential of species and therefore,
suggested for conservation management of these forests.
Similarly, the diversity index values for the temperate forest varied from 0.57 to 1.58
in Chopal Forest Division (Mir et al., 2011) and 0.0008 to 2.20 Gadoikhana forest (Palit et
al., 2012). Similarly, Kumar (2012) reveled higher diversity for tree species in Kalpa (0.518)
and Kilba (0.489) ranges, while, lowest value was found in Moorang Range (0.283) of
119
chilgoza pine forests of Kinnaur Forest Division. The variation in the number of species with
different number of individuals may be due to physiographic factors, as relief, effects of
aspect and slope and specific microclimate, which produces the most common and
predictable vegetation patterns (Kaushal et al., 2012).
5.2 EFFECT OF SITE AND STAND CHARACTERISTICS
It is evident that overall regeneration was highest in Gajta forest (29.07%), followed
by Sali (26.25%), Pattidhank (8.75%) and Mindal (6.56 %) forest (Fig. 4). The better overall
regeneration in Gajta and Sali forest might be attributed to more organic carbon (3.60; 3.37
%), available nitrogen (348.33; 353.75 kg ha-1
), available phosphorus (32.0; 30.90 kg ha-1
),
and available potassium (444.50; 437.30 kg ha-1
) in the study site (Table 8). The observations
find support from work of Ali et al., (2009) and Lankar (2007) in yew forest, Mahajan (2010)
in chir pine and Kumar (2012) in chilgoza bearing forest. The three elements, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium differ in basic transformation mechanism through which the
available pools are built up in forest soil. Sufficient amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are added annually in temperate forest soils through precipitation and litter fall
(Boyle and Ek, 1972).
It is quite evident (Fig. 3) that in Kotkhai and Sach Range, the diameter classes
ranged from 0-10cm to ≥100 cm for trees of hazelnut and its associated species in Pattidhank,
Gajta, Sali and Mindal forest. However, the diameter classes 80 to ≥100 cm and 90 to ≥100
cm were completely absent from Patidhank and Gajta forest. In general, the average dbh
showed an increasing trend from lower to higher diameter class. Similarly, the maximum
number of trees per hectare was obtained in lower diameter classes (10 to 50 cm) in all the
selected sites. The maximum number of trees per hectare were seen in 30-40 cm (150), 20-30
cm (165), 10-20 cm (175) and 30-40 cm (175) in Pattidhank, Gajta, Sali and Mindal forest,
respectively. However, the maximum basal area per hectare was recorded in medium and
higher diameter classes, viz., 30-40 cm (1619.30 cm2), 40-50cm (1651.05 cm
2), 80-90 cm
(1109.18 cm2) and ≥100 cm (3025.60 cm
2), diameter classes in hazel bearing forest of
Pattidhank, Gajta, Sali and Mindal forests, respectively (Fig. 3). It can thus, be postulated that
low tree density and high basal area in a particular stand indicated high biotic pressure in the
area (Chandra and Khushdil, 1977). While Jamoh (2014), found maximum number of tress
concentrated between the medium diameter classes in ban oak forest.
Fig 3. Bar diagram showing comparison the average number trees, crown and basal
area per hectare by diameter class in different ranges of hazelnut bearing forests
It was also evident that the maximum crown basal area per hectare (9215.30 m
observed in Gajta forest which may be attributed to higher number of stem per hectare.
Overall, the maximum crown
Pattidhank, 20-30 cm (2647.15 m
(3423.45 m2) at Mindal, diameter classes
0
50
100
150
200
No
. o
f st
em p
er h
a
Diameter classes (cm)
Mindal Forest
120
showing comparison the average number trees, crown and basal
area per hectare by diameter class in different ranges of hazelnut bearing forests
It was also evident that the maximum crown basal area per hectare (9215.30 m
ch may be attributed to higher number of stem per hectare.
crown basal area was recorded in 30-40 cm (2574.20 m
30 cm (2647.15 m2) at Gajta, 10-20 cm (2243.28 m
2) at Sali, and 30
diameter classes. Thus, higher crown basal area was reported in the
0
1000
2000
3000
4000C
row
n/B
asa
l a
rea
Diameter classes (cm)
Mindal Forest
Crown basal area (m) Basal area per hectare (cm)
showing comparison the average number trees, crown and basal
area per hectare by diameter class in different ranges of hazelnut bearing forests
It was also evident that the maximum crown basal area per hectare (9215.30 m2) was
ch may be attributed to higher number of stem per hectare.
40 cm (2574.20 m2) at
, and 30-40 cm
Thus, higher crown basal area was reported in the
Diameter classes (cm)
Basal area per hectare (cm)
121
diameter classes that have highest number of stems. Almost similar results and variations
have been reported by Kumar (2012) in chilgoza pure forest, Singh (2004) in deodar, Sharma
(2006) in fir and spruce, Lanker (2007) and Ali (2007) in yew and Mahajan (2010) in chir
pine forests.
5.3 NATURAL REGENERATION STUDIES
The natural regeneration study was conducted in the hazel bearing forests of
Pattidhank, Gajta, Sali and Mindal forests for the assessment of recruits, unestablished,
established plants and regeneration success. The data pertaining to natural regeneration
components are presented in tables 8 and 9.
Results of natural regeneration parameters presented in table 8 and figure 4 reveals
that eight tree species regenerated in hazelnut bearing forests of Gajta and Pattidhank forests
of Kotkhai Forest Range. On the other hand, only seven tree species were found to regenerate
in Sali and Mindal bearing forests of Sach Forest Range. It is quite evident that across all the
sites of hazelnut bearing forests (Fig 4), maximum number of recruits and unestablished
plants per hectare was recoded in Gajta forest (2250 ha-1
; 1657 ha-1
), followed by Sali (876
ha-1
; 624 ha-1
), Pattidhank (689 ha-1
; 500 ha-1
) and Mindal (94 ha-1
; 281 ha-1
) forests.
However the highest number of established plants was recorded for Sali forest (501 ha-1
) and
the lowest for Mindal (93 ha-1
) forests. Gupta et al., (2015) on the hand, while studying the
regeneration potential of fir and spruce reported higher number of recruits in Kotgarh (4250
ha-1
) followed by Rajgarh (3667 ha-1
) and Kullu (3168 ha-1
) Forest Division owing to
adequate number of seed bearers. The sufficiency of regeneration is often judged on the basis
of number of established plants in a unit area. According to Chacko (1965), the desired
number of established plants is 2500 per hectare and the quadrat is considered fully stocked
when it contained at least one established plant.
As far as natural regeneration of Corylus colurna is concerned, it is clear from the
data in table 8 that proportion of current year seedlings of hazelnut was low (63 ha-1
) in
Pattidhank and Sali forest, while it was complete absent in Gajta and Mindal forest. Still
worse the over unestablished plants of hazelnut were also absent in all the selected sites of
two Forest Ranges. However, the maximum number established plants were recorded in Sali
(281 ha-1
) forest contributing overall 11.25 per cent regeneration success. The lowest
numbers of established plants (31 ha-1
) were reported in Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest
122
Range. On the other hand, Katoch (2014) studying Rhododendron community found no
recruit and established plant of hazelnut but only 139 unestablished plants per hectare in
Jalori forest of Banjar Forest Division of Kullu Circle. Regeneration potential of a species
simply expressed as its ability to complete the life cycle. However, the absence of recruits,
unestablished plants and poor conversion of unestablished plants to established regeneration
will adversely affect the stocking and community structure of hazelnut bearing forests in
future scenario. Rajwar et al., (1999) has observed that the climatic factors and biotic stress
would influence the regeneration potential of species comprising the stand of vegetation.
They further pointed out that the proportionate conversion of seedlings into sapling stage is
affected by biotic disturbances and competition for space and nutrients.
The very poor figures of hazelnut regeneration may be attributed to considerable
weight of the nut seeds that prevent its spread over grater distances. After falling to the
ground they are willingly eaten by small rodents like pica, flying squirrel, rats and even by
Himalayan brown bear as reported by Vaidya (2003) in the working plan of Pangi Forest
Division. More over the nuts are frequently collected by the locals for self-consumption
or/and sold in local market as they fetches very high price. Therefore, only scarcely seeds
grow into seedlings in the vicinity of maternal plants where they suffer form other problems
like trampling and grazing by animals both by wild as well as domesticated animals like goat,
sheep, cow etc. Moreover, hazelnut trees are self-incompatibe (incompatibe pollination) that
leads to blank nuts i.e shall lacking nuts (Janick and Paull, 2006 and Thompson, 1979). Such
blank nuts were noticed in large nmber in Pattidhank and Gajta forests of Kotkhai Forest
Range. Therefore, the evaluation of wild populations of hazelnut species is more important in
view of the fact that few nuts are germinating and their proportionate conversion to saplings
is decreasing continuously due to habitat degradation, overexploitation and many other
factors. Ahmed and Latif (2007), Malik (2007) and Kumar (2012), has also indicated high
biotic interference like grazing, trampling by sheep and goats, eating by birds and rodents and
collection of nuts by locals as the main cause for the poor natural regeneration status of Pinus
gerardiana in Kinnaur Forest Division. Anthropogenic interferences, such as, lopping for
fuel and fodder, collection of litter, minor forest products in addition to grazing, trampling
and browsing can substantially alter habitats and species composition (Sapkota et al., 2009).
Thus, the overall regeneration of hazelnut is poor due to less availability of seed for
the natural regeneration. The results are in line with the findings of Lankar (2007) who
123
reported low number of Taxus baccata recruits and nil established stocking per cent in
Kharapathar and Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest Range. Similarly, Pant and Samant
(2008) found low abundance of yew seedlings and saplings as compared to the other
associated species of the communities in Khokhan wildlife sanctuary. The low abundance of
yew as compared to the other associated species indicates either a competitive disadvantage
as compared to other species, selective exploitation, poor regeneration from the seeds or all
three affects. The regeneration potential of different tree species is characterized by their
population structure, which in turn depends upon the presence of adequate number of
seedlings, saplings and boles in different girth classes (Muller et al., 1980 and Pande et al.,
2002). In broad leaved forest the disturbances gives an opportunity for invasion by conifers
and if the disturbances is prolonged, the oak and other broad leaved forests get slowly
replaced by pine forests in the lower fringes (Rawal and Pangtey, 1994; Rawat, 2001;
Dhaulkhandi et al., 2008; Pananjay et al., 2012).
It is evident from the fig. 4 that the regeneration success was highest in Gajta (29.07
%), Sali (26.25 %) forest followed by Pattidhank (8.75 %) and Mindal (6.56 %) forest in
descending order. Among the conifer species, natural regeneration was better for Pinus
wallichiana at Pattidhank, Gajta and Sali forest with regeneration success of 5.0, 12.19 and
6.88 per cent respectively. While among the broad leaved species Quercus dilatata has the
highest regeneration per cent at Pattidhank (1.88%), Gajta (5.0%) in Kotkhai Forest Range.
Incase of Sali forest Corylus colurna showed the highest regeneration success of 11.25 per
cent and while Cedrus deodara in Mindal forest with 3.75 per cent. Jamoh (2014), while
studying the natural regeneration of Qak forest in Solan division concluded that per-cent
regeneration success was better in ban oak + deodar (79.46%) compared to ban oak + chir
(50.89%) and ban + other broadleaved species (40.18%) in different forests. However,
Katoch (2014) while accessing the natural regeneration potential of pink rhododendron
bearing forest found the highest regeneration per cent for Rhododendron campanulatum in
Rhala and Jalori pass bearing forest, while minimum for Corylus colurna in the forest
adjoining Jaolri pass in Banjar Forest Division.
124
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Recruits No./ha Unestablished No./ha Established No./ha Weighted average
height (cm)
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindhal
Fig. 4. Regeneration parameters of Corylus colurna in hazel bearing
forests of Kotkhai and Sach Range
In Sach Forest Range, maximum weighted average height was in Sali forest (484.44
cm) whereas, it was maximum in Gajta (224.35 cm) forest of Kotkhai Forest Range (Fig. 4).
Among the tree species maximum weighted average height was for Corylus colurna (200 cm)
in Sali forest, followed by Picea smithiana at Gajta (139 cm) and Sali (106.75 cm) while
Populus ciliate (70 cm) and Cedrus deodara (52.42 cm) at Pattidhank and Mindal forests,
respectively (Table 9).
The figure 4 indicate the maximum established index was in Sali (2.42), followed by
Gajta (1.13), Patttidhank (0.88) and Mindal (0.69) forest. The data tabulated in table 9 reveals
that the maximum established index among the conifer species was for Picea smithiana
0.8
8
0.0
8
1.1
3
0.2
9
2.4
2
0.2
60.6
9
0.0
7
Establishment index Stocking index
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindhal
8.7
5
1.0
9
29
.07
11
.95
26
.25
17
.2
6.5
6
1.5
6
Per-cent Regeneration Established stocking per cent
Pattidhank Gajta Sali Mindal
125
(0.70) in Gajta forest, whereas, it was maximum for Corylus colurna (1.0) in Sali forest
among the broad leaved species. Similarly, Corylus colurna recorded the maximum value
(0.11) of stocking index in Sali forest of Sach Forest Range. The maximum value of
established stocking per cent was found in Sali (17.20) and Gajta (11.95) in Sach and Kotkhai
Forest Range respectively. Among the conifer species highest stocking per cent was recorded
for Picea smithiana (7.38) in Gajta forest, while it was maximum for Corylus colurna (11.25)
in Sali forest among the broad leaved species in hazelnut bearing forest.
5.4 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION TREATMENTS
5.4.1 Effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid on
germinability and seedling growth parameters of hazelnut
Hazelnut is an orthodox seed with thick and hard pericarp and prevails deep embryo
dormancy that hampers its stocking in natural forest and seedling production in the nursery.
The inhibitors present in the testa and pericarp are carried to the cotyledons and subsequently
through the cotyledonary petioles into the embryonic axis (Jarvis, 1975; Bradbree et al.,
1978). Seed germination is influenced by internal factors controlling dormancy, including
phytohormones (e.g. abscisic acid) inducing dormancy, and by seed coat factors (seed coat-
enhanced dormancy) (Bewley, 1997). Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the
methods to release the deep physiological dormancy by stratification and exogenous
application of growth regulators. Stratification is a method employed to break dormancy of
seeds that removes the block to gibberellin biosynthesis, which begins when the seed is
transferred to higher temperatures (Barton, 1951; Haavisto and Winston, 1974; Dirr and
Heuser, 1987; Parhadi et al., 2013). Many species especially conifers have high degree of
dormancy which prevents them to germinate even when provided with favorable environment
(Chandra and Ram, 1980; Thapliyal and Gupta, 1980; Jully and Blazich, 2000; Dogra 2003).
Chilgoza pine has been reported to have both physiological and morphological dormancy
(Malik and Shamet 2008; Kumar 2012). Therefore, to break dormancy, the moist
stratification upto 80 days along with stratification temperatures and GA3 treatments were
tried to enhance germinability and growth performance under laboratory as well as field
conditions.
5.4.1.1 Effect of stratification period on germinability of seeds
Seeds of hazelnut were stratified for 0 (P1), 20 (P2), 40 (P3), 60 (P4) and 80 (P4) days
(P5) to observe its effect on various germination parameters viz., germination per cent (GP),
126
germination capacity (GC), germination energy (GE), germination speed (GS), peak value
(PV), mean daily germination (MDG), germination value (GV) and germination index (GV)
was assessed It was evident that germinability parameters increased significantly as the
stratification period was increased from 0 to 80 days under laboratory conditions. The results
(Fig. 5 and Table 10) reveal significantly highest germination (50.49 %), germination
capacity (78.44 %), germination energy (37.50 %), germination speed (0.79), peak value
(0.49), mean daily germination (1.80), germination value (1.03) and germination index
(0.78), when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) in comparison to 20 days (P2) of
stratification and control (P1). The length of stratification period required for dormancy
release largely depends on the extent of dormancy (Baskin and Baskin, 2001) and
considerably varies among the woody species (Dirr and Heuser, 1987). The increased seed
germinability performance might be attributed to increase in reducing sugar (33.97 mg/g),
non reducing sugar (24.15 mg/g), total sugar (58.13 mg/g), soluble proteins (17.45 %) and
decrease in starch content (19.59 mg/g) of the seeds with the increase of the stratification
period (Table 21). The increase in stratification period enhance the quantity of reducing
sugar, total sugar and soluble proteins in the seeds which then is used by embryo for its
subsequent growth and development. The conversion of starch into simple form of
monosaccharides and sucrose also increase total sugar pool in the seeds for the growth and
development. The results are in line with Han et al., (2006) who reported increase in soluble
protein content, while decrease in soluble starch content during Corylus avellana seed
storage. Similarly, six weeks of stratification resulted in the highest germination percent,
while 12 weeks evoked the most pronounced increase in germination value and peak value in
case of Alnus maritima (Schrader and Graves, 2000).
Koyuncu (2005), found increase in the duration of stratification from 0 to 100 days
resulted upto 164% increase in germination of the dormant seeds of Morus nigra.
Stratification might act simply to lower the rate of enzymatic reactions taking place in the
seed, and might cause differential changes in enzyme concentrations or in enzyme production
(Bewley and Black, 1994). While, Katoch (2014) found the highest germination energy
when the seeds of Rhododendron campanulatum were stratified for 6 weeks. Ching (1973)
has also stated that total sugar increase in the embryo of Pinus taiwanesis and
Cumminghamea lanceolata during stratification. Similarly, in Pinus gerardiana (Kumar,
2012) (Malik et al., 2009), and Picea smithiana (Singh, 1989), 60 days stratification and in
Pinus brutia, 44 days stratification (
germination parameters than that of non
maximum germination of Acer acuminatum
and thereafter it decreased.
Fig. 5. Effect of stratification period on germinability of hazelnut seeds
127
44 days stratification (Fahrettin and Huseyin, 2007) resulted in higher
germination parameters than that of non-stratified seeds. Similarly, Kumar (2015) recorded
Acer acuminatum seeds/samaras by stratification of upto 60 days
Fig. 5. Effect of stratification period on germinability of hazelnut seeds
resulted in higher
rly, Kumar (2015) recorded
seeds/samaras by stratification of upto 60 days
Fig. 5. Effect of stratification period on germinability of hazelnut seeds
128
The findings also get support from other research workers like Graber (1965) in white
pine, Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow, Sofi and Bhardwaj (2007) in
Cedrus deodara seeds and Farhadi et al., (2013) in Acer velutinum seeds. Koyuncu and Sesli
(2000) reported that 125 days of stratification had a significant effect on the germination
percentage of Juglans regia nuts. These reports and our results show that stratification is
successful in breaking seed dormancy, though the duration of treatment may vary with the
species.
5.4.1.2 Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of seeds
It was quite evident that four stratification temperatures namely room temperature
(T1), out-door pit (T2), 4±1 0C (T3) and 0±1
0C (T4) exert significant effect on germinability
parameters of hazelnut seeds. The data in table 10 and Fig. 6 indicate significantly maximum
germination (46.28 %), germination capacity (74.79 %), germination energy (33.17 %),
germination speed (0.64), peak value (0.44), mean daily germination (1.65), germination
value (0.94) and germination index (0.71) when seeds were stratified as out-door pit (T2) in
comparison to other stratification temperatures. The higher germinability performance at out-
door pit might be attributed to significantly higher reducing sugar (32.03 mg/g), non reducing
sugar (23.78 mg/g), total sugar (55.81 mg/g), protein (17.10 %) and lower starch (21.71 %)
contents of seeds were stratified in out-door pit. The combination of low temperature and
high moisture level appear to trigger off biochemical changes in seeds to transform complex
food substances into simpler forms, which are utilized by the growing embryo during
germination. The lower value of starch content indicates the breakdown of
oligosaccharides/starch content into sucrose and monosaccharide, resulting in the release of
dormancy in chilgoza pine seeds. Dry seeds of most temperate trees and shrubs, even though
mature, will not germinate and grow until they been imbibed to threshold moisture content
under cold condition (0-50C) (Hartmann et al., 1997). The increase in seed germinability
might also be due to increase of gibberellins in seeds (Willemsen and Rice, 1972; Brown and
Vanstaden, 1973 and Tomaszeaska, 1976) due to cold moist treatment. Similarly, while
working with Pinus brutia, Fahrettin and Huseyin (2007) reported that cool temperature
improved total germination and speed of germination. The results also get support from
Mughal and Thapliyal (2006), and Khan et al. (2007) in Cedrus deodara, Bhardwaj et al.
(2001) in Ulmus leavigata, Gorden et al. (1972) in Pinus merkusii and Zlobin (1973) in Pinus
sylvestris seeds.
Fig. 6. Effect of stratification
The results are in line with findings of Katoch (2014) who reported that seeds of
Rhododendron campanulatum when stratified in outdoor
(64.53). Similarly, Malik and Shamet (2008) while working on the effect of stratifica
temperature on chilgoza pine found that highest germination parameters resulted when seeds
were stratified in outdoor-pit. On the other hand, Kumar (2014) reported that stratification at
3±1 0C temperature increased the rate of germination in seeds of
Mittal et al., (1987) reported that chilling the seeds of
increased the rate of germination at 2
129
Fig. 6. Effect of stratification temperature on germinability of hazelnut seeds
The results are in line with findings of Katoch (2014) who reported that seeds of
when stratified in outdoor-pit resulted in highest germination
(64.53). Similarly, Malik and Shamet (2008) while working on the effect of stratifica
temperature on chilgoza pine found that highest germination parameters resulted when seeds
pit. On the other hand, Kumar (2014) reported that stratification at
C temperature increased the rate of germination in seeds of Acer acuminatum.
reported that chilling the seeds of Picea glauca and Pinus strobus
increased the rate of germination at 20 to 4
0C.
on germinability of hazelnut seeds
The results are in line with findings of Katoch (2014) who reported that seeds of
pit resulted in highest germination
(64.53). Similarly, Malik and Shamet (2008) while working on the effect of stratification
temperature on chilgoza pine found that highest germination parameters resulted when seeds
pit. On the other hand, Kumar (2014) reported that stratification at
Acer acuminatum. Similarly,
Pinus strobus
130
5.4.1.3 Effect of gibberellic acid on germinability of seeds
Similarly, application of gibberellic acid in different concentrations viz. Control (G1),
100 ppm GA3 (G2) and 200 ppm GA3 (G3) demonstrated a marked bearing on germination
parameters of hazelnut seeds. It was evident from the data in table 10 and Fig. 7 that
significantly highest germination (38.92 %), germination capacity (74.33 %), peak value
(0.41), mean daily germination (1.39), germination value (0.76) and germination index (0.60)
resulted when seeds were treated with 200 ppm GA3. Prasad and Prasad (2009), concluded
that when seeds of ban oak treated with 200 mg-1
GA3 resulted in significantly higher
germination. The high germinability in GA3 treatment might be attributed to increase in
gibberellins content of seeds during treatment (Roos and Bradbeer, 1971; Tomaszeaska, 1976
and, Taylor and Wareing, 1979; Koyuncu (2005). Similarly, Malik (2007) and Gautam
(1997) working with Pinus gerardiana and Quercus leucotrichophora respectively, reported
that water soaking and low concentration of GA3 treatment exhibit higher germinability. The
results also get support from a number of other research workers like Chien et al. (1998) in
Taxus mairie, Henry and Blazich (1988) in Abies fraseri, Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana,
Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara and Lavania et al., (2006) in Pinus wallichiana seeds, Katoch
(2014) in Rhododendron campanulatum and Kumar (2014) in Acer acuminatum.
Research carried out in recent years have shown that gibberellin is an effective
germination stimulator in many plant species (Giba et al., 1993; Samaan et al., 2000;
Cetinbas and Koyuncu, 2006; Dewir et al., 2011; Bhan and Sharma, 2011).
5.4.1.4 Interaction effects (PxT, PxG, TxG and PxTxG) on germinability
The interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) treatment on
germ inability parameters of hazelnut seeds has been depicted in table 11. The result reveal
maximum germination (77.78 %), germination capacity (83.89 %), germination energy
(52.78 %), germination speed (1.16), peak value (0.80), mean daily germination (2.78),
germination value (2.38) and germination index (1.20), when seeds stratified for 60 days as
out-door pit (P4T2) were used. However, the inferior value was obtained when non stratified
control seeds kept at room temperature (P1T1) were used for the study. The highest
germinability in treatment combination P4T2 might be due to higher biochemical contents like
reducing sugar (42.11 mg/g), non reducing sugar (29.90 mg/g), total sugar (72.01 mg/g) and
soluble proteins (19.55 %) in hazelnut seeds.
Fig. 7. Effect of gibberellic acid
The chilling process appears to enhance the production of some types of growth
promoting substances such as GA (Powell, 1987).
inhibitory effect of retardants was overcome by gibberellic acid. Treatment with GA
stratification was found to be successful for mahaleb
1999 and Ozvardar and Ozcagiran, 1991).
mg/l GA3 + 100 days of stratification overcame seed dormancy and increased the germination
percentage of black mulberry seeds.
131
gibberellic acid on germinability of hazelnut seeds
The chilling process appears to enhance the production of some types of growth
GA (Powell, 1987). Giba et al., (1993) reported that the
inhibitory effect of retardants was overcome by gibberellic acid. Treatment with GA
stratification was found to be successful for mahaleb and plum (Gercekcioglu and Cekic,
1999 and Ozvardar and Ozcagiran, 1991). Stratification at 40C for 80 to 100 day
+ 100 days of stratification overcame seed dormancy and increased the germination
percentage of black mulberry seeds.
on germinability of hazelnut seeds
The chilling process appears to enhance the production of some types of growth-
reported that the
inhibitory effect of retardants was overcome by gibberellic acid. Treatment with GA3 +
Gercekcioglu and Cekic,
C for 80 to 100 days or 250
+ 100 days of stratification overcame seed dormancy and increased the germination
132
These results are also in agreement with the findings of Allen (1962) who was
reported that longer the stratification period improves the germination in conifer seed.
Similarly, Sharma (2005) found that fresh chilgoza pine seeds fail to germinate in 28 days
period, while 20 weeks chilling at 10±1 0C improved germination upto 76 per cent in the
species. The results are also in agreement with the findings of Mughal and Thapliyal (2006)
in Cedrus deodara, Gorden et al., (1972) in Pinus merkusii, Calamassi et al., (1984) in Pinus
halepensis, Borghetti et al., (1986) in Pinus leucodermis, Tanaka et al., (1991) in Alnus rubra
and Chien et al., (1998) in Taxus mairie seeds.
The present investigations also revealed the influence of stratification period and
gibberellic acid (PxG) interaction on germination parameters. The significantly maximum
germination of 64.58 per cent resulted when seeds stratified 60 days and treated with 200
ppm GA3 (P4G3). The other germination parameters viz., germination capacity, germination
energy, peak value, mean daily germination, germination value and germination index also
exhibited a similar trend.
Koyuncu (2005) while working with seeds of Morus nigra found that combined
treatment with GA3 + stratification had a statistically significant effect on germination. Seeds
treated with 250 mg/l GA3 without stratification gave 35% germination, whereas seeds
treated with 250 mg/l GA3 + 100 day stratification gave 96% germination. Increasing the
stratification period from 0 to 100 days at 250 mg/l GA3 resulted in up to a 174% increase in
germination. Seed dormancy in some species may be due to insufficient development of the
embryo, chemical inhibition, or the failure of chemical reactions that make food reserves in
the seed available to the developing embryo (Hilhorst and Karssen, 1992; Karam and Al-
Salem, 2001). Bhan and Sharma (2011) confirmed that the interaction effect of stratification
and chemical treatments on Prunus armeniaca L. had significant influence on the
germination of seeds.
The improvement of germinability in P4G3 combination might be linked to gibberelllic
acid increase in seeds during treatment as reported by Tomaszewska (1976) in Acer
platanoides, Taylor and Wareing (1979) in Pinus lambertiana and Brown and Vanstaden
(1973) in Protea compacta and Leucadendron aphnoides. The effect of GA3 might have
resulted in increase in the synthesis of amylase or breakdown of starch into monosaccharide
resulting in better germinability (Wareing, 1982). The almost similar results have been
133
reported by Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana, Sofi (2005) and Chandra and Ram (1980) in
Cedrus deodara seeds.
The data reveal significantly maximum germination of 61.5 per cent when seeds were
stratified as out-door pit and treated with 200 ppm GA3 (T2G3). The other parameters viz.,
germination capacity, germination speed, peak value and germination value also showed a
more or less similar trend. This might probably be attributed to higher sugar and soluble
protein contents in seeds. While working with Abies frarseri seeds, Henry and Blazich (1988)
reported that different concentration of gibbberellic acid with alternating temperature of
20/10 0C or 30/20
0C resulted in higher germination success in the species.
The present investigations in hazelnut revealed that interaction effect PxTxG exerts
significant influence on various germinability parameters. It was evident from the data in
table 14 that significantly maximum germination (96.67 %), germination capacity (99.17 %),
germination energy (76.67 %), germination speed (1.70), peak value (1.27), mean daily
germination (3.45) germination value (4.39), and germination index (1.49) resulted when
seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and the treated with 200 ppm GA3 (P4T2G3).
The significantly least values for these parameters were observed when non stratified seeds
kept at room and treated with water only (P1T1G1) were used for the study.
Bretzloff and Pellett (1979) had indicated that cold stratification of 6, 12, or 18 weeks
with 25, 100 and 500 ppm GA3 application enhanced the germinability of Carpinus
caroliniana seeds. The results are also, in line with those of Chien et al., (1998) in Taxus
marirei, Gautum (1997) in Quercus leucotrichophora, Beyhan et al., (1999) in Corylus
coryza, Dogra (2003) in Picea smithiana and Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara seeds.
5.4.2 Effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid on germination
and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
Hazelnut, an important nut crop, possess physiological dormancy that hampers the
nursery production in the nursery for large scale-reforestation and afforestation programme.
Stratification is a method employed to break dormancy of seeds and to ensure uniform and
quick germination of seeds in nursery (Barton, 1951; Haavisto and Winston, 1974).
Therefore, to break dormancy, the nuts were stratified in cow-dung and moist sand medium
with the objective to soften the hard pericarp, with alternate thermal treatment (warm-moist-
cool) from two weeks to six weeks and GA3 treatments were tried to enhance germinability
and growth performance under field conditions.
134
5.4.2.1 Effect of stratification medium on germination and seedling growth of Corylus
colurna
Seeds of hazelnut were stratified in control (naked) (M1), cow-dung (M2) and sand
(M3) to observe its effect on various germination and seedling growth parameters viz.,
germination per cent, seedlings height, collar diameter, root length, dry shoot weight, dry root
weight, total dry weight, root: shoot ratio and stock quality index was assessed. It was evident
that germinability and growth parameters that stratification medium exert significant affect
on germination per cent of hazel seeds as evidenced from the data in table 15 and fig. 8. The
significantly highest germination (35.70 %), seedling height (8.44 cm), collar diameter (3.62
mm), root length (15.20 cm),dry shoot weight (0.58 g), dry root weight (0.55 g), total dry
weight (1.13 g) , shoot-root ratio (0.88) and stock quality index of 0.19 resulted when seeds
were stratified in sand medium (M2) medium. The significantly least value for these
parameters were observed when seeds stratified in cow-dung (M3). The better results from
sand medium could be due to good aeration and moist condition for stratification.
Fig. 8. Effect of medium on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut
135
Fang et al., (2006) while working with deeply dormant seeds of Cyclocarya paliurus
found that seeds stratified in moistened sand with 400 ppm GA3 for 60 days, significantly
increased germination rate over 90% after 120 days. Similarly, Millaku et al., (2012) reported
germination per cent of 55.94 per cent when seeds of yellow gentian were stratified in sand-
soil mixture as compared to non-stratified seeds (14.42%). The better germination and
seedling growth parameters have been favorably co-related to the biochemical status of the
seeds. The values of moisture content (15.97), reducing sugar (29.48 mg/g), non-reducing
sugar (24.46 mg/g), total sugar (53.95mg/g) and proteins (16.41 %) was found to be
maximum when seeds were stratified in moist sand medium (M2), which must have been
used by embryo for its subsequent growth and development. Derkx (2000), reported poor
embryo development for seeds of ash treated without a medium compared with those treated
in a medium of sand or sand with sphagnum peat for maximum of twenty weeks.
5.4.2.1 Effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
Seeds of hazel were subjected to thermal stratification (Warm and Cold), as control
(C1), two week warm (250-28
0C) followed by two week cold (3
0C) (C2), three week warm
(250-28
0C) followed by week cold (3
0C) (C3), four week warm (25
0-28
0C) followed by four
week cold (30C) (C4), five week warm (25
0-28
0C) followed by five week cold (3
0C) (C5) and
six week warm (250-28
0C) followed by six week cold (3
0C) (C6) to observe its effect on
various germination parameters. It was evident from table 15 that germinability and growth
parameters increased significantly as the thermal stratification was increased from 0 to 3
week and thereafter decreased under field conditions. The results (Fig. 9) reveal significantly
highest germination (29.32 %), seedling height (7.43cm), collar diameter (3.02 mm), root
length (13.7cm),dry shoot weight (0.65 g), dry root weight (0.70g), total dry weight (1.35 g),
shoot-root ratio (0.89) and stock quality index of 0.39 resulted when seeds were stratified as
three week warm (25-280C) followed by three week cold (3
0 C) treatment (C3). The minimum
value for these growth parameters were recorded when seedlings were raised from nuts
stratified as six week warm (25-280C) followed by six week cold (3
0 C) (C6).
Pritchard et al., (1999) dormancy breaking in horse chestnut seeds was highly
dependent on temperature and found that lower temperatures (2–80C) were more effective in
dormancy release with maximal germination was observed over 93 per cent than the higher
temperature.
136
Fig. 9. Effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut
The seeds of many temperate trees and spring-germinating annuals and perennials
respond to stratification at cool temperatures (Baskin and Baskin, 1998). While, Tylkowski
(2007), reported, highest germination in European bladder nuts after the application of warm-
followed by cold stratification, with at least 12 week warm phase and a clod phase over 20
weeks at 30C. On other hand, Brokowska (2002), in different thermal combinations
employed, high seed germination and seedling emergence capacity in Crataegus monogyna
was recorded when cyclically alternating stratification at 20-300C (6+8bhrs/day) for 16 weeks
followed by cold stratification at 30C for 14 weeks. These reports and our results show that
thermal stratification is successful in breaking seed dormancy, though the duration of
treatment may vary with the species.
5.4.2.1 Effect of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
Similarly, application of gibberellic acid in different concentrations viz. Control (G1)
and 150 ppm GA3 demonstrated a marked bearing on germination parameters of hazel seeds.
It is evident from the data in table 15 and Fig. that 10 highest germination (22.46 %), seedling
height (4.94cm), collar diameter (2.47 mm), root length (9.3 cm), dry shoot weight (0.43 g),
dry root weight (0.38g), total dry weight (0.81g), shoot-root ratio (0.61) and stock quality
137
index of 0.31, resulted when nuts were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (G3). The high
germinability in GA3 treatment might be attributed to increase in gibberellins content of seeds
during treatment (Roos and Bradbeer, 1971 and Taylor and Wareing, 1979). Increasing the
concentration of GA3 resulted in an increase in germination percentage. GA3 has been found
to be effective in increasing germination in several species and to break dormancy in
dormant seeds. The increased growth performance of seedlings might be attributed to
increase in gibberellin level content under the nursery condition by enhancement of hydrolase
synthesis (especially the amylase) during germination. Pre-treatment of blueberry seeds with
GA4+7 at 100–500 mg/l accelerated germination and subsequently the seedling growth
(Ballington, 1984). Arbutus andrachne L. (eastern strawberry tree) seeds treated with 250
mg/l GA3 had 86% germination (Karam and Al-Salem, 2001). These results confirm that
GA3 treatment enhances seed germination and seedling growth under field condition.
Fig. 10. Effect of gibberellic acid on germination and seedling growth of hazelnut
5.4.2.4 Interaction effects (MxC, MxG, CxG and MxCxG) on germinability
The interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) treatment on
the germinability and seedling growth parameters has been depicted in table 16 and showed
138
significantly maximum germination (53.90 %), seedling height (14.75 cm), collar diameter
(4.68 mm), root length (26.20 cm) and total biomass (2.81g), when seedlings were raised
from seeds stratified in sand medium for three week warm (25-280 C) followed by three
week cold (30 C) (M2C3) and used for sowing. The high germination and seedling growth
parameters under this treatment might be due to significantly higher moisture content
(17.44%), total sugar (65.45mg/g) and proteins (17.70 %) contents in the seeds of the
treatment combination M2C3. The higher germination and seedling growth parameters have
also been reported by Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara. Similar observations were also made
by Borghetti et al., (1986) in Pinus leucodermis and Tanaka et al., (1991) in Thuja plicata
seedlings. Similarly, the interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberlic acid (MxG)
treatments presented in table 17 resulted in maximum germination (39.09 %), plant height
(8.51cm), collar diameter (3.72 mm) and root length (15.6 cm), when seedlings were raised
from seeds stratified in sand and treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2G2). Similarly, Kumar (2012)
reported maximum germination (57.48 %), plant height (12.82 cm), collar diameter (4.31
mm) and root length (14.08 cm), when chilgoza pine seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified for 50 days and treated with 100 ppm GA3 (P3G3)under nursery conditions. The
results, also, find support from the work of Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara and Beyhan et al.,
(1999) in Corylus seedlings. The present investigation also revealed the influence of
stratification temperature and gibberlic acid (CxG) interaction on germination and growth
parameters of hazelnut and resulted in maximum germination (31.28 %), root length, total dry
weight (1.67 g) and stock quality index (0.42) when seedlings were raised from seeds
stratified for three week warm (25-280 C) followed by three week cold (3
0 C) were treated
with 150 ppm GA3 (C3G2). The higher germination and seedling growth parameter has
already been quoted separately while discussing the individual effect of stratification
temperature and gibberellic acid. The present study also reveals that interaction effect
MxCxG exerts significant influence on the germination and growth parameters of hazelnut
under nursery condition. The data in table 19 indicate significantly higher germination (74.17
%), seedling height (14.94 cm), collar diameter (5.03 mm) and root length (27.50 cm), when
seedlings were raised from seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280 C) followed
by three week cold (30
C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 (M2C3G2). The results thus, get
support from the work of Sofi (2005) in Cedrus deodara, Gautam (1997) in Quercus
leucotrichophora, Beyhan et al., (1999) for Corylus coryza and Kumar (2014) Acer
acuminatum. The higher seedling growth performance under the interaction has already been
139
quoted separately while discussing the individual effect of stratification period, temperature
and gibberellic acid treatments on hazelnut seeds.
5.5 CUTTAGE PROPAGATION
5.5.1 Effect of IBA formulation on sprouting and rooting behaviour
The present investigation revealed significant effect of IBA formulations on rooting
behavior of cuttings in hazelnut. It is evident from Fig. 11 and data in table 25 (spring season)
and Table 30 (monsoon season) that significantly better rooting were observed when cuttings
were treated with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation of IBA in both
seasons. However, it was followed by R4 (0.6% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc)
formulation. The maximum rooting (22.92 %), mean root length (5.00) and mean dry root
weight (207.88 mg) was recorded in R3 during spring season (February-April). However,
mean root length (4.76 cm) was found to be significantly maximum in treatment R3 (0.4%
IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation of IBA. Almost similar trend was observed
in the monsoon seasons (Table 30). Likewise, the application of IBA significantly improved
rooting percentage, root number, root length and root dry matter of hazelnut, the best results
being with R3 (0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation of IBA in both seasons
with superior rooting characteristics in spring season.
Kilavuz and Cetiner (1992) obtained maximum 66.7 per cent rooting from the
Tombul (hazelnut cultivar) from the hardwood cuttings obtained in December and treated
with 4000 ppm of IBA, while some researchers only obtained 40 per cent rooting from the
same cultivar when the cuttings were obtained in March. The effect of auxin in promoting
rooting of the cuttings is well know and reported by several authors (Nanda, 1970; Hartmann
et al., 1997; Husen and Mishra, 2001; Husen 2003; Husen and Pal, 2006; Thakur et al., 2014
and Kumar, 2014). Kaul (2008) found significantly positive effect of exogenous application
of auxin, naphthalene acetic acid and IBA on the percentage of rooting on cuttings on
Himalayan yew. Application of auxins has been found to stimulate cambial activity, thereby
resulting in hydrolysis and moblilization of reserved food materials to the site of application,
promoting root initiation (Nanda, 1970, Haissig 1986 and Haissig and David, 1994).
However many workers have reported IBA to be more effective in inducing rooting than
other synthetic growth regulators due to its non-toxicity over a wide range of concentrations
and its wide adaptability (Dikshit, 1956; Sircar, 1971 and Worrall, 1976). Hitchcock and
140
Zimmerman (1931) observed that optimum concentration of growth regulators, the kind of
carriers, the species of plants, the age and relative activity of the shoots from where the
cuttings material were obtained, the season of taking cuttings, treatments administered and
the method of application of growth regulators to the cuttings. Lyle (2006) advovated spring
as the best time for collection of hazel cuttings. Dhiman (2011) and Kumar (2014) found
better rooting response of cuttings collected during spring season for Wendlandai exserta and
Acer spp. respectively.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Mea
n n
o.
of
roots
Spring Monsoon
0
50
100
150
200
250
Mea
n d
ry r
oot
wei
gh
t (m
g)
Spring Monsoon
Fig. 11. Effect of IBA formulation on rooting characteristics of Corylus colurna
Qasab (2009) also observed maximum rooting success in Myrica nagi and
Rhododendron arboretum when treated with 1.0 % IBA and 0.8% IBA respectively. Fang et
al., (2011) also found that the rooting hormones had significant influence on the rooting rates
and root quality of southern magnolia. While, Frimpong et al., (2008) found that IBA
concentration of 0.8% was the best exogenous auxin concentration for percentage rooting,
number of roots per cutting and the length of the longest root per cutting.
141
5.5.2 Effect of pre-conditioning (girdling) on sprouting and rooting behaviour
It was observed in the present investigation that girdling (G1), prior to planting of
cuttings had a significant effect on the rooting success in both the season of the study.
Significantly maximum rooting (39.31 %), mean root length (4.09 cm), mean number of roots
(4.22) and mean dry root weight (178.39 mg) was recorded girdled cuttings in spring and
monsoon season, respectively as compared to those on non-girdled cuttings (G2) Table 25 and
30; Fig. 12.
0
5
10
15
20
Spring Monsoon
Ro
oti
ng
%
G1 G2
Fig. 12. Effect of per-conditioning on rooting characteristics of Corylus colurna
Girdling application causes stress of the cuttings by providing a wound surface which
may increase the physiological activities at the wound. The photosynthates accumulates
above the girdled portion and consequently the callusing formation is promoted and rooting
increases. Petri dou and Voyiatzis (1994) while working with the propagation of olive and
found that girdling play an important role in accumulation of photosynthetic products
(carbohydrates, co-factors and various hormones) at the base of the layer where roots are to
appear. Thomson (1984) observed that application of blanching with black tape combined
142
with girdling in softwood and hardwood cuttings of cultivated hazelnut resulted in better
rooting of 85.5 per cent and 70.0 per cent respectively. Gautam and Howard (1991) noticed
that blanching plus girdling produced highest rooting success in chestnut and hazelnut leafy
stem cuttings. While, Gautam and Howard (1994) further reported that blanching combined
with girdling markedly improved the rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of cultivated
hazelnut from 41.0 per cent to 82.0 per cent. Similarly, Qasab (2009) and Kumari (2012) also
reported that girdled cuttings of Myrica nagi and Rhododendron arboretum responded better
to the rooting characteristics. Kumar and Shamet (2002) observed that girdled cuttings of
Taxus baccata produced significantly higher rooting than the non-girdled ones. In an another
study, Shamet and Naveen (2005) also found significantly higher rooting in girdled cuttings
of Celtis australis as compared to fresh ones. Similarly, Kumar (2014) observed that girdled
cuttings in spring gave significantly better rooting characteristics in Acer caesium and A.
acuminatum. Superiority of girdled cuttings over the non-girdled ones has been reported by
Shamet (1991) in various Western Himalayan conifer species, viz. Pinus roxburghii, P
gerardiana, Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow. Similar results has been reported by Thakur
et al., (2011) while working on the cutting of neoza pine.
5.5.3 Effect of cutting portion on sprouting and rooting behavior
The lower/basal portion of the hazelnut cuttings (C2) were observed to produce
significantly maximum rooting success (18.33 %), mean root length (4.53 cm), mean dry root
weight (192.67 mg) in spring and monsoon season, respectively as compared to upper/apical
portion (C1) as inferred from the table 25 (Fig. 13).
Working with Corylus colurna, Srivastava et al., (2010) obtained maximum rooting
of 18 per cent for root suckers, followed by basal shoot (15%), whereas least numbered
cutting rooted in apical shoot. Soylu and Erturk (1997) obtained good results with 40 per cent
rooting from the hardwood cutting of filbert as compared to the softwood cuttings, age of the
cuttings did not significantly affected the rooting capacity. Some researchers reported one
year basal cuttings had given the best results regarding the rooting capacity of hazelnut
(Howard, 1968; Kilavuz and Cetiner, 1992). In most of the tree species rooting ability of
cuttings has been reported to increase from apical portion to basal part of the shoots which
has been attributed to accumulation of carbohydrates at the base of shoot. The effect of
position on rooting maybe caused by variation in the physiological status of shoot/cutting
143
tissues on stock plants resulting in occurrence of gradients along the stem axis in the cellular
activity or in the level of assimilates or growth regulators or in the level of lignification etc.
(Hartmann et al., 1997). Kumar and Shamet (2002) reported that lower portion of Taxus
baccata cuttings exhibited significantly higher rooting per cent, mean root number and
length in both spring and monsoon season. The results are in consonance with Bhardwaj et
al., (2001) who reported that lower shoot portion contained higher sugar and carbohydrates
contents in Ulmus laevigata and Acer oblongum than the upper ones and had positive
correlation with the rooting percentage. Superiority of the lower portion over the upper
portion have been reported by Kumar and Shamet (2002). In contrast, when the cuttings
originating from the apical position of shoots of Milicia excelsa (Ofori et al., 1997),
Triplochiton scleroxylon (Leakey et al., 1982; Leakey, 1983) and Nauclea diderrichii (Matin
1989) displayed higher rooting percentages than those taken from the basal portions.
Therefore, it is evident from these findings that optimal branch positions for the best rooting
percentage vary with the plant species.
Fig. 13. Effect of cutting portion on rooting characteristics of Corylus colurna
144
The effect of position on rooting may be caused by variation in the physiological
status of shoot/cutting tissues on stock plants resulting in occurrence of gradients along the
stem axis in the cellular activity or in the level of assimilates or growth regulators or in the
level of lignification etc. (Hartmann et al.,1997).
5.5.4 Interaction effects
It was quite evident from the data in table 26 and 31 that interaction effect IBA
formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) had a significant effect on rooting behavior of
cuttings in spring as well as in monsoon season (Table 29 and 34). In the spring season, the
significantly highest rooting (30.83 %) was observed in girdled cuttings treated with 0.4%
IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc) formulation (R3G1). Significantly maximum dry root
weight (271.58 mg), maximum root length (5.42 cm) and mean root number (6.08) was also
observed for the same treatment combination. Other treatment combination R4G1, R5G1,
R6G1, and R4G2 also performed well in this regard. However, minimum rooting parameters
were observed in control of girdled (R1G1). Results of the present study indicate that cuttings
of branches originating from the lower portion of hazelnut and planted in spring season
displayed higher rooting percentage. An almost similar trend was found in monsoon planted
cuttings but with inferior results. Kaul (2008) while working with the Himalayan yew found
maximum per cent rooting (90% ± 2.8) obtained with interactive effect of 0.5 mM, NAA (22
h) x 1 year old long shoot from female tree, followed by the interactive effect of 50 mM IBA
(5 sec) x 3 year old long shoot from female tree (83% ± 4.1). Similarly, Contessa et al.,
(2011), Cristofori et al., (2010) and Ercisli and Read (2001) observed improved rooting with
the application of IBA in different cultivars and genotypes of hazelnut. They further observed
considerable variability in rooting among the different genotypes of hazel.
The perusal of data of the tables 29 and 34 revealed that IBA formulation x pre-
conditioning x cutting portion interaction had a significant effect on rooting success of
cuttings. In spring season, maximum rooting success (41.67 %), mean root length (7.77 cm),
mean root number (7.67) and mean dry root weight (430.17 mg) were recorded in the girdled
cuttings from the basal portion treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc)
formulation (R3G1C2). Treatments combinations of R4G1C2, R5G1C2, R6G1C2, and R5G2C2
were also observed to give good results in this regard. It was observed from the data that
rooting performance was better in spring season than monsoon. The results are in contrast
145
with the finding of Thakur (2009) and Shamet and Naveen (2005) who reported monsoon
season to be better for the propagation of olive and khirk cuttings. While the results are in
line with the finding of Kumar (2014), noticed highest rooting success (48.33%) in spring
season when girdled cutting of maple treated with 0.75% IBA + 5% captan + 5% sucrose-
talc formulation and minimum rooting in non girdled cuttings. Similarly, Thakur et al.,
(2011) while working on the cutting of neoza pine found better rooting success in spring
season than in rainy seasons. Fang et al., (2007) reported that timing played a vital role on the
rooting of southern magnolia and the cuttings collected in November produced 70.8% of
rooting. Rooting hormones significantly affected the rooting of southern magnolia and the
highest rooting rate, 70.8%, was obtained under the treatment of K-IBA at 20 g/L K-IBA
concentrations at 10 g/L yielded 60.4% rooting rate. Both higher (40 g/L) K-IBA
concentrations reduced the rooting. Husen and Pal (2007) concluded that cuttings obtained
form middle branch position in hedge plants of teak and treated with 4000 ppm IBA showed
the highest values of per cent rooting, per cent sprouting, mean number of leaves and shoots
and mean shoot length per cutting.
Chapter-6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present investigation entitled “Studies on site characteristics, natural
regeneration status and nursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in
Himachal Pradesh”, was conducted in laboratory, farm nursery and natural populations of
hazelnut bearing forests of Kotkhai Forest Range (Theo Forest Division-Shimla Circle) and
Such Forest Range (Pang Forest Division-Chambal Circle) of Himachal Pradesh during the
years 2011-13 to study the distribution pattern, ecological status, natural regeneration status,
propagation techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna). Seeds were collected from Sail
(Pang Forest Division, while cuttings from Patti hank forest (Theo Forest Division). The
main results of the investigation are summarized and concluded here as under:
6.1 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
To know the ecological status, four quadrats of 20m X 25m (500 sq m) in each site
were laid down randomly to measure tree characteristics and within each quadrat four sub-
quadrats of 5m X 5m (25 sq m) size to measure shrub composition. The relative basal area,
relative density and relative frequency were computed following procedure given by Curtis
and Mc Intosh, 1950 and then Importance value index (IVI) for each site was calculated.
• The results of floristic composition of the hazelnut bearing forests in Kotkhai and
Sach Forest Range (Table 1 and 2) indicated the dominance of Corylus colurna in
Mindal and Pattidhank forest with respect to IVI values 103.4 and 69.61
respectively. On the other hand, in Gajta forest, Pinus wallichiana was the dominant
species with IVI value of 40.52 in Kotkhai Forest Range, while, Picea smithiana
dominated in Sali forest with IVI value of 89.86, of Sach Forest Range.
• Conifers the most important key associate of Corylus colurna bearing forest,
were maximum in Pattidhank and Sali forest with 155 trees per hectare in each
site and minimum number of conifer trees were noticed in Mindal forest (35 ha-1).
• Total tree density in the hazelnut bearing forest varied from 445 to 535 per hectare,
while, total basal area varied from 5978.08 cm2 to 8783.35 cm2 per hectare. In Gajta
and Pattidhank forest of Kotkhai Forest Range, the maximum share to basal area
147
per hectare (cm2) of the trees was contributed by Quercus dilatata and Corylus
colurna (4239.75 and 1488.28), while minimum was recorded for Acer acuminatum
(35.93) Taxus wallichiana (112.86) respectively. Similarly, in Mindal and Sali
forest, Picea smithiana and Corylus colurna (3044.13; 2491.51) contributed
maximum basal area, while minimum was recorded for Salix denticulata (9.95) and
Acer acuminatum (123.91), respectively.
• For shrubs, in Pattidhank and Gajta forests, Viburnum cotinifolium was the
dominant species with IVI value of 190.38 and 95.30, respectively, while.
Plectranthus rugosus and Rosa macrophylla being the rare species with lowest IVI
of 6.59 and 4.60, respectively. Similarly, in Sali and Mindal forest it was
Lonicera quinquelocularis (114.61) and Sorbaria tomentosa (198.68) the
dominant species with highest IVI values, while Indigofera heterantha and
Viburnum cotinifolium the least dominant shrubs with IVI values as 5.58 and
9.10 respectively.
• The Shannon and Wiener diversity index value (H) for trees varied from 1.60 to
1.96 and for shrubs, it varied from 0.93 to 1.75. The higher value for diversity of
trees was found in Pattidhank (1.96) and Gajta (1.96) forest followed by Sali
(1.73) and Mindal (1.60). Similarly, the maximum shrubs diversity was recorded in
Gajta (1.73), whereas, the minimum value (0.93) was found in case of hazelnut
bearing forests of Mindal.
6.2 SITE AND STAND CHARACTERISTICS STUDIES
• The crown projection ratio for hazel trees and its associated species ranged from
13.19 to 23.81 and 12.12 to 26.63, respectively in hazelnut bearing communities of
the two ranges. The solar influx was found to be high as Sali (39.06 %), while low at
Gajta (23.25 %).
• The organic matter layer (cm) was found to be maximum in Sali (2.73),
followed by Pattidhank (2.58), while the minimum value was recorded in Mindal
(1.67). Similarly, organic carbon (%) was found to be maximum in Pattidhank (3.60),
followed by Sali (3.37) while the minimum value was recorded in Gajta (2.28).
• There was little variation in sand, silt and clay proportion in both the ranges. The soil
texture at Pattidhank and Gajta forest of Kotkhai Forest Range was found to be sandy
clay loam, whereas, it was sandy loam texture in Sali and Mindal forest of Sach
148
Forest Range.
• Similarly, the pH of the soil was found to be slightly acidic to nearly neutral and
ranged between 5.89 to 6.91. However, there was little variation in the values of per
cent moisture and ranged between 9.27 to 9.76 per cent in different sites.
• The available nitrogen (kg ha-1) was more in Sali (353.75) followed by Gajta
(348.33), Pattidhank (340.78kg) and Mindal (338.35) forests. However, the value of
available phosphorus was found to be maximum at Gajta (32.00), followed by
Pattidhank (31.50), Sali (30.90) and Mindal (29.40) hazel bearing forests. Similarly,
available potassium was maximum at Gajta (444.50), followed by Pattidhank
(443.50), Sali (437.30 kg ha-1) and Mindal (434.60 kg ha-1) forest.
• The maximum number of trees per hectare were obtained in lower diameter classes
in all the forest sites of hazelnut bearing forest. The maximum number of trees per
hectare were recorded in 30-40 cm (150), 30-40 cm (175), 20-30 cm (165), 10-20 cm
(175) in Pattidhank, Mindal, Gajta and Sali forest respectively. Whereas, numbers of
trees decreased thereafter.
• Basal area per hectare was maximum in Mindal (8783.90 cm2), followed by Gajta
(7102.32 cm2), Sali (6186.52 cm2) and Pattidhank (5978.08 cm2) forest. Basal area
was found to be increased with increase in diameter.
• Crown basal area per hectare was maximum in Gajta (9215.30 cm2), followed by
Mindal (8863.35 cm2), Pattidhank (8589.50 cm2) and Sali (8545.39 cm2) forest. The
crown basal area was found to be more in middle diameter classes as compared to
lower and higher diameter classes.
6.3 NATURAL REGENERATION STUDIES
The second objective was to study the natural regeneration status of Corylus colurna
and its associated species in hazelnut community in Kotkhai and Sach Forest Range. For this
five sub-quadrat of 2m x 2m ( 4 sq m) within quadrat of size 20m x 25m in each site were
measured to record regeneration i.e. recruits, un-established and established and per cent
regeneration was calculated following Chaco (1965).
• The natural regeneration studies in hazelnut bearing forests reveals that eight tree
species were recorded to regenerate naturally in Gajta and Pattidhank forest of
Kotkhai Forest Range, while only seven woody tree species regenerated in Sali and
149
Mindal bearing forests of Sach Forest Range.
• The natural regeneration status of Corylus colurna was found to be quite low in
all the selected site/ranges. The recruits of hazelnut were completely absent in
Gajta and Mindal forest, while new recruits of hazelnut was low (63 ha-1) in
Pattidhank and Sali forest. The complete absence of unestablished saplings were seen
in all the hazelnut bearing forests.
• The maximum number of established saplings were recorded from Sali forest
(281 ha-1) and the minimum were obtained in Pattidhank forest (31 ha-1) of Kotkhai
Forest Range.
• Across the all the site of hazelnut bearing forests the maximum number of
recruits and unestablished plants per hectare was recorded in Gajta (2250 ha-1; 1657
ha-1), followed by Sali (876 ha-1; 624 ha-1), Pattidhank (689 ha-1; 500 ha-1) and
Mindal (94 ha-1; 281 ha-1) forest.
• The maximum established sapling per hectare of hazelnut bearing forest was found
in Sali (501), followed by Gajta (313), Pattidhank (94) and Mindal (93) forest.
• Similarly, maximum weighted average height (cm) for hazelnut bearing forest was
found in Sali (484.44), followed by Gajta (176.94) and minimum was obtained
in Mindal (137.45) forest.
• It was thus, evident that, natural regeneration success (%) was highest in Sali
(17.20), followed by Gajta (11.95), while it was least in Pattidhank forest (1.09).
6.4 EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION TREATMENTS
6.4.1 Effect of stratification period and temperature with and without GA3 treatments
on germinability of Corylus colurna
Seeds were subjected to five stratification periods viz., 0 (P1), 20 (P2), 40 (P3), 60 (P4)
and 80 days (P5) and four stratification temperatures viz., room temperature (T1), out-door pit
(T2), 4 ±1 0C (T3) and 0 ±1
0C (T4) subsequent treatment of three gibberellic acid
concentration viz., 0 (water only) (G1), 100 ppm GA3 (G2) and 200 ppm GA3 (G3) to
determine the effect on germinability parameters like germination per cent (GP), germination
capacity (GC), germination energy (GE), germination speed (GS), germination value (GV)
and germination index (GI) under laboratory. The parameters were found to have significant
differences among various treatments as summarized below:
150
• Stratification period of 60 days (P4) registered significantly highest value of
germinability viz., GP (50.49 %), GC (78.44 %), GE (37.50 %), GS (0.79), PV (0.49),
MDG (1.80), GV (1.03) and GI (0.78), when seeds were stratified for 60 days (P4) in
comparison to 20 days (P2) of stratification and control (P1). The figures were 1071.46
per cent more for GP, 864.01 per cent more for GE, 3333.33 per cent more for GV and
1014.28 per cent more for GI as compared to their respective control under laboratory
conditions.
• Amongst four stratification temperatures tried viz., room temperature , out-door pit,
4±1 0C and 0±1
0C , the treatment out-door pit, outclassed for all temperatures by
registering maximum germinability viz., GP (46.28 %), GC (74.79 %), GE (33.17 %),
GS (0.64), PV (0.44), MDG (1.65), GV (0.94) and GI (0.71) when seeds were
stratified as out-door pit in comparison to other stratification temperatures. On the
other hand, minimum value was exhibited for seeds that were kept at room
temperature.
• For different gibberellic acids tried viz., control, 100 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm GA3, the
200 ppm GA3 excelled over the other two treatments, registering maximum values for
germinability viz., GP (38.92 %), GC (74.33 %), PV (0.41), MDG (1.39), GV (0.76)
and GI (0.60). On the other hand, minimum mean value was exhibited by the
untreated control seeds.
• Interaction PxT revealed that 60 days as out-door pit registered significantly
maximum GP (77.78 %), GC (83.89 %), GE (52.78 %), GS (1.16), PV (0.80), MDG
(2.78), GV (2.38) and GI (1.20). Similarly, The combined effect of stratification
period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) exhibited significantly maximum
value of GP (96.67 %), GC (99.17 %), GE (76.67 %), GS (1.70), PV (1.27), MDG
(3.45) GV (4.39), and GI (1.49) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-
door pit and the treated with 200 ppm GA3.
• Biochemical study revealed significantly highest total sugar (58.13 mg/g), protein
(17.45 %) and moisture content (17.94 %) resulted when seeds were stratified for 60
days. In case of temperature, significantly highest total sugar (55.81 mg/g) and protein
(17.10 mg/g) was noticed when seeds were stratified in out-door pit. However for
combined effect of stratification period and temperature revealed significantly
maximum total sugar (72.01 mg/g) and proteins (19.55 %) when seeds were stratified
for 60 days in out-door pit.
151
6.4.2 Effect of stratification medium, temperature and gibberellic acid on germination
and seedling growth of Corylus colurna
The seeds were subjected to three stratification medium viz. Naked (M1), Sand (M2)
and Cow dung (M3) at six different temperatures to determine germination per-cent and
thereafter assessed the seedling growth parameters and biochemical changes.
• The germination of fresh hazelnut seeds was found to be very low (5.00 %), though
being highly viable (97.77 %). The initial moisture content was 12.87 per cent, while
biochemicals were found as reducing sugar-22.69 mg/g, non-reducing sugar-17.10
mg/g, total sugar-39.79 mg/g, starch-23.75 mg/g and soluble protein-15.25 mg/g.
• Biochemical study revealed significantly highest total sugar (53.95 mg/g), protein
(16.41 %) and moisture content (15.97 %) resulted when seeds were stratified in sand.
In case of temperature, significantly highest total sugar (48.75 mg/g) and protein
(16.09 mg/g) was noticed when seeds were stratified as three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) treatment. However for combined effect of
stratification medium and temperature revealed significantly maximum total sugar
(65.45 mg/g) and proteins (17.70 %) when seeds stratified in sand medium for three
week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C) was used for sowing.
• The different stratification medium tried to test germination and seedling growth
behavior of hazelnut seeds demonstrated a marked bearing on various nursery
parameters. Significantly maximum mean germination (35.70 %), significantly highest
plant height (8.44 cm), total dry weight (1.13 g) and shoot-root ratio (0.88) was
obtained in sand medium.
• The interaction MxC, MxG, CxG and MxCxG exert significant effect on germination
and seedling growth parameters in most of the cases. The interaction MxC registered
significantly maximum GP (53.90 %), plant height (14.75), collar diameter (4.6 mm)
and total dry weight (2.81 g) of seedlings when seeds were stratified in sand medium
for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week cold (30 C). The MxG
interaction revealed significantly highest germination (39.09 %) when seeds stratified
in sand were treated with 150 ppm GA3. The CxG interaction registered significantly
highest germination (31.28 %) when seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3. In case of
MxCxG interaction, maximum germination (74.17%), plant height (14.94 cm), root
152
length (27.50 cm), total dry weight (1.82 g) and stock quality index (0.53) resulted
when seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280
C) followed by three week
cold (30 C) were treated with 150 ppm GA3 were used for sowing.
6.5 CUTTAGE PROPAGATION
6.5.1 Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on rooting
behaviour of hazelnut
The girdled (G1) and non-girdled/fresh (G2) cuttings of Hazelnut from the upper (C1)
and lower/basal (C2) portion were treated with seven IBA formulations and then planted in
polythene bags (9x4.5”) filled with sterilized river sand to assess the effect on rooting
behaviour during spring and monsoon season.
• Among all IBA formulations used, the R3 registered significantly maximum sprouting
(50.83 %), rooting (22.92 %) and mean dry root weight (207.88 mg) in the spring
season. The same formulation recorded significantly better success in monsoon also
but with inferior results.
• The girdled cuttings (G1) exhibited significantly maximum sprouting (39.31 %),
rooting (17.36 %) and mean dry root weight (178.39 mg) as compared to non-girdled
ones in the spring season. The similar trend was observed in the monsoon also but
with inferior results. Similar was the case in monsoon but with inferior results.
• The lower/basal portion (C2) cuttings of hazelnut recorded significantly maximum
sprouting (46.11 %), rooting (18.33 %) and mean dry root weight (192.67 mg) as
compared to upper/apical portion (C1) during spring season. The similar trend was
observed in the monsoon also but with inferior results.
• For the combined effect of IBA formulation, species and pre-conditioning (RxGxC),
the significantly maximum rooting (41.67 %), mean root length (7.77 cm), number of
roots (7.67) and root dry weight (430.17 mg) was registered when girdled cuttings of
hazelnut were treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talc formulation of
IBA (R3G1C2) in the spring season. The similar treatment combination provided better
results in the monsoon season also, but with inferior results.
CONCLUSIONS
There were 18 species of trees and 17 species of shrubs in hazelnut bearing forest.
Among the recorded tree species Corylus colurna was the dominant in Mindal and Pattidhank
153
forest, while Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana were dominant in Gajta and Sali forest.
The natural regeneration per-cent was highest in Gajta (29.07), followed by Sali (26.25) and
lowest in Mindal forest (6.56).
The highest germination per-cent of 96.67 was achieved when seeds were stratified for
60 days in out-door pit and subsequent treatment of 200ppm GA3 under the laboratory
condition. While, under field condition, seeds stratified for three week warm (25-280
C)
followed by three week cold (30 C) in sand medium and treated with 150ppm GA3 before
sowing gave highest germination per-cent of 74.17.
Girdled cuttings from basal portion treated with 0.4% IBA + 3% captan + 3% sucrose-
talc formulation of IBA registered the highest rooting (41.67 %).
Chapter-7
REFERENCES
Ahmed A and Latif A. 2007. Non-Timber forest products: A substitute for livelihood of the
marginal community in Kalash Valley, Northern Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11:
97-105.
Ali A, Shamet G S and Kumar R. 2009. Evaluation of natural regeneration status and site
quality characteristics of Taxus wallichiana forest in Himachal Pradesh. Annals of
Biology 25(2): 159-162.
Allen G S. 1958. Factors affecting viability and germination behavior of coniferous seed,
part-II; cone and seed maturity, Pseudotsuga (Mirb.). Forestry Chronicle 34:275-282
Anonymous. 1999. Genetic Resources Information Network. Corylus Genetic Resources.
www.ars-grin.gov/npgs.
AOSA. 2005. Seed Vigor Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32. Ed. Jack Peters.
Association of Official Seed Analysts. New Mexico.21p.
Assmann E 1970. Principles of Forest Yield Study. Pergamon Press, New York, 506 p.
Aygun A, Erdogan V and Bozkurt E. 2009. Effect of some pretreatments on seed germination
of Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) ISHS Acta Horticulturae 845p.
Ballington J R. 1984. Greenhouse forcing to reduce the time between generation in
blueberry (Vaccinium spp) breeding. Hortscience 19: 542.
Barton L V. 1951. Germination of seeds of Juniperus virginiana. Boyce Thompson Institute
16:387-393.
Basavarajappa B S, Shetty S H and Prakash H S. 1991. Membrane deterioration and other
biochemical changes associated with accelerated ageing of maize seeds. Seed Science &
Technology 19: 279–286.
Baskin C C and Baskin J M. 2001. Seeds: ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy
and germination. San Diego: Academic press. 666p.
Baskin J M and Baskin C C. 1998. Seeds: ecology, biogeography and evolution of dormancy
and germination. Academic, London, p 666.
*Bemfeld P. 1962. Comparative biochemistry. Florkin M and Mason W (eds.). Academic
Press, New Zealand, 3. pp. 355-360.
Bernner L G. 1952. Forest quadrate studies at the arboretum and observations on forest
succession. Annual Microbiology and Biotechnology Education 39(2): 165-172.
*Bewley J D and Black M. 1994. Seeds. Physiology of development and germination, 2nd
edition. Plenum Pres, New York.
155
*Bewley J D. 1997. Seed germination and dormancy. The Plant Cell 9: 1055-1066.
*Beyhan N, Marangoz D and Demir T. 1999. The effect of GA3 and stratification on hazelnut
seed germination and seedlings grown with and without plastic tube. Ziraat Fakultesi
Dergisi 14(3): 54-64.
Bhan S and Sharma N C. 2011. Effect of seed stratification and chemical treatments and seed
germination and subsequent seedling growth of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.).
Research J. Agr. Sci. 2(1):13-16.
Bhandari B S, Mehta J P and Tiwari S C. 2000.Dominance and diversity relation of
woodyvegetation structure along an altitudinal gradient in a montane forest of Garhwal
Himalaya. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 12(1): 49-61.
Bhardwaj D R and Mishra V K. 1996. Effect of chemical treatment and physio-chemical
status of donor plant on the rooting of maple (Acer oblongum Wall.) stem cuttings.
Annals of Forestry 4(1): 70-77.
Bhardwaj S D, Panwar P and Kanwar B S. 2001. Effect of containers and temperatures on
longevity of Ulmus laevigata Royle seed. Seed Research 29(1): 34-37.
Bisht V K, Kuniyal P C Nautiyal P B and Prasad P. 2015. Integrated analysis of the trees and
associated under-canopy species in a subalpine forest of western Himalaya, Uttarakhand,
India. J. Mt. Sci. 12(1): 154-165.
*Blanche C A 1988. Accelerated ageing of selected tree seeds. In: Werrell J Loo-Dinkins J
and Lester DP. (eds.). Physiology and genetics of reforestation. Proceeding of the 10th
North American Forest Biology Workshop. University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
B.C. p. 327–334.
Blanche C A, Elam W W and Hodges J D. 1990. Accelerated ageing of Quercus nigra seed:
biochemical changes and applicability as a vigour test. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 20: 1611–1615.
Bonner F T. 1973. Timing collection of samaras of Fraxinu spennysylvanica Marsh. In the
southern United States. Proc. IUFRO International Symposium on seed processing.
Bergen, Norway. pp. 1-7.
Borghetti M, Vendramin G G, Veneziano A and Giannini R. 1986. Influence of stratification
on germination of Pinus leucodermis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 867-869.
Boyle J R and E k A R. 1972. An evaluation of some effects of bole and branch pulpwood
harvesting on site macronutrient. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2:407-412.
*Bradbree J W, Arias I E and Nirlala H S. 1978. The role of chilling in the breaking of seed
dormancy in Corylus avellana L. Pesticide Science 9: 184-186.
Brandis D. 1971. Indian trees (reprint). Dehradun: DBS MPS. 624p.
Brenner L G. 1952. Forest quadrate studies at the arboretum and observations of forest
succession. Annual Microbiology and Biotechnology Education 39 (2):165-172.
156
*Bretzcoff L V and Pellet N E. 1979. Effect of stratification and gibberellic acid on
germination of Carpinus croliniana Walt. Horticulture Science 14(5): 621-622.
*Brokowska B B. 2002. Breaking of seed dormancy, germination and seedling emergence of
the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.). Dendrobiology 47:61-70.
Brown N A C and Vanstaden J. 1973. The effect of stratification on the endogenous cytokine
levels of seed of Protea compacta and Leucoden dronaphnoides. Plant Physiology 2:
388-392.
Calamassi P R, Falusi M and Tocci A. 1984. Effect de la temperature de germination et de la
stratification fur la germination des semences de Pinus halepensis Mill. Silvae Genetica
33:4-5.
*Camarero J J, Gutierrez E and Fortin M J. 2006. Spatial patterns of plant richness across the
tree line ecotones in the Pyrenees reveals different locations for richness and tree cover
boundaries. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15:182-191.
Cetinbas M and Koyuncu F. 2006. Improving germination of Prunu savium L. seeds by
gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and thiourea Horticultural Science 3:119-123.
Chacko V J. 1965. A manual of sampling techniques for forest surveys. Manager
Publications, Delhi 172p.
Champion H G. 1935. Silvicultural research manual for use in India. Vol.-I. The experimental
manual. Government of India, Press New Delhi. 110p.
Chandra J P and Ram A. 1980. Studies on depth of sowing deodar (Cedrus deodara) seed.
Indian Forester 106 (12):852-855.
Chandra K K, Wadhera S L and Pandey A. 2001. Evaluation of the effect of ANR
programmes on regeneration and soil nutrient status of teak, sal and mixed forest areas of
Madhya Pradesh. My Forest 37 (1): 399-416.
Chaturvedi A N and Khanna L S. 1982. Forest mensuration. International Book Distributors,
Dehradun, India. 403p.
Chaturvedi S and Melkania. 2013. Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Mixed Oak and Mixed Pine
Forest of Kumaon Himalaya. Indian Forester 139 (3): 218-22.1
Chien C, Hung K L and Tsanpiao L. 1998. Change in ultra structure and abscisic acid level,
and response to applied gibberellins in Taxus mairei seeds treated with warm and cold
stratification. Annals of Botany 81(1): 41-47.
Ching K. 1973. Biochemical changes in seeds of Taiwan red pine and Chinese fir during
germination. Forest Science 19(4): 297-302.
*Christensen E M, Clausen J J and Curtis J T. 1959. Phytosociology of the low lands forests
of northern Wisconsin. Amer. Midl. Nat. 62(1): 232-247.
*Cicek E and Tilki F. 2007. Seed germination of three Ulmus species from Turkey as
influenced by temperature and light. Journal of Environmental Biology 28(2): 423-425.
157
*Contessa C, Valentini N, Caviglione M and Botta R. 2011. Propagation of Corylus avellana
L. by means of semi hardwood cuttings: rooting and bud retention in four Italian
cultivars. European Journal of Horticultural Science 76(5/6): 170-175.
*Cristofori V, Rouphael Y and Rugini E. 2010. Collection time, cutting age, IBA and
putrescine effects on root formation in Corylus avellana L. cuttings. Scientia
Horticulturae 124(2): 189-194.
Curtis J T and Mc Intosh R P. 1950. Inter-relationship of certain analytic and synthetic
phytosological characters. Ecology 31: 434-455
Czabator F J. 1962. Germination value: an index combining speed and completeness of pine
seed germination. Forest science 8:386-396.
Das A K, Khumbongmayum A D, Nath P C and Hina N K. 2010. Phytosociological studies
in a subtropical forest on the Rono hills of the Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh.
Indian Journal of Forestry 33 (1): 33-40.
De Atrip N and O Reilly C. 2005. Effect of seed moisture content during prechilling on the
germination response of alder and birch seeds. Seed Science & Technology 33: 363–373.
*Derkx M P M. 2000. Pre-treatment at controlled seed moisture content as an effective means
to break dormancy in tree seeds. In: Viemont JD, Grabbe J (eds), Dormancy in plants:
from whole plant behaviour to cellular control. CABI, New York, 385p.
*Dewir Y H, Mahrouk M E and Naido Y. 2011. Effect of some mechanical and chemical
treatments on seed germination of Sabal palmetto and Thrinax morrisii palms. Aust. J.
Crop. Sci. 5(3):248-253.
Dhaulkhandi M, Dobhal, Bhat S and Kumar M. 2008. Community structure and regeneration
potential of natural forest site in Gangotri, India. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
4(1): 49- 52.
Dhiman R. 2011. Studies on propagation techniques of Wendlandia exserta ROXB. DC.
M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan. 91p.
Dickson A, Leaf A L and Hosner J F. 1960. Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine
seedling stock in nurseries. Forestry Chronicle 36:10-13.
Dikshit N N. 1956. Regeneration of stem cuttings of plum as influenced by beta-
Indolebutaric acid. Indian Journal of Horticulture 13:181-188
Dirr M A and Heuser C W. 1987. The reference manual of woody plant propagation: from
seed germination. Forest Science 8:356-396.
Dogra S. 2003. Effect of stratification and plant bio-regulator on the germination of fir and
spruce. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan. 102p.
Donald D G M. 1980. Dormancy control in Pinus patula. In: Proceeding of forest nursery
and establishment research working group, 3rd
meeting, Saasveld Forest Research Station,
George, South Africa. pp 66-85.
158
Dubois M, Giles K, Hamilton J K, Robers P A and Smith F. 1951. A colorimetric method for
the determination of sugars. Nature. 168: 167.
Dubois M, Gilles K A, Hamilton J K, Rebers P A and Smith F.1956. Colorimetric method for
determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28(3): 350 – 356
*Edwards D G W. 1980. Maturity and quality of tree seeds: state of the art review. Seed Sci.
Tech. 625-657.
Ercisli S and Read P E. 2001. Propagation of hazelnut by softwood and semi-harwood
cuttings under Nerbraska conditions. Acta Horticulturae (556): 275-279.
Fahrettin T and Huseyin D. 2007. Seed germination of three provenances of Pinus brutia
(Ten.) as influenced by stratification, temperature and water stress. Journal of
Environmental Biology 28(1): 133-136.
Fang G, Zhang D, Li Z and Cao J. 2011. Timing and hormones affected rooting of stem
cuttings of Magnolia grandiflora L. Proceedings of the second international symposium
on the family Magnoliaceae. Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press,
Wuhan, China. pp 256-261.
*Fang S, Wang J, Wei Z and Zhu Z. 2006. Methods to break seed dormancy in Cyclocarya
paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja. Scientia Horticulturae 110(3):305-309
Farhadi M, Tigabu M, Arian A G, Sharifani M, Daneshvar A and Oden P C. 2013. Pre-
sowing treatment for breaking dormancy in Acer velutinum Boiss. seed lots. Journal of
Forestry Research 24(2): 273-278.
Fetouh I M and Hassan A F. 2014. Seed germination criteria and seedling characteristics of
Magnolia grandiflora L. trees after cold stratification treatments. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol.
App. Sci. 3(3): 235-241.
Fideghelli C and De Salvador F R. 2009. World hazelnut situation and perspectives. Acta
Horticulturae 845:39-52.
Fortney R H. 2006. Plant communities of West Virginia wetlands. Proceedings of the West
Virginia Academy of Science 72(3): 41-54.
Frimpong E O, Karnosky D F, Storer A J and Cobbinah J R. 2008. Key roles of leaves,
stockplant age and auxin concentration in vegetative propagation of two African
mahoganies: Khaya anthotheca Welw. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. New Forests
63:115-123.
*Gairola S, Rawal R S and Todaria N. P. 2008. Forest vegetation patterns along an altitudinal
gradient in sub-alpine zone of west Himalaya, India. African Journal of Plant Science 2
(6): 042-048.
Gaur R D. 1999. Flora of district Garhwal Northwest Himalaya. Trans media Publication,
Srinagar-Garhwal, India. 811p.
Gautam D R and Howard B H. 1991. Effect of preconditioning treatments and propagation
environments on the rooting chestnut and hazelnut leafy stem cuttings. Indian Journal of
Horticulture 48(4):296-298.
159
Gautam D R and Howard B H. 1994. Influence of some preconditioning treatments and
propagation environments on the rooting of hazelnut leafy stem cuttings. Acta
Horticulturae 351: 361-369.
Gautam J and Bhardwaj S D. 2006. Influence of stratification on germination of ban oak
(Quercus leucotrichophora Camus ex Bahadur). Indian Forester 132(7): 829-833.
Gautam J, Bharadwaj S D and Pankaj P. 2005. Storage studies on seed of chir pine (Pinus
roxburghii). Seed Research 33(1):73-77.
Gautam J. 1997. Studies on presowing seed treatment on germination and seedling
development of Quercus leucotrichophora. M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. YSP UHF, Nauni Solan.
106p.
Gercekcioglu R and Cekic C. 1999. The effects of some treatments on germination of
mahaleb (Prunus mahalebL.) seeds. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 23:145–
150.
*Giba Z, Grubisic D and Konjevic R. 1993. The effect of white light, growth regulators and
temperature on the germination of blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) seeds. Seed Science
Technology 21:521-529.
*Gordan A G and Rowe D C. 1982. Seed manual for ornamental trees and shrubs. Forestry
commission, bulleten no. 59. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Gorden A G, Estaban I D and Wakeman D C. 1972. Cone handling, seed quality and seed
testing of Pinus merkusii. Commonwealth Forestry Review 51(1): 70-75.
Gordon D T. 1970. Natural regeneration of white and red-fir. USDA, Forest Service Research
Paper, New York, USA, PSW-58, 52p.
*Graber R E. 1965. Germination of eastern white pine seed as influenced by stratification.
USDA, For. Serv., Northeast. For. Exp. Sta., Upper Darby, PA, Res. Pap. NE-36. 9p.
Grassi G, Minotta G, Tonon G and Bagnaresi U. 2004. Dynamics of Norway spruce and
silver fir natural regeneration in mixed stand under uneven-aged management. Canadian
Journal of Forestry Research 34(1): 141-149.
Gupta D, Sharma D P and Shamet G S. 2015. Natural regeneration status of silver fir and
spruce forest in Himachal Pradesh. In: Bhariti P K Bhandari G and Sharma P (eds.),
Biodiversity, biotechnology and environmental conservation. Discovery Publishing
House New Delhi. pp 78-87
Gupta D. 2007. Regeneration status and growth distribution in silver fir and spruce forests.
M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan (H.P), 75p.
Gupta N K. 1996. Appraisal of vegetational pattern of Shimla district through remote sensing
with special reference to the ecology of fir–spruce forest. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. YS Parmar
UHF, Solan (H.P.), 113p.
Haavisto V F and Winston D A. 1974. Germination of black spruce and jack pine seeds at
0.50C. Forest Chronicle 50:(6)240.
160
*Hackett W P. 1988. Donor plant maturation and adventitious root formation. In: T D Davis,
B E Hassig and N Sankla (eds.), Adventitious root formation in cuttings. Dioscorides
Press Portland, Oregon. pp 11-28.
*Haissig B E and Davis T D. 1994. Historical evaluation of adventitious rooting research to
1993. In: T D Davis and B E Haissig, eds. Biology of adventitious root formation.
Plenum Press, New York. pp 275-33.
*Haissig B E. 1986. Metabolic process in adventitious rooting of cuttings. In: M B Jackson,
ed, New root formation in plants and cuttings. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
pp. 141-190.
*Han K, Sun X, Xing S Y, Wang L, Wang Z H and Tang T M. 2006. Studies on
physiological characteristics of Corylus avellana L. during storage and germination.
Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 24(5): 435-440.
Harmer R and Gill R. 2000. Natural regeneration in broadleaved woodlands: deer browsing
and the establishment of advance regeneration. Information note, Forestry Commission,
Edinburgh. pp 1-3.
*Harting M. 1986. Practical experiment in vegetative propagation of Norway spruce.
Sozialistiche Foustwirt Schaft 36(6):177-181.
Hartmann H T, Kester D E, Davies F T and Geneve R L. 1997. Plant propagation: principles
and practices, 6th
edition. Prentice Hall, USA. 869p.
*Henry P H and Blazich F A. 1988. Influence of gibberellin GA3,4+7 on germination of
Fraser- fir. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 6(3): 93-96.
*Henry P H, Blazich FA and Hinesley L E. 1992. Nitrogen nutrition of containerized eastern
red cedar. II. Influence of stock plant fertility on adventitious rooting of stem cuttings.
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117:568–570.
Hilhorst H W M and Karssen C M. 1992. Seed dormancy and germination: the role of
abscisic acid and gibberellins and the importance of hormone mutants. Plant Growth
Regulators 11: 225–238.
*Hitchcock A E and Zimmerman P W. 1931: Rooting of greenwood cuttings as influenced by
the age of tissue at the base. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 27:136-8.
Howard B H. 1968. Hazel propagation by hardwood cuttings. Annual Report of East Malling
Research Station. pp 93-95.
Husen A and Mishra V K. 2001. Effect of IBA and NAA on vegetative propagation of Vitex
negundo L. through leafy stem cuttings from hedged shoots during rainy season. Ind.
Perf. 45(20):83-87.
Husen A and Pal M. 2006. Variation in shoot anatomy and rooting behavior of stem cuttings
in relation to age of donor plants in teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f). New Forests 31(1):57-
73.
161
Husen A and Pal M. 2007. Effect of branch position and auxin treatment on clonal
propagation of Tectona grandis Linn. f. New Forests 34:223–233.
Husen A. 2003. Effect of IBA and NAA treatments on rooting of Rauvolfia serpentine Benth.
Ex Kurz shoot cuttings. Annals of Forestry 11(1):88-93
Jackson M L. 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
India, pp 20-30.
Jamoh N. 2014. Study of sand characteristics of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus in
different types of forests. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF,
Nauni-Solan, 82p.
Janick J and Paull R E. 2006. The encyclopedia of fruits and nuts. United Kingdom, CAB
International. 161-172p.
*Jarvis B C. 1975. The role of seed parts in the induction of dormancy of hazel (Corylus
avellana L.). New Phytologist 75: 491-494.
Jones S K and Gosling P G. 1994. Target moisture content; prechill overcomes the dormancy
of temperate conifer seeds. New Forests 8:309–321.
Jully L G and Blazich F A. 2000. Seed germination of selected provenances of Atlantic white
cedar as influenced by stratification temperature and light. Horticultural Science 35(1):
132-135.
*Juntilla O. 1972. Effect of gibberellic acid on dark and light germination at different
temperatures of Calluna, Ledum and Rhododendron seeds. Plant Physiology. 26: 239-
243.
Kanwar B S, Bhardwaj S D and Shamet G S. 1996. Vegetative propagation of Ulmus
laevigata by stem cuttings. Journal of Tropical Forest Sciences 8(3): 333- 338.
Kanwar T and Bakshi M. 2010. Rooting of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) cuttings seedling, hedge
and tree from origin as affected by auxins. Indian Journal of Forestry 33(4): 493-498.
Karam N S and Al-Salem M M. 2001. Breaking dormancy in Arbutus andrachna L. seeds by
stratification and gibberellic acid. Seed Science and Technology 29: 51–56.
Katoch R. 2014. Phytosociological and regeneration studies of Rhododendron campanulatum
D. Don. in Himachal Pradesh. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF,
Nauni-Solan, 70p.
Kaul K. 2008. Variation in rooting behavior of stem cuttings in relation to their origin in
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. New Forests 36:217-224.
Kaundal A and Shamet G S.2002. Vegetative propagation of deodar (Cedrus deodara) and
seabuck thorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn and Hippophae salicifolia D Don.) through
cuttings. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan. 72 p.
Kaundal A. 2002. Vegetative propagation of deodar (Cedrus deodara) and seabuck thorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn and Hippophae salicifolia D Don.) through cuttings. M.Sc.
Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan. 72 p.
162
Kaushal P, Gulhati A K, Sankhyan H P, Kumar S and Sharma J P. 2012. Structural
parameters of woody elements in wildlife sanctuary, Sainj under GHNP, Kullu, Himachal
Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry 35(3): 301-305.
Khan M A, Mughal A H and Javed M. 2007. Effect of sowing dates on the germination and
seedling growth of Cedrus deodara and Pinus helepensis. Indian Forester 133(6): 909-
914.
Khera N, Kumar A, Ram J and Tewari A. 2001. Plant biodiversity assessment in relation to
disturbances in the mid-elevation forest of central Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology
42(1):83-95.
Kilavuz M and Cetiner K S. 1992. Researches on vegetative propagation methods of filberts.
FindikArast. Enst. Mud.
Koop R. 1991. Regeneration dynamics of Taxus baccata in the yew forest nature reserve at
Gottingen. Fprstarchive 62(5): 188-191.
Koyuncu F and Sesli Y. 2000. Effects of different stratification periods and soaking times in
water on the germination and seedling growth of walnut. Proceedings of the2nd
National
Nursery Symposium, 25–29.
Koyuncu F. 2005. Breaking seed dormancy in black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) by cold
stratification and exogenous application of gibberellic acid. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia
Series Botanica 47(2): 23–26.
*Krawiarza K and Scezotka Z. 2005. Adenine nucleotides and energy charge during
dormancy breaking in embryo axes of Acer platanoides and Fagus sylvatica seeds. Acta
Physiologiae Plantarum 27(4):455-461.
Kumar A. 1995. Effect of different classes and picking dates on seed germination in Acer
oblongum Wall. Under mid-hill conditions. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S.
Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan, 84 p.
Kumar N and Toky O P. 1994. Variation in chemical contents of seed, and foliage in Albizia
lebbek (L.) Benth. of different provenances. Agroforestry Systems 25(3):217-225
Kumar R, Shamet G S, Chaturvedi O P and Singh C. 2013. Ecology of chilgoza pine (Pinus
gerardiana Wall) in dry temperate forests of North West Himalaya. Eco. Env. and Cons.
19(4):1063-1066.
Kumar R. 2008. Effect of storage conditions on germinability of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus
deodara Loud.).M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan,
77 p.
Kumar R. 2012. Studies of site characteristics, natural regeneration and nursery techniques in
chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall) in Kinnaur (H.P.). Ph.D. Thesis, College of
Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan. 172p.
Kumar S. 2014. Propagation studies of maples (Acer acuminatum Wall. ex Brandis and A.
caseium Wall. ex D. Don) of Himachal Pradesh. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. Y.S. Parmar UHF,
Solan (H.P.). 183p.
163
Kumar V and Shamet G S. 2002. Vegetative propagation of Himalayan yew (Taxus baccata
Linn.) through the branch cuttings. Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 9(1/2): 32-36.
Kumar V, Shamet S G and Gupta D. 2013. Studies on cone and seed maturity indices of
chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.). Indian Journal of Forestry 36(1):109-113.
Kumari Y. 2012. Propagation studies on Myrica nagi Thunb. M.Sc. Thesis, College of
Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan, 49p.
Lanker U. 2007. Studies on some edapho-ecological characteristics and regeneration status of
Himalayan Yew (Taxus baccata Hook. F. sy. T. Wallichiana Zucc.) M.Sc. Thesis, Dr.
Y.S. Parmar UHF, Solan (H.P.). 113p.
Lavania S K, Singh R P and Singh V. 2006. Effect of gibberellic acid and pH on seed
germination in blue pine (Pinus wallichiana). Indian Forester 132(8): 1024-1028.
Lawrence W H and Rediske J H. 1962. Fate of sown Douglas-fir seed. Forest Science 8:
210–218.
Leakey R R B. 1983. Stock Plant factors affecting root initiation in cuttings of Triplochiton
scleroxylon K. Schum an indigenous hardwood of West Africa. J. Hort. Sci. 58: 227–
290.
*Leakey R R B, Chapman V R and Longaman K A. 1982. Phyosiological studies for tropical
tree improvement and conservation: some factors affecting root initiation in cuttings of
Triplochiton scleroxylon K Schum. For. Ecol. Manage. 4:53-66.
*Li Li and Rosst J D. 1990. Starch synthesis during dormancy breakage in oilseed of Corylus
avellana. Annals of Botany 66:507-512.
*Lowry O H Roseubrough N J Fan A L and Randall R I. 1951. Protein measurements with
folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275.
Luna R K and Kumar S. 2006. Vegetative propagation through juvenile shoot cuttings of
Melia composita Willd. Indian Forester 132:1561-1569.
Lyle S. 2006. Fruits and nuts; a comprehensive guide to the cultivation, use and health
benefits of over 300 food producing plants. Timber press Inc. Oregon USA. 161-172
Mahajan A. 2010. Effect of forest composition on regeneration and growth attributes of chir
pine. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan, 82 p.
Malik A R and Shamet G S. 2007. Effect of stratification and storage conditions on
germination behaviour of chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.) seeds. Journal of Tree
Sciences 26(1): 22-31.
Malik A R and Shamet G S. 2008. Germination and biochemical changes in the seeds of
chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana wall.) by stratification: an endangered conifer species of
north-west Himalaya. Ind. J. Plant Physio. 13(3):278–283.
Malik A R, Shamet G S and Ali M. 2008. Seed stratification of Pinus gerardiana wall: effect
of stratification duration and temperature. Indian Forester 134(8):1072–1078.
164
Malik A R, Shamet G S and Ali M. 2009. Germination and seedling growth of Pinus
gerardiana in nursery: effect of stratification period and temperature. Indian Journal of
Forestry 32(2):221-225.
Malik A R, Shamet G S, Butola J, Bhat G M, Mir A A and Nabi G. 2013. Standardization of
seeds storage conditions in chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.) by stratification: an
endangered pine of Hindukush Himalaya. Tree 27:1497-1501.
Malik A R. 2007. Studies on natural regeneration status and nursery technology in chilgoza
pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.). Ph.D. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF,
Nauni-Solan, 217p.
Marquez-Millano A, Elam W W and Blanche C A. 1991. Influence of accelerated ageing on
fatty acid composition of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seeds. Journal
Seed Technology 15: 29–41.
*Matin M A. 1989. Carbon economy during rooting of cuttings of Nauclea diderrichii (De.
Wild and Th. Dus.) Merill. M Phil. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, United Kindom.
Mehta R. 1999. Effect of storage conditions on germinability of Albizia chinensis. M.Sc.
Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan, 70p.
Menon A R R and Balasubramanyan K. 1985. Species relation studies in moist deciduous
forests of Trichur Forest Division, Kerala. KFRI Research Report No. 32, Kerala Forest
Research Institute, Peechi. 195p.
*Millaku F, Gashi B, Abdullai K, Aliu S, Osmani M, Krasniqi E, Mata V and Rysha A.
2012. Effects of cold-stratification, gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on seed
germination of yellow gentian (Gentia nalutea L.). African Journal of Biotechnology
11(68): 13173-13178.
*Miller G L. 1972. Use of di-nitro salicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugars.
Ann. Chem. 31: 426-428.
Mir A Z, Giri N and Kumar P. 2011. Ecological studies of woody species in Chaupal Forest
Division oh Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry 34(4): 433-438.
Mishra R. 1968. Ecology work book. Oxford and IBH Publication Co. New Delhi, pp.244.
Mitrovic M, Ogasanovic D, Micic N, Tesovic Z and Miletic R. 1997. Biodiversity of the
Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.) in Serbia. Acta Horticulturae 445(2):231-367.
Mitrovic M, StanisavIjevie M and Ogasanovic D. 2001. Turkish tree hazel biotypes in Serbia.
Acta Horticulture 556:191-195.
Mittal K R, Wang P S B and Harmsworth D. 1987. Effects of extended prechilling on
laboratory germination and fungal infection in seeds of white spruce and eastern white
pine. Tree Planters Notes 38:6-9.
*Monk C D. 1967.species diversity in the eastern deciduous forest with particular references
to North Central Florida. Am. Nat. 101:173-187.
165
Mughal A H and Thapliyal R C. 2006. Effect of moisture content and storage temperature on
the viability of Cedrus deodara seeds. Seed Research 34(2): 182-186.
*Muller D, Jucobi D J D, Cooray R G and Balakrishanan N. 1980. Ohia rain forest study:
ecology investigation of Ohia dieback problem in Hawii. Hawaii Institute of Tropical
Agriculture and Human Resource, Honolulu HI. Miscellaneous Publication. 183p.
Nanda K K. 1970. Investigation of on the use of auxins in vegetative reproduction of forest
plants. Final report of PL 480. Research Project A 7FS-11. 215p.
Nautiyal A R. 1993. Removal of seed dormancy in Corylus Colurna Linn. Journal of Tree
Science 12(2): 103-106.
Nautiyal S, Nautiyal D P, Bhandari H C S, Kumar P and Prakash R. 2007. Mass propagation
protocol for Podocarpus nerifolius D Don. through juvenile shoot cuttings. Indian
Forester 133(2): 262-265.
Naveen C R. 2002. Vegetative propagation of Khirk (Celtis australis Linn.) and seabuck
thorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. and H. salicifolia D. Don.) through cuttings. M.Sc.
Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan, 226p.
Nicholson R. 1984. Propagation notes on Cedrus deodara ‘Shalimar’ and Calocedrus
decurrens. The Plant Propagator 30:5-6.
*O’Reilly C and De Atrip N. 2007. Seed moisture content during chilling and heat stress
effects after chilling on the germination of common alder and downy birch seeds. Silva
Fennica 41(2): 235–246.
Ofori D A, Newton A C, Leakey R R B and Grace J. 1997. Vegetative propagation of Milicia
excelsa by rooting cuttings: effect of maturation, coppicing, cutting length and position of
rooting ability. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 10:115-1259.
Olsen S R, Cole C V, Watanable F S and Dean L A. 1954. Estimation of available
phosphorus by extraction with sodium carbonate. USDA, Washington D.C., USA, No.
939: 19.
*Ozvardar S and Ozcagiran R. 1991. Effects of stratification-temperatures and pretreatments
on seed germination of plum varieties. Proceedings of the I. Turkey Nursery Symposium
pp 319–324.
Palit D, Pal S and Chanda S. 2012. Diversity and richness of plants in Darjeeling Himalaya
with an eye on Gaddikhana Forest Beat, Senchal east zone forest range, Darjeeling.
Indian Journal of Forestry 35(1):439-444.
Pananjay G B G, Tiwari K and Tiwari C S. 2012. Species diversity and environmental
regeneration potential of tree species along as altitudinal gradient in subtropical montane
forests of a part in central Himalaya, India. Int. Jr. of Basic and Applied Sciences.
1(1):27-37.
Pande P K, Negi J D S and Sharma S C. 2002. Plant species diversity, composition, gradient
analysis and regeneration behavior of some tree species in a moist temperate western
Himalayan forest ecosystem. Indian Forester 128:869-885.
166
Pant S and Samant S S. 2012. Diversity and regeneration status of tree species in Khokhan
Wildlife Sanctuary, north-western Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 53(3): 317-331.
Parhadi M, Tigabu M, Ghasemi A, Sharifani D A and Oden P C. 2013. Per-sowing treatment
for breaking dormancy in Acer velutinum Boiss. Seed lots. Journal of Forestry Research
24(2): 273-278.
Petri Dou M and D G Voyiatzis. 1994. The beneficial effect of girdling, auxin, Tween-20 and
paclobutrazol on the propagation of olive by an improved method of mount-layering.
Acta Horticulturae 356: 24-27.
Phartyal S S, Thapliyal R C, Nayal J S and Joshi G. 2003. Seed storage physiology of
Himalayan elm (Ulmus wallichiana): an endangered tree species of tropical highlands.
Seed Science and Technology 31(1): 651-658.
Phartyal S S, Thapliyal R C, Nayal J S and Joshi G. 2003. Seed dormancy in Himalayan
maple (Acer caesium): effect of stratification and phytohormones. Seed Science and
Technology 31(1): 1-11.
Phillips E A. 1959. Methods of vegetation study. A Holt Drydon Book. Honry Holt and Co.
Inc., New York.107p.
Powell Le. 1987. Hormonal aspects of bud and seed dormancy in temperate-zone woody
plants. Hortscience 22: 845–850.
Prasad B and Prasad R. 2009. Selection of suitable growth regulators and its concentration for
better germination and seedling of Himalayan dogwood (Benthamidia capitata Wall. Ex
Roxb.). Indian Journal of Forestry 32(4):523-527.
Precsenyi. 1981. Change in the diversity of the vegetation during succession. Acta Bot.
Acadm. Sci. Hung. 27:181-189.
Pritchard H W, Steadman K J, Nash J V and Jones C. 1999. Kinetics of dormancy release and
the high temperature germination response in Aesculus hippocastanum seeds. Journal of
Experimental Botany 50(338):1507-1514.
Qasba S S. 2009. Vegetative propagation of Rhododendron arboretum and Myrica nagi
through stem cuttings. . M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Y.S. Parmar UHF, Solan (H.P.), 113p.
Rajwar G S, Dhaulakhandi M and Kumar P. 1999. Regeneration status of an oak forest of
Gharwal Himalaya. Indian Forester 125:623-629.
Rana M S, Lal M and Samant S S. 2011. Status and regeneration of Himalayan Maple in
Himachal Pradesh: Honing red list of plants. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 30(8): 775-
789.
Rao G R. 1998. Study on dynamics of herbage layer in Pine and Khair based natural
silvipastoral system in North West Himalaya. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr Y S Parmar. UHF, Solan.
125p.
Rao H S. 1953. Vegetative propagation and forest tree improvement. Indian Forester 79(3):
176-182.
167
Raunkiaer C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 632p.
Rawal R S and Pangtey Y P S. 1994. Altitudinal zonation of high altitudinal forests in
Kumaun, central Himalaya, India. Indian Journal of Forestry 17(4): 332-344.
Rawat R S and Kapoor K S. 2008. Natural regeneration of Alnus nitida Endl. as affected by
biotic disturbances in Kullu valley of Himachal Himalayas. Indian Journal of Forestry
31(3):337-341.
Rawat R S. 2001. Phytosociological studies of woody vegetation along an altitudinal gradient
in a montane forest of Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry 24(4): 419-426.
*Rediske J H. 1961. Maturation of douglas fir seed: a biochemical study. For. Sci. 7:204-213.
Richardsons D G.1997. Health benefits of eating hazelnut: implications for blood lipid
profiles, coronary heart diseases and cancer risks. Acta Horticulturae 445: 295-333.
Risser P G and Rice E L. 1971. Diversity in tree species in Oklahoma upland forests species.
Ecology 52: 876-880.
*Roos J D and Bradbeer J W. 1971. Studies in seed dormancy. The content of endogenous
gibberellins in seeds of Corylus avellana L. Physiology Plantarum 100: 288-302.
*Samaan L G, El-Baz E T, Iraqi M A and El-Dengawy E A. 2000. Effect of gibberellic acid
treatments an seed dormancy, germination and subsequent seedling growth of apricot
(Prunus armeniaca L.). Egyptian J. Hortic. 27(2):141-156.
Samant S S and Dhar U. 1997. Diversity, Endemism and Economic Potential of Wild Edible
Plants of Indian Himalaya. Intern. J. Sustain. Dev. & World Ecology 4: 179-191.
Sanjeev, Gera M and Sankhayan P L. 2006. Phytosociological analysis of Arnigad micro-
watershed in Mussoorie hills of Garhwal Himalayas. Indian Forester 132(1):19-30.
Sapkota I P, Tigabu M and Oden P C. 2009. Spatial distribution, advance regeneration and
stand structure of Nepalese Sal (Shorea robusta) forests subjected to disturbances of
different intensities. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1966-1975.
Satyanarayana B, Subhashini D P and Arundhati A. 2011. Biochemical changes during seed
germination of Sterculia urens Roxb. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 3(3):105-108.
*Schrader J A and Graves W R. 2000. Alnus maritima: a rare woody species from the New
World. The New Plantsman 7:74–82.
Schroeder W R and Walker D S. 1991. Effect of cuttings position on rooting and shoot
growth of two poplar clones. New Forests 4:281-289.
Secu V. 2013. Studies on pre-sowing seed treatment on germination and seedling growth of
Melia composite Willd. M.Sc. Thesis, Dr YSP UHF, Nauni-Solan (H.P.), India, 94p.
Semwal S, Nautiyal B P and Bhatt A B. 2008. Dominance diversity patterns and regeneration
status of moist temperate forest in Garhwal, part of the north-west Himalayas, India.
Taiwan J. For. Sci. 23(4): 351-364.
168
Shamet G S and Bhardwaj D R. 2001. Vegetative propagation of devdar (Cedrus deodara)
through cutting. Advances in Forestry Research in India 119-129.
Shamet G S and Khosla P K.1996. Vegetative propagation of deodar (Cedrus deodara) in the
north west Himalaya. Annals of Forestry 4(1):21-24.
Shamet G S and Naveen C R. 2005. Study of rooting in stem cuttings of khirk (Celtis
australis Linn.). Indian Journal of Forestry 28(4): 363-369.
Shamet G S. 1991. Propagation of some commercial west Himalayan conifer species through
stem cuttings. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar, UHF, Nauni-Solan,
189 p.
Shamet G S. 2000. Vegetative propagation of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sargent) through
stem cuttings and basal sprouts. Indian Journal of Forestry 23(1): 36-40.
*Shannon C E and Wiener W. 1963. The mathematical theory of communications, University
Illinois, Urbana, 117pp.
Sharma R. 2003. Standardize mature ty indices of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) seeds.
M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Y S Parmar, Nauni-Solan (H.P.), India, 110p.
Sharma V. 2005. Effect of artificial stratification of chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) seeds
on its germination. In: K S Verma D K Khurana and Christarsson Lars (eds.), Short
rotation forestry for industrial and rural development. Proceedings of the IUFRO-ISTS-
UHF International Conference, Nauni, Solan, India, 7-13 September, 2003, pp 268-270.
Sharma Y. 2006. Studies on stand parameters and natural regeneration status of silver fir and
spruce in Himachal Pradesh. M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Y S Parmar UHF, Solan (H.P), 83p.
Singh A. 2004. Biometric studies on stand characteristics of different aged deodar forests.
M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Y.S. Parmar UHF, Solan (H.P), 71p.
Singh H, Kumar M and Sheikh M A. 2009. Distribution pattern of oak and pine along the
altitudinal gradients in Garhwal Himalaya. Natural Science 7(11): 81-85.
Singh J S. 1992. Man and forest interactions in central Himalayas. In: Singh J S and S P
Singh, (eds.), Himalayan environment and development problems and perspective.
Gyanodaya Prakashan. Nainital. pp 51-80.
Singh K K, Gurung B, Rai K L and Nepal H L. 2010. Influence of temperature, light and
per-sowing treatment on the seed germination of critically endangered Sikkim Himalayan
Rhododendron (R. niveum Hook f.). Journal of American Science 6(8): 172-177.
Singh R V. 1973. Chilgoza pine regeneration in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of
Forestry 118(7):460-465
Singh V. 1989. Role of stratification and gibberellic acid in spruce seed germination. Indian
Forester 12(4): 269-275.
Sircar S M. 1971. Plant hormone research in India. ICAR. New Delhi, pp 55-56
169
Sofi P A and Bhardwaj S D. 2007. Effect of stratification on biochemical composition of
Cedrus deodara. Indian Forester 133(2): 211-214.
Sofi P A. 2005. Standardization of nursery technology of Cedrus deodara. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr.
YSP UHF, Nauni-Solan (H.P.), India, 176p.
Soylu A and Erturk U. 1997. Some factors affecting the rooting of filbert hardwood cuttings.
Acta Horticulturae 445: 459-466.
Srivastava K K, Singh R S, Zargar A K and Sundouri. 2010. Response of propagating
materials and rooting hormones on rooting potential of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.).
Indian Journal of Forestry 33(1): 85-88.
Srivastava R K, Khanduri V P and Sharma C M. 2005. Structure, diversity and regeneration
potential of oak dominated conifer mixed forest along an altitudinal gradient in Garhwal
Himalaya. Indian Forester 131:1537-1553.
Steele M J, Yeoman M M and Coutts M P. 1990. Developmental changes in stika spruce as
indices of physiological age; rooting of cuttings and callusing of needle explants. New
Phytologist 114(1):111-120.
Subbiah B V and Asija G L. 1956. A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen
in soils. Current Science 25: 259-260.
Sumida A and Komiyama A. 1997. Crown spread pattern for five broadleaved woody
species: ecological significance of retention pattern of large branches. Annals of Botany
80:759-766.
*Suszka B, Muller C, Bonnet and Masimbert M. 1996. Seeds of forest broadleaves from
harvest to sowing. INRA, Paris. 265p.
Tambe S and Rawat G S. 2010. The alpine vegetation of the Khangchendzonga landscape,
Sikkim Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development 30(3): 266-274.
*Tammela P, Hopia A, Hiltunen R, Vuorela H and Nygren M. 2000. Ageing in Pinus
sylvestris L. seeds: changes in viability and lipids. Biochemical Society Transactions 28:
878–879
Tanaka Y, Brotherton P J, Dobkowski A and Camfron P C. 1991. Germination of stratified
and non-stratified seeds of red alder at two germination temperatures. New Forests 5: 67-
75.
*Tansley A G. 1935. The British Island and their vegetation. University Press, Combridge I:
1-489, II: 87-930.
Taylor A H, Shi W J, Lian J Z, Chun P L, Chang J M and Jinyan H. 2006. Regeneration
patterns and tree species coexistence in old-growth Abies–Picea forests in southwestern
China forest. Ecology and Management 223 : 303–317.
*Taylor J S and Wareing P F. 1979. The effect of stratification on the endogenous level of
gibberellins and cytokinins in seeds of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and sugar
pine (Pinus lambertiana). Plant Cell and Environment 2(2): 165-161.
170
Thakur K S, Shamet G S and Mundhe A D. 2011. Propagation of neoza pine (Pinus
gerardiana Wall.) through cuttings and air layering. Indian Journal of Forestry 34 (3):
257 262.
Thakur M, Sharma D D and Singh K. 2014. Studies on the effect of girdling, etiolation and
auxins on rooting of olive (Olea europaea L) cuttings. International Journal of Farm
Sciences 4(2): 39-46.
Thakur M. 2009. Studies on the effect of girdling, etiolation and auxins on rooting of olive
(Olea europaea L) cuttings. M.Sc. Thesis, Dr. Y.S. Parmar UHF, Solan (H.P). 59p.
Thapliyal R C and B N Gupta. 1980. Effect of seed source and stratification on the
germination of deodar seed. Seed Sci.Technol. 8:145-150.
Thompson M M. 1979. Genetics of incompatibility in Corylus avellana L. Theoretical and
Applied Genetics 54: 113-116.
Thompson M M, Lagerstedt H B and Mehlenbacher S A. 1996. Hazelnuts, Chapter 3. In: J
Janick and J. Moore (eds.), Fruit Breeding, Vol. III: Nuts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp
125-184.
Thompson P A. 1969. Comparative effects of gibberellins A3 and A4 on the germination of
seeds of several different species. Horticultural Research 9: 130-138.
Tian Y X J, Donglin Z and Jiwu C. 2011. Stem cutting propagation of Ilex rotunda Thunb.
Horticultural Science 46 (9):309p.
Tiwari V P and Kumar V S K. 2003. Spacing effect of height diameter relationship of
irrigated shelterbelt plantation in hot desert. Indian Forester 129:349-356.
*Tomaszeaska E. 1976. Growth regulator in Norway maple (Acer platanoides) seeds.
Arboretum Kornickie 21: 297-312.
*Tylkowski T. 2007. Stratification conditions determining seed dormancy release of
European bladder nut (Staphyleapinnat L.).Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 76(2):
95- 101.
Uniyal R C and Nautiyal A R. 1995. Physio-biochemical aspects of development of hard
seedednees in A.lebbeck. Current Science 69: 358–361.
Uppal R and Khosla P K. 1996. Effect of auxins on rooting of stem cuttings of Viburnum
nervosum Don., Desmodium tiliaefolium Don. and Vitex negundo Linn. Under varying
seasons. Van Vigyan 34(3): 100-106
Vaidya A. 2003. Working Plan for the forests of Pangi forest Division. Government of
Himachal Pradesh. 1-45p.
Walkley A J and Black I A. 1954. Estimation of soil organic carbon by chronic acid titration
method. Soil Science 37: 29-28.
*Wang P S B. 2006. Highlights of my experience in tree seed research and development at
Petawawa. In: T L Beardmore and J D Simpson (eds.), Proceedings recent advances in
seed physiology and technology. International Union of Forest Research Organizations
New Brunswick Canada. 1-15p.
171
*Wareing P F. 1982. Hormonal regulation of seed dormancy - past, present and future. In:
Khan A A (ed.), Physiology and biochemistry of seeds development, dormancy and
germination. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam. pp 185-202.
Whittakar R H. 1970. Communities and ecosystem. McMillan Camp, New York. 158p.
Wickens E G. 2002. Non wood forest products: edible nuts. Food and agriculture
Organization of United Nation. Rome; Italy.198p.
Willan R L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. FAO Forestry Paper 20/2. FAO Rome.
*Willemsen R W, and Rice E L. 1972. Mechanism of seed dormancy in Ambrosia
arteemisiifolia. American Journal of Botany 59: 248-257.
Worrall R J. 1976. Effects of time of collection, growing-conditions of mother plants and
growth regulators on rooting of cuttings of Telopea speciosissima (Proteaceae). Sci. Hort.
5: 153-160.
Yadav P S J. 1963. Studies on Soil Profiles in Chakrata Division of Uttar Pradesh. Indian
Forester 89(1): 18-30.
Yamdagni N and Sen D N. 1973. Role of leaves present on the stem cuttings for vegetative
propagation of Portulaca grahiflora L. Physiological Pfanzen 164:447-449.
Younis S A. 1982. Intercellular reorganization during stratification of hazel seeds (Corylus
avellanaL.). Ph.D Thesis. University of Reading.
*Zlobin Y U A. 1973. Factors controlling the maintenance of viability of some conifer seed.
Eulogiya 2: 46-49.
_______________
*Originals not seen
172
Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and ForestryNauni- 173 230, Solan (HP), India
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry
Title of Thesis : “Studies on site characteristics, natural regeneration status andnursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in HimachalPradesh.”
Name of the Student : Dinesh GuptaAdmission Number : F-2010-13-DMajor Advisor : Dr. D. P. SharmaMajor Field : SilvicultureMinor Field(s) : SilvicultureDegree Awarded : Ph.D Forestry (Silviculture)Year of Award of Degree : 2015No. of Pages in thesis : 172 + XXXIIINo. of words in Abstract : 461
ABSTRACT
The present investigation “Studies on site characteristics, natural regeneration status andnursery techniques of hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) in Himachal Pradesh.” was carried out in theDepartment of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, during 2011-2013.The study involved work on four different aspects viz; phytosociological, site and stand characteristics,natural regeneration status and standardization of seed and nursery techniques in hazelnut. Hazelnut wasthe dominant tree species in Mindal and Pattidhank forest, while Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithianawere dominant in Gajta and Sali forest. Total tree density varied from 445 to 535 per hectare and totalbasal area varied from 8783.35 cm2 to 5978.08 cm2 per hectare. Better regeneration success in Gajta andSali forest might be attributed to better site quality w.r.t more organic carbon, soil moisture, availablenitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. The study on seed and nursery techniquesinvolved two types of experiments on effect of i) five stratification periods viz., 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days,three stratification temperatures viz., room temperature, out-door pit, 4 ±1 0C and 0 ±1 0C and treated withtwo gibberellic acid concentration viz., 0 (water only), 100 ppm GA3 and 200 ppm GA3 (CRD factorial)prior to actual sowing in laboratory, ii) three stratification medium viz. naked, sand and cow dung at sixdifferent temperatures and assessed seedling growth parameters under field condition (RBD factorial), tostandardize techniques for large scale production of quality stock in the species. The out-door pittreatment, outclassed for all temperatures by registering maximum germinability viz., GP (46.28 %), GC(74.79 %), GE (33.17 %), GS (0.64), PV (0.44), MDG (1.65), GV (0.94) and GI (0.71). The combinedeffect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid exhibited significantly maximum value ofGP (96.67 %), GC (99.17 %), GE (76.67 %), GS (1.70), PV (1.27), MDG (3.45) GV (4.39) and GI (1.49)when seeds were stratified for 60 days in out-door pit and the subsequently treated with 200ppm GA3.While, under the field condition seeds stratified in sand for three week warm (25-280 C) followed by threeweek cold (30 C) were treated with 150ppm GA3 before sowing resulted in maximum germination(74.17%), plant height (14.94 cm), root length (27.50 cm), total dry weight (1.82 g) and stock quality index(0.53) when used for sowing. Experiment on cuttage propagation comprised of seven IBA formulation,two pre-conditioning treatment and two cutting portion i.e. upper and basal portion, involving a RBDfactorial experiment with three replications in nursery under a shade net house. Girdling of cuttings oflower/basal portion when treated with 0.4 % IBA in combination with 3% captan + 3% sucrose-talcregistered significantly maximum sprouting (76.67 %), rooting (41.67 %) and mean dry root weight(430.17 mg) in the spring season.
Signature of Major Advisor Signature of the StudentCountersigned
Professor and HeadDepartment of Silviculture and Agroforestry
Dr Y S Parmar UHF, Nauni, Solan-173 230 (HP)
i
Appendix-I
Meteorological data
Month Temperature (°C) Relative
Humidity (%)
Rainfall
(mm) Maximum Minimum
Year 2011
January 18.1 0.4 54 23.2
February 19.0 0.3 60 61.5
March 24.4 8.3 48 18.2
April 26.5 10.7 51 33.7
May 32.3 16.5 46 31.7
June 29.1 17.7 55 178.2
July 27.4 19.2 62 263.6
August 27.9 19.2 67 189.8
September 28.4 16.4 74 30.0
October 29.9 9.8 67 Nil
November 24.5 5.6 50 Nil
December 20.5 0.9 48 28.2
Year 2012
January 14.9 0.7 54 65.9
February 18.9 3.6 56 9.2
March 24.3 6.9 45 19.8
April 26.7 11.6 50 55.8
May 32.2 15.3 40 2.6
June 34.1 18.8 48 19.3
July 28.8 19.5 71 316.1
August 27.0 18.8 84 269.8
September 27.7 15.9 75 111.8
October 26.0 8.2 52 3.5
November 22.4 4.2 47 3.9
December 19.6 2.1 48 18.4
Year 2013
January 17.0 1.1 56 113.6
February 17.8 4.5 64 184.3
March 25.2 8.3 53 85.6
Source: Meteorological observatory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Dr. Y. S. Parmar university of
Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (H.P.) – 173230 INDIA
ii
Appendix-II
Effect of different stratification period (P), temperature (T) and gibberellic acid (G) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
Treatments Germination (%)
Germination
capacity (%)
Germination
energy (%) Germination speed Peak value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value Germination index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
Stratification period (P)
Control (P1)
4.72
(11.17)
3.89
(9.23)
64.72
(53.57)
65.06
(53.77)
3.89
(10.05)
3.89
(10.05) 0.08 0.23 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.39 0.22 0.07 0.06
20 days (P2)
15.56
(21.78)
16.94
(22.38)
69.58
(56.55)
69.61
(56.57)
12.50
(18.92)
12.64
(19.15) 0.22 0.21 0.34 0.34 0.56 0.61 0.77 0.83 0.24 0.26
40 days (P3)
40.28
(39.32)
37.22
(37.32)
72.67
(58.50)
72.39
(58.32)
27.08
(30.52)
28.47
(31.83) 0.41 0.48 0.61 0.53 1.44 1.33 1.92 1.73 0.62 0.57
60 days (P4)
49.17
(44.97)
51.81
(47.41)
78.25
(63.07)
78.64
(63.57)
37.64
(37.40)
37.36
(37.38) 0.42 0.55 0.58 0.54 1.76 1.85 2.31 2.27 0.76 0.80
80 days (P5)
39.31
(38.58)
42.36
(40.42)
76.19
(60.91)
76.56
(61.10)
31.39
(33.56)
33.75
(35.22) 0.40 0.34 0.47 0.52 1.40 1.51 1.75 1.91 0.60 0.65
SE+ 0.73 1.17 0.35 0.22 1.47 0.82 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.02
CD0.05 1.45 2.32 0.70 0.44 2.92 1.61 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.04
Stratification temperature (T)
Room
temperature
(T1)
24.00
(26.90)
24.67
(27.25)
70.49
(57.25)
70.24
(57.05)
17.44
(22.55)
17.00
(22.32) 0.25 0.39 0.35 0.37 0.86 0.88 1.25 1.13 0.37 0.38
Out door (pit)
(T2)
46.44
(42.29)
46.11
(41.99)
74.82
(60.65)
74.76
(60.82)
32.78
(33.43)
33.56
(33.97) 0.42 0.46 0.55 0.54 1.66 1.65 2.12 2.06 0.71 0.71
4 oC (T3)
27.67
(30.41)
28.56
(30.33)
72.87
(58.72)
72.87
(58.74)
22.67
(26.30)
23.78
(27.37) 0.30 0.31 0.44 0.42 0.99 1.02 1.30 1.31 0.43 0.44
0 oC (T4)
21.11
(25.05)
22.44
(25.84)
70.96
(57.45)
71.93
(58.07)
17.11
(22.07)
18.56
(23.24) 0.25 0.28 0.41 0.37 0.75 0.80 1.04 1.06 0.32 0.35
SE+ 0.65 1.05 0.32 0.20 1.32 0.73 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.02
CD0.05 1.29 2.07 0.63 0.40 2.61 1.44 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.04
Gibberellic acid (G)
Control (G1)
23.58
(26.70)
22.08
(25.09)
71.02
(57.54)
70.65
(57.29)
16.92
(22.01)
16.67
(21.91) 0.24 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.84 0.79 1.15 1.03 0.36 0.34
100 ppm (G2)
28.75
(30.31)
28.50
(29.84)
71.67
(57.93)
72.20
(58.26)
22.33
(25.84)
22.83
(26.58) 0.29 0.34 0.45 0.41 1.03 1.02 1.36 1.31 0.44 0.44
200 ppm (G3)
37.08
(36.42)
40.75
(39.12)
74.17
(60.08)
74.50
(60.46)
28.5
(30.42)
30.17
(31.69) 0.38 0.44 0.57 0.50 1.32 1.46 1.77 1.84 0.57 0.63
SE+ 0.57 0.91 0.27 0.17 1.14 0.63 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.02
CD0.05 1.12 1.79 0.54 0.34 2.26 1.25 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.03
iii
Appendix-III
Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on germinabilityparameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Treatments
(PxT)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity(%)
Germination energy
(%)
Germination
speed Peak value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
P1T1
3.33
(8.61)
3.89
(9.23)
62.11
(52.01)
62.22
(52.08)
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61) 0.05 0.45 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.57 0.19 0.05 0.06
P1T2
6.67
(14.76)
3.89
(9.23)
65.56
(54.06)
65.67
(54.13)
05.00
(12.92)
05.00
(12.92) 0.10 0.30 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.14 0.54 0.24 0.10 0.06
P1T3
5.56
(12.71)
3.89
(9.23)
65.33
(53.93)
65.33
(53.93)
3.89
(10.05)
3.89
(10.05) 0.09 0.08 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.14 0.28 0.23 0.09 0.06
P1T4
3.33
(8.61)
3.89
(9.23)
65.89
(54.27)
67.00
(54.94)
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61) 0.08 0.07 0.19 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.05 0.06
P2T1
6.67
(14.76)
6.67
(14.76)
66.00
(54.34)
65.89
(54.27)
5.56
(13.53)
5.56
(13.53) 0.17 0.16 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.24 0.40 0.41 0.10 0.10
P2T2
29.44
(32.48)
33.89
(34.86)
72.33
(58.27)
72.22
(58.20)
27.22
(30.21)
27.22
(30.50) 0.27 0.27 0.40 0.39 1.05 1.21 1.32 1.48 0.45 0.52
P2T3
19.44
(25.94)
18.89
(25.42)
68.78
(56.04)
68.67
(55.96)
12.78
(20.47)
12.78
(20.47) 0.28 0.24 0.37 0.40 0.69 0.67 0.94 0.96 0.30 0.29
P2T4
6.67
(13.94)
8.33
(14.50)
71.22
(57.56)
71.67
(57.85)
4.44
(11.49)
20.00
(12.10) 0.15 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.30 0.40 0.45 0.10 0.13
P3T1
37.78
(37.79)
32.78
(34.31)
70.00
(56.80)
70.00
(56.80)
22.22
(27.59)
36.67
(25.99) 0.41 0.48 0.61 0.53 1.35 1.17 1.83 1.58 0.58 0.50
P3T2
56.11
(48.78)
51.11
(45.82)
74.33
(59.57)
74.33
(59.57)
35.00
(35.79)
25.00
(36.95) 0.56 0.49 0.62 0.68 2.00 1.83 2.49 2.39 0.86 0.79
P3T3
28.89
(32.48)
31.67
(33.96)
72.67
(58.49)
72.11
(58.14)
21.67
(26.13)
32.22
(29.93) 0.35 0.45 0.58 0.47 1.03 1.13 1.48 1.48 0.44 0.49
P3T4
38.33
(38.22)
33.33
(35.19)
73.67
(59.16)
73.11
(58.80)
29.44
(32.55)
28.33
(34.47) 0.29 0.51 0.64 0.41 1.37 1.19 1.87 1.48 0.59 0.51
P4T1
42.22
(40.47)
45.56
(42.39)
76.00
(60.81)
75.67
(60.47)
27.78
(31.19)
52.22
(31.97) 0.26 0.49 0.62 0.38 1.51 1.63 2.00 1.88 0.65 0.70
P4T2
77.22
(62.77)
78.33
(67.07)
83.67
(69.16)
84.11
(70.52)
53.33
(47.14)
41.11
(46.37) 0.72 0.88 1.01 0.84 2.76 2.80 3.63 3.52 1.19 1.21
P4T3
45.00
(42.08)
50.56
(45.38)
78.33
(62.28)
78.67
(62.51)
43.89
(41.19)
27.78
(39.55) 0.35 0.44 0.57 0.47 1.61 1.81 2.05 2.15 0.69 0.78
P4T4
32.22
(34.54)
32.78
(34.78)
75.00
(60.02)
76.11
(60.79)
25.56
(30.07)
27.78
(31.62) 0.37 0.39 0.52 0.49 1.15 1.17 1.54 1.54 0.50 0.50
P5T1
30.00
(32.87)
34.44
(35.55)
78.33
(62.28)
77.44
(61.66)
28.33
(31.83)
46.67
(31.51) 0.37 0.37 0.50 0.49 1.07 1.23 1.44 1.60 0.46 0.53
P5T2
62.78
(52.64)
63.33
(52.98)
78.22
(62.20)
77.44
(61.66)
43.33
(41.09)
36.11
(43.08) 0.42 0.36 0.49 0.54 2.24 2.26 2.60 2.69 0.97 0.97
P5T3
39.44
(38.86)
37.78
(37.65)
79.22
(62.89)
79.56
(63.13)
31.11
(33.68)
24.44
(36.87) 0.40 0.36 0.49 0.52 1.41 1.35 1.77 1.75 0.61 0.58
P5T4
25.00
(29.95)
33.89
(35.49)
69.00
(56.26)
71.78
(57.98)
22.78
(27.64)
3.33
(29.42) 0.39 0.29 0.42 0.51 0.89 1.21 1.18 1.60 0.38 0.52
SE+ 1.46 2.34 0.71 0.45 2.95 1.63 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.04
CD0.05 2.89 4.63 1.40 0.88 5.83 3.23 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.14 0.22 0.04 0.09
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
iv
Appendix-IV
Interaction effect of stratification period and gibberellic acid (PxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
Treatments
(PxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity(%) Germination energy (%) Germination speed Peak value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
P1G1
2.92
(7.54)
1.67
(4.31)
63.92
(53.09)
64.25
(53.29)
2.50
(6.46) 2.50 (6.46) 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.24 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.36 0.11
P1G2
4.17
(10.77)
3.33
(8.61)
64.75
(53.58)
65.17
(53.83)
4.17
(10.77)
4.17
(10.77) 0.07 0.17 0.07 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.12 0.31 0.19
P1G3
7.08
(15.22)
6.67
(14.76)
65.50
(54.04)
65.75
(54.19)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.11 0.26 0.11 0.26 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.51 0.35
P2G1
10.83
(18.58)
10.42
(17.48)
69.58
(56.54)
68.50
(55.87)
7.50
(15.07)
6.67
(14.76) 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.29 0.29 0.39 0.37 0.55 0.54
P2G2
13.75
(19.98)
13.75
(19.94)
69.08
(56.24)
69.83
(56.72)
11.25
(17.93)
11.67
(18.22) 0.21 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.36 0.33 0.49 0.49 0.72 0.70
P2G3
22.08
(26.77)
26.67
(29.74)
70.08
(56.87)
70.50
(57.12)
18.75
(23.77)
19.58
(24.48) 0.28 0.24 0.28 0.24 0.37 0.40 0.79 0.95 1.03 1.24
P3G1
32.92
(34.91)
27.92
(31.46)
71.08
(57.50)
70.50
(57.13)
20.83
(26.70)
20.83
(26.66) 0.36 0.43 0.36 0.43 0.56 0.48 1.18 1.00 1.60 1.36
P3G2
39.58
(38.87)
34.17
(35.62)
72.92
(58.66)
72.50
(58.38)
26.67
(29.70)
29.17
(32.54) 0.42 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.60 0.54 1.41 1.22 1.88 1.64
P3G3
48.33
(44.17)
49.58
(44.88)
74.00
(59.35)
74.17
(59.47)
33.75
(35.14)
35.42
(36.30) 0.44 0.55 0.44 0.55 0.68 0.56 1.73 1.77 2.27 2.21
P4G1
39.58
(38.86)
37.50
(37.59)
76.83
(61.33)
75.83
(60.59)
27.08
(31.06)
24.58
(29.57) 0.32 0.43 0.32 0.43 0.56 0.44 1.41 1.34 1.84 1.66
P4G2
47.50
(43.74)
49.17
(44.67)
75.17
(60.14)
76.42
(60.96)
37.08
(36.76)
37.92
(37.72) 0.36 0.50 0.36 0.50 0.63 0.48 1.70 1.76 2.20 2.11
P4G3
60.42
(52.30)
68.75
(59.95)
82.75
(67.73)
83.67
(69.17)
48.75
(44.38)
49.58
(44.86) 0.59 0.72 0.59 0.72 0.85 0.71 2.16 2.46 2.88 3.04
P5G1
31.67
(33.91)
32.92
(34.61)
73.67
(59.26)
74.17
(59.55)
26.67
(30.74)
28.75
(32.10) 0.31 0.26 0.31 0.26 0.39 0.43 1.13 1.18 1.39 1.49
P5G2
38.75
(38.20)
42.08
(40.37)
76.42
(61.04)
77.08
(61.43)
32.50
(34.03)
31.25
(33.65) 0.39 0.32 0.39 0.32 0.45 0.51 1.38 1.50 1.70 1.90
P5G3
47.50
(43.64)
52.08
(46.28)
78.50
(62.42)
78.42
(62.34)
35.00
(35.91)
41.25
(39.91) 0.48 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.58 0.60 1.70 1.86 2.15 2.34
SE+ 1.27 2.03 0.61 0.39 - 1.41 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.10
CD0.05 2.51 4.01 1.21 0.77 NS 2.80 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.17 0.12 0.19
v
Appendix-V
Interaction effect of stratification temperature and gibberellic acid (T x G) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Treatments
(TxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity(%)
Germination energy
(%) Germination speed Peak value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
T1G1
17.67
(22.34)
16.00
(21.09)
70.80
(57.52)
69.73
(56.76)
13.67
(19.29)
13.00
(18.75) 0.21 0.31 0.21 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.63 0.57 0.94 0.78
T1G2
22.33
(25.84)
23.33
(26.41)
69.67
(56.69)
70.33
(57.10)
15.33
(21.10)
15.33
(21.38) 0.26 0.37 0.26 0.37 0.40 0.38 0.80 0.83 1.17 1.09
T1G3
32.00
(32.52)
34.67
(34.24)
71.00
(57.54)
70.67
(57.31)
23.33
(27.26)
22.67
(26.85) 0.29 0.49 0.29 0.49 0.43 0.41 1.14 1.24 1.63 1.53
T2G1
34.67
(34.65)
33.33
(32.45)
72.33
(58.33)
72.13
(58.20)
22.00
(26.54)
22.67
(27.10) 0.32 0.46 0.32 0.46 0.44 0.44 1.24 1.19 1.70 1.51
T2G2
44.33
(40.59)
42.33
(38.80)
73.53
(59.11)
73.13
(58.84)
30.00
(31.91)
31.33
(32.83) 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.49 0.48 1.58 1.51 1.94 1.87
T2G3
60.33
(51.62)
62.67
(54.72)
78.60
(64.51)
79.00
(65.41)
46.33
(41.84)
46.67
(41.97) 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.68 0.70 2.15 2.24 2.71 2.81
T3G1
22.67
(26.71)
20.00
(24.21)
72.33
(58.34)
71.67
(57.93)
18.00
(22.41)
16.67
(21.76) 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.36 0.35 0.81 0.71 1.05 0.95
T3G2
27.33
(30.38)
26.67
(29.24)
72.47
(58.47)
72.93
(58.78)
23.33
(26.69)
25.67
(29.09) 0.29 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.46 0.41 0.98 0.95 1.31 1.25
T3G3
33.00
(34.15)
39.00
(37.53)
73.80
(59.36)
74.00
(59.50)
26.67
(29.81)
29.00
(31.27) 0.36 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.51 0.48 1.18 1.39 1.56 1.75
T4G1
19.33
(23.34)
19.00
(22.60)
68.60
(55.98)
69.07
(56.25)
14.00
(19.78)
14.33
(20.03) 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.34 0.33 0.69 0.68 0.91 0.89
T4G2
21.00
(24.43)
21.67
(24.92)
71.00
(57.46)
72.40
(58.34)
20.67
(23.65)
19.00
(23.01) 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.28 0.41 0.38 0.75 0.77 1.03 1.03
T4G3
23.00
(27.39)
26.67
(29.99)
73.27
(58.92)
74.33
(59.63)
16.67
(22.78)
22.33
(26.69) 0.30 0.36 0.30 0.36 0.49 0.42 0.82 0.95 1.18 1.25
SE+ 1.13 1.81 0.55 0.35 2.28 1.26 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.09
CD0.05 2.24 3.59 1.08 0.68 4.52 2.50 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.16 0.10 0.17
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
vi
Appendix-VI
Interaction effect of stratification period, temperature and gibberellic acid (PxTxG) on germinability parameters of hazel seeds under laboratory condition
Treatments
(PxTxG)
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity(%)
Germination
energy (%)
Germination
speed Peak value
Mean daily
germination Germination value
Germination
index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
P1T1G1
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31)
60.33
(50.97)
60.67
(51.16)
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 0.02 0.23 0.16 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.29 0.08 0.03 0.03
P1T1G2
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61)
63.00
(52.54)
63.33
(52.73)
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61) 0.05 0.44 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.57 0.17 0.05 0.05
P1T1G3
5.00
(12.92)
6.67
(14.76)
63.00
(52.54)
62.67
(52.34)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.08 0.66 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.24 0.86 0.32 0.08 0.10
P1T2G1
5.00
(12.92)
1.67
(4.31)
64.67
(53.53)
64.33
(53.33)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.07 0.68 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.06 0.86 0.13 0.08 0.03
P1T2G2
5.00
(12.92)
3.33
(8.61)
65.67
(54.13)
65.67
(54.13)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.08 0.08 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.26 0.20 0.08 0.05
P1T2G3
10.00
(18.43)
6.67
(14.76)
66.33
(54.53)
67.00
(54.94)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.27 0.36 0.24 0.50 0.39 0.15 0.10
P1T3G1
3.33
(8.61)
1.67
(4.31)
66.00
(54.33)
65.67
(54.13)
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.06 0.17 0.11 0.05 0.03
P1T3G2
5.00
(12.92)
3.33
(8.61)
64.67
(53.53)
65.00
(53.73)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.08 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.25 0.20 0.08 0.05
P1T3G3
8.33
(16.60)
6.67
(14.76)
65.33
(53.93)
65.33
(53.93)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.13 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.24 0.41 0.37 0.13 0.10
P1T4G1
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31)
64.67
(53.53)
66.33
(54.54)
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 0.06 0.06 0.15 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.03
P1T4G2
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61)
65.67
(54.14)
66.67
(54.74)
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61) 0.09 0.06 0.19 0.21 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.21 0.05 0.05
P1T4G3
5.00
(12.92)
6.67
(14.76)
67.33
(55.14)
68.00
(55.55)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.09 0.10 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.08 0.10
P2T1G1
6.67
(14.76)
6.67
(14.76)
66.33
(54.55)
65.33
(53.93)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.15 0.12 0.25 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.36 0.38 0.10 0.10
P2T1G2
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92)
65.33
(53.93)
65.33
(53.93)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.18 0.18 0.40 0.40 0.08 0.08
P2T1G3
8.33
(16.60)
8.33
(16.60)
66.33
(54.55)
67.00
(54.94)
6.67
(14.76)
6.67
(14.76) 0.15 0.14 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.44 0.44 0.13 0.13
P2T2G1
18.33
(25.31)
18.33
(24.81)
71.33
(57.63)
70.67
(57.21)
13.33
(19.68)
10.00
(18.43) 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.65 0.65 0.87 0.88 0.28 0.28
P2T2G2
25.00
(30.00)
25.00
(29.93)
72.33
(58.27)
72.67
(58.48)
23.33
(28.86)
25.00
(30.00) 0.22 0.27 0.40 0.34 0.89 0.89 1.16 1.11 0.38 0.38
P2T2G3
45.00
(42.12)
58.33
(49.83)
73.33
(58.91)
73.33
(58.91)
45.00
(42.09)
46.67
(43.08) 0.38 0.32 0.45 0.50 1.61 2.08 1.93 2.46 0.69 0.90
P2T3G1
13.33
(21.34)
11.67
(19.89)
70.33
(57.00)
68.33
(55.76)
6.67
(14.76)
6.67
(14.76) 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.34 0.48 0.42 0.69 0.63 0.21 0.18
P2T3G2
20.00
(26.57)
20.00
(26.45)
67.33
(55.14)
68.67
(55.96)
13.33
(21.34)
13.33
(21.34) 0.27 0.27 0.40 0.39 0.71 0.71 0.99 0.99 0.31 0.31
vii
P2T3G3
25.00
(29.93)
25.00
(29.93)
68.67
(55.96)
69.00
(56.17)
18.33
(25.31)
18.33
(25.31) 0.36 0.24 0.37 0.48 0.89 0.89 1.14 1.26 0.38 0.38
P2T4G1
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(10.45)
70.33
(57.00)
69.67
(56.59)
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 0.08 0.08 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.26 0.26 0.08 0.08
P2T4G2
5.00
(10.45)
5.00
(10.45)
71.33
(57.63)
72.67
(58.49)
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61) 0.14 0.14 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.18 0.32 0.32 0.08 0.08
P2T4G3
10.00
(18.43)
15.00
(22.60)
72.00
(58.05)
72.67
(58.48)
5.00
(12.92)
6.67
(14.76) 0.25 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.36 0.54 0.62 0.78 0.15 0.23
P3T1G1
26.67
(31.07)
15.00
(22.60)
69.33
(56.38)
68.33
(55.76)
13.33
(20.76)
10.00
(18.05) 0.27 0.44 0.57 0.39 0.95 0.54 1.39 0.81 0.41 0.23
P3T1G2
38.33
(38.24)
40.00
(39.21)
69.33
(56.38)
70.67
(57.21)
23.33
(28.86)
23.33
(28.86) 0.42 0.45 0.58 0.54 1.37 1.43 1.82 1.85 0.59 0.62
P3T1G3
48.33
(44.04)
43.33
(41.13)
71.33
(57.63)
71.00
(57.42)
30.00
(33.16)
26.67
(31.07) 0.55 0.55 0.68 0.67 1.73 1.55 2.27 2.09 0.74 0.67
P3T2G1
41.67
(40.20)
41.67
(40.17)
73.00
(58.70)
73.33
(58.91)
25.00
(29.80)
25.00
(29.80) 0.55 0.43 0.56 0.67 1.49 1.49 1.92 2.03 0.64 0.64
P3T2G2
50.00
(45.00)
36.67
(37.20)
74.67
(59.78)
74.00
(59.35)
25.00
(29.69)
30.00
(33.16) 0.55 0.43 0.56 0.67 1.79 1.31 2.21 1.85 0.77 0.56
P3T2G3
76.67
(61.14)
75.00
(60.07)
75.33
(60.22)
75.67
(60.45)
55.00
(47.88)
55.00
(47.88) 0.60 0.60 0.73 0.72 2.74 2.68 3.34 3.28 1.18 1.15
P3T3G1
28.33
(32.14)
26.67
(30.95)
70.33
(57.00)
69.67
(56.58)
21.67
(27.60)
23.33
(28.86) 0.36 0.39 0.52 0.48 1.01 0.95 1.41 1.32 0.44 0.41
P3T3G2
26.67
(31.07)
23.33
(28.86)
73.00
(58.70)
72.33
(58.27)
18.33
(21.07)
25.00
(29.93) 0.39 0.45 0.58 0.51 0.95 0.83 1.41 1.23 0.41 0.36
P3T3G3
31.67
(34.23)
45.00
(42.09)
74.67
(59.78)
74.33
(59.57)
25.00
(29.74)
26.67
(31.00) 0.30 0.50 0.63 0.42 1.13 1.61 1.63 1.91 0.49 0.69
P3 T4G1
35.00
(36.24)
28.33
(32.14
71.67
(57.91)
70.67
(57.26)
23.33
(28.67)
25.00
(29.93) 0.27 0.44 0.57 0.39 1.25 1.01 1.69 1.28 0.54 0.44
P3T4G2
43.33
(41.16)
36.67
(37.20)
74.67
(59.78)
73.00
(58.70)
40.00
(39.18)
38.33
(38.22) 0.30 0.53 0.66 0.42 1.55 1.31 2.08 1.61 0.67 0.56
P3T4G3
36.67
(37.26)
35.00
(36.24)
74.67
(59.78)
75.67
(60.45)
25.00
(29.80)
33.33
(35.25) 0.30 0.54 0.67 0.42 1.31 1.25 1.85 1.55 0.56 0.54
P4T1G1
35.00
(36.27)
33.33
(35.25)
81.67
(64.81)
78.33
(62.29)
26.67
(30.95)
26.67
(30.95) 0.30 0.47 0.60 0.42 1.25 1.19 1.72 1.49 0.54 0.51
P4T1G2
36.67
(37.26)
40.00
(39.15)
71.33
(57.63)
74.33
(59.56)
20.00
(25.38)
21.67
(27.71) 0.27 0.46 0.59 0.39 1.31 1.43 1.77 1.70 0.56 0.62
P4T1G3
55.00
(47.88)
63.33
(52.78)
75.00
(60.00)
74.33
(59.56)
36.67
(37.26)
36.67
(37.26) 0.20 0.54 0.67 0.32 1.96 2.26 2.50 2.46 0.85 0.97
P4T2G1
60.00
(50.79)
56.67
(48.93)
76.00
(60.68)
75.67
(60.45)
30.00
(33.16)
30.00
(33.16) 0.42 0.64 0.77 0.54 2.14 2.02 2.78 2.44 0.92 0.87
P4T2G2
78.33
(62.29)
78.33
(62.29)
76.67
(61.12)
76.67
(61.12)
51.67
(45.96)
51.67
(45.96) 0.47 0.72 0.85 0.59 2.80 2.80 3.52 3.26 1.21 1.21
P4T2G3
93.33
(75.24)
100.00
(90.00)
98.33
(85.69)
100.00
(90.00)
78.33
(62.29)
75.00
(60.00) 1.27 1.27 1.40 1.39 3.33 3.57 4.61 4.84 1.44 1.54
P4T3G1
35.00
(36.24)
33.33
(35.25)
76.67
(61.12)
76.33
(60.89)
31.67
(33.67)
21.67
(27.71) 0.27 0.33 0.46 0.39 1.25 1.19 1.58 1.46 0.54 0.51
P4T3G2
43.33
(41.16)
48.33
(44.04)
78.00
(62.03)
79.00
(62.73)
48.33
(43.95)
48.33
(44.03) 0.36 0.43 0.56 0.48 1.55 1.73 1.98 2.08 0.67 0.74
P4T3G3
56.67
(48.84)
70.00
(56.84)
80.33
(63.68)
80.67
(63.93)
51.67
(45.96)
53.33
(46.91) 0.42 0.57 0.70 0.54 2.02 2.50 2.60 2.92 0.87 1.08
viii
P4 T4G1
28.33
(32.14)
26.67
(30.95)
73.00
(58.70)
73.00
(58.73)
20.00
(26.45)
20.00
(26.45) 0.29 0.29 0.42 0.41 1.01 0.95 1.30 1.24 0.44 0.41
P4 T4G2
31.67
(34.23)
30.00
(33.21)
74.67
(59.79)
75.67
(60.45)
28.33
(31.74)
30.00
(33.16) 0.34 0.38 0.51 0.46 1.13 1.07 1.52 1.42 0.49 0.46
P4 T4G3
36.67
(37.26)
41.67
(40.20)
77.33
(61.57)
79.67
(63.20)
28.33
(32.02)
33.33
(35.25) 0.47 0.50 0.63 0.59 1.31 1.49 1.81 1.95 0.56 0.64
P5T1G1
18.33
(25.31)
23.33
(28.54)
76.33
(60.91)
76.00
(60.67)
21.67
(27.52)
21.67
(27.52) 0.29 0.29 0.42 0.41 0.65 0.83 0.95 1.12 0.28 0.36
P5T1G2
28.33
(32.14)
28.33
(32.14)
79.33
(62.96)
78.00
(62.04)
25.00
(29.74)
23.33
(28.78) 0.33 0.27 0.40 0.45 1.01 1.01 1.28 1.35 0.44 0.44
P5T1G3
43.33
(41.16)
51.67
(45.96)
79.33
(62.96)
78.33
(62.27)
38.33
(38.22)
38.33
(38.22) 0.48 0.55 0.68 0.60 1.55 1.85 2.09 2.33 0.67 0.79
P5T2G1
48.33
(44.04)
48.33
(44.04)
76.67
(61.12)
76.67
(61.12)
36.67
(37.12)
43.33
(41.16) 0.33 0.33 0.46 0.45 1.73 1.73 2.06 2.06 0.74 0.74
P5T2G2
63.33
(52.74)
68.33
(55.98)
78.33
(62.28)
76.67
(61.12)
45.00
(42.11)
45.00
(42.13) 0.47 0.31 0.44 0.59 2.26 2.44 2.57 2.91 0.97 1.05
P5T2G3
76.67
(61.14)
73.33
(58.93)
79.67
(63.20)
79.00
(62.73)
48.33
(44.04)
51.67
(45.96) 0.47 0.43 0.56 0.59 2.74 2.62 3.17 3.09 1.18 1.13
P5T3G1
33.33
(35.22)
26.67
(30.67)
78.33
(62.26)
78.33
(62.28)
28.33
(31.74)
30.00
(33.16) 0.28 0.20 0.33 0.40 1.19 0.95 1.39 1.23 0.51 0.41
P5T3G2
41.67
(40.20)
38.33
(38.24)
79.33
(62.96)
79.67
(63.20)
31.67
(34.18)
36.67
(37.26) 0.36 0.42 0.55 0.48 1.49 1.37 1.91 1.73 0.64 0.59
P5T3G3
43.33
(41.16)
48.33
(44.04)
80.00
(63.44)
80.67
(63.92)
33.33
(35.11)
41.67
(40.20) 0.58 0.45 0.58 0.70 1.55 1.73 2.00 2.30 0.67 0.74
P5T4G1
26.67
(31.07)
33.33
(35.17)
63.33
(52.74)
65.67
(54.14)
20.00
(26.57)
20.00
(26.57) 0.36 0.21 0.34 0.48 0.95 1.19 1.17 1.55 0.41 0.51
P5T4G2
21.67
(27.71)
33.33
(35.11)
68.67
(55.96)
74.00
(59.35)
28.33
(30.08)
20.00
(26.45) 0.41 0.27 0.40 0.53 0.77 1.19 1.04 1.60 0.33 0.51
P5T4G3
26.67
(31.07)
35.00
(36.18)
75.00
(60.07)
75.67
(60.45)
20.00
(26.26)
33.33
(35.25) 0.39 0.38 0.63 0.51 0.95 1.25 1.34 1.64 0.41 0.54
SE+ 2.53 4.05 1.23 0.77 5.10 2.83 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.18 0.12 0.19 0.04 0.08
CD0.05 5.01 8.03 2.43 1.53 10.10 5.59 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.17 0.35 0.23 0.38 0.07 0.15
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
ix
Appendix-VII
Effect of stratification medium (M), temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) treatments on germination and seedling growth of Coryluscolurna
Treatments Germination (%)
Seedlings
height (cm)
Collar diameter
(mm) Root length (cm)
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Dry root
weight (g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Root: shoot
ratio Stock quality index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
Stratification medium
Naked (Control) (M1) 9.58 (16.41)
8.61
(14.73) 4.34 3.58 2.37 1.98 8.19 7.01 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.22 0.57 0.54 0.60 0.52 0.31 0.31
Sand (M2) 36.94 (36.64)
33.61
(34.70) 9.17 7.71 3.76 3.48 15.88 14.43 0.56 0.59 0.56 0.52 1.09 1.12 0.90 0.85 0.43 0.49
Cow-dung (M3) 4.44(9.40)
2.64
(6.00) 2.59 1.60 1.53 1.02 4.78 3.33 0.18 0.31 0.29 0.21 0.40 0.52 0.39 0.26 0.24 0.37
SE+ 1.00 0.86 0.37 0.28 0.20 0.16 0.63 0.53 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.25 0.05 0.04 0.04 -
CD0.05 2.00 1.71 0.75 0.55 0.39 0.32 1.25 1.05 0.06 NS 0.12 0.20 0.14 0.50 0.09 0.08 0.08 NS
Stratification temperature (C)
(Control) C1 9.44 (15.86)
11.39
(16.71) 3.69 2.98 2.02 1.77 7.72 6.79 0.38 0.36 0.49 0.21 0.72 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.38 0.34
2 week warm (250-
28oC)+2 week cold
(3oC) (C2) 25.00 (28.07)
23.33
(26.92) 7.85 6.47 2.90 2.80 11.57 11.18 0.59 0.62 0.59 0.47 1.07 1.09 0.75 0.71 0.41 0.48
3 week warm (250-
280C) + 3 week cold
(30C) (C3) 30.28 (30.18)
27.50
(27.28) 8.07 6.79 3.26 2.77 14.75 12.66 0.48 0.83 0.59 0.76 1.12 1.59 0.95 0.83 0.49 0.88
4 week warm (250-
280C) + 4 week cold
(30C) (C4) 21.39 (23.44)
14.17
(18.66) 6.36 5.24 2.69 2.38 10.14 8.75 0.40 0.45 0.40 0.33 0.72 0.78 0.61 0.57 0.32 0.37
5 week warm (250-
28oC), + 5 week cold
(30C) (C5) 8.89 (14.77)
8.89
(13.70) 3.59 2.58 2.55 2.07 7.65 6.34 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.10 0.28 0.23 0.54 0.46 0.19 0.19
6 week warm (250-
280C) + 6 week cold
(30C) (C6) 6.94 (12.56)
4.44
(7.59) 2.63 1.69 1.91 1.17 5.86 3.81 0.14 0.07 0.14 0.05 0.23 0.12 0.45 0.26 0.17 0.08
SE+ 1.42 1.21 0.53 0.39 0.28 0.23 0.89 0.75 0.04 0.21 0.09 0.15 0.10 0.36 0.07 0.05 0.06
CD0.05 2.83 2.42 1.06 0.78 0.55 0.46 1.77 1.49 0.09 0.42 0.18 0.39 0.20 0.71 0.13 0.11 0.12 NS
Gibberellic acid (G)
Control (G1) 14.17 (18.54)
12.22
(16.00) 5.33 4.04 2.48 2.01 9.33 7.85 0.35 0.33 0.42 0.25 0.70 0.58 0.61 0.50 0.33 0.29
150 ppm (G2) 19.81 (23.09)
17.69
(20.96) 5.40 4.55 2.63 2.31 9.89 8.66 0.37 0.50 0.37 0.38 0.67 0.88 0.65 0.58 0.32 0.49
SE+ 0.82 0.70 0.23 0.13 - - - - - - - - - 0.03 - -
CD0.05 1.64 1.40 NS 0.45 NS 0.26 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.6 NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
x
Appendix-VIII
Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxC) on germination and seedling growth of Coryluscolurna
Treatments
(MxC)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings height
(cm)
Collar diameter
(mm) Root length (cm)
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Dry root weight
(g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Root: shoot
ratio Stock quality index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
M1C1
4.17
(9.53)
5.00
(9.22) 2.08 1.17 1.68 1.07 4.34 2.65 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.07 0.28 0.22 0.36 0.22 0.23 0.21
M1C2
17.50
(24.52)
24.17
(29.23) 5.22 4.43 2.55 2.47 12.83 10.48 0.73 0.70 0.73 0.42 1.16 1.12 0.60 0.60 0.56 0.63
M1C3
6.67
(13.52)
5.00
(11.69) 3.78 3.35 1.84 1.78 6.00 7.25 0.23 0.23 0.56 0.13 0.70 0.35 0.50 0.47 0.35 0.19
M1C4
9.17
(17.13)
11.67
(19.60) 4.82 4.37 2.36 2.25 9.40 8.53 0.36 0.39 0.36 0.25 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.65 0.30 0.33
M1C5
6.67
(13.52)
50.83
(45.48) 14.60 11.73 3.85 3.74 16.97 17.30 1.02 1.06 1.02 0.88 1.95 1.94 0.91 0.85 0.51 0.63
M1C6
10.83
(19.16)
7.50
(15.68) 4.13 3.32 2.50 2.41 8.33 7.70 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.27 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.40 0.49
M2C1
20.00
(26.45)
18.33
(25.15) 5.47 4.60 2.97 2.75 11.08 11.23 0.65 0.69 0.65 0.48 1.12 1.17 0.72 0.70 0.60 0.70
M2C2
55.00
(47.93)
62.50
(52.39) 15.31 14.20 4.88 4.48 27.75 24.57 0.65 0.68 0.65 1.03 1.68 1.72 1.65 1.55 0.53 0.54
M2C3
67.50
(55.47)
1.67
(4.31) 3.43 1.58 1.94 1.07 5.42 2.17 0.13 1.11 0.47 0.77 0.56 1.88 0.48 0.23 0.35 1.38
M2C4
14.17
(21.97)
9.17
(17.52) 7.37 6.60 3.07 2.90 11.17 9.90 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.35 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.78 0.34 0.37
M2C5
48.33
(44.04)
31.67
(34.16) 10.13 7.80 4.08 3.41 15.75 13.52 0.63 0.75 0.63 0.54 1.15 1.29 0.81 0.73 0.50 0.60
M2C6
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 1.58 1.33 0.90 0.84 3.50 2.83 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.12 0.14
M3C1
6.67
(14.76)
6.67
(14.76) 4.38 4.18 2.52 2.52 8.83 8.42 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.15 0.40 0.37 0.66 0.67 0.22 0.22
M3C2
18.33
(25.25)
20.00
(26.36) 4.89 3.57 4.08 3.70 11.12 10.60 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.33 0.33 0.73 0.72 0.27 0.35
M3C3
1.67
(4.31)
0.00
(0.00) 1.50 0.00 1.04 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00
M3C4
3.33
(8.61)
0.83
(2.15) 1.93 0.55 1.63 0.41 4.33 1.33 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.22 0.05 0.39 0.11 0.18 0.04
M3C5
15.00
(22.60)
12.50
(20.61) 4.85 4.53 3.13 3.10 10.83 10.08 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.29 0.30 0.71 0.68 0.19 0.21
M3C6
2.50
(6.46)
0.00
(0.00) 1.10 0.00 0.97 0.00 2.40 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.14 0.00
SE+ 2.46 2.10 0.92 0.68 0.48 0.40 1.54 1.30 0.08 0.15 0.17 - 0.11 0.09 - -
CD0.05 4.91 4.19 1.83 1.35 0.95 0.79 3.07 2.58 0.15 NS 0.31 NS 0.35 NS 0.23 0.18 NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
xi
Appendix-IX
Interaction effect of stratification medium and gibberellic acid (MxG) on germination and seedling parameters of Coryluscolurna
Treatments
(MxG)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings height
(cm)
Collar diameter
(mm) Root length (cm)
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Dry root weight
(g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Root: shoot
ratio
Stock quality
index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
M1G1
7.22
(13.78)
6.11
(11.45) 4.14 3.23 2.14 1.73 7.68 6.67 0.33 0.27 0.33 0.19 0.56 0.47 0.56 0.46 0.30 0.26
M1G2
11.94
(19.03)
11.11
(18.01) 4.54 3.93 2.60 2.24 8.71 7.35 0.35 0.37 0.35 0.25 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.59 0.33 0.36
M2G1
31.39
(33.01)
28.61
(31.53) 9.24 7.49 3.68 3.37 15.49 13.84 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.50 1.06 1.08 0.86 0.82 0.40 0.47
M2G2
42.50
(40.26)
38.61
(37.88) 9.09 7.93 3.84 3.60 16.26 15.01 0.57 0.61 0.57 0.55 1.12 1.16 0.94 0.88 0.46 0.52
M3G1
3.89
(8.82)
1.94
(5.02) 2.61 1.40 1.62 0.95 4.83 3.04 0.16 0.12 0.38 0.07 0.48 0.20 0.40 0.24 0.29 0.14
M3G2
5.00
(9.98)
3.33
(6.97) 2.57 1.79 1.45 1.09 4.72 3.61 0.20 0.51 0.20 0.34 0.32 0.85 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.60
SE+ 1.42 1.21 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CD0.05 2.83 2.42 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
xii
Appendix-X
Interaction effect of stratification temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) on germination and seedling growth parameters of Coryluscolurna
Treatments
(CxG)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings height
(cm)
Collar diameter
(mm) Root length (cm)
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Dry root
weight (g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Root: shoot
ratio Stock quality index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
C1G1
6.11
(11.42)
7.22
(11.31) 3.00 2.24 1.61 1.29 6.62 5.43 0.31 0.26 0.53 0.16 0.72 0.42 0.40 0.33 0.38 0.25
C1G2
12.78
(20.30)
15.56
(22.12) 4.39 3.72 2.43 2.25 8.82 8.16 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.25 0.71 0.71 0.57 0.53 0.38 0.44
C2G1
20.56
(24.81)
19.44
(23.88) 7.63 5.91 2.89 2.78 10.69 10.43 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.41 0.98 0.99 0.73 0.66 0.37 0.47
C2G2
29.44
(31.33)
27.22
(29.96) 8.07 7.03 2.92 2.83 12.44 11.92 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.53 1.17 1.18 0.77 0.76 0.44 0.50
C3G1
26.67
(28.92)
23.33
(24.61) 8.56 6.56 3.52 2.66 14.50 12.26 0.49 0.47 0.71 0.50 1.23 0.97 0.96 0.76 0.57 0.43
C3G2
33.89
(31.44)
31.67
(29.96) 7.58 7.03 3.00 2.88 15.00 13.06 0.47 1.18 0.47 1.03 1.01 2.21 0.94 0.89 0.42 1.32
C4G1
18.89
(21.79)
12.22
(17.32) 6.80 5.58 2.69 2.36 11.06 9.19 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.33 0.78 0.76 0.61 0.58 0.31 0.32
C4G2
23.89
(25.09)
16.11
(20.00) 5.92 4.91 2.68 2.41 9.22 8.31 0.37 0.46 0.37 0.32 0.66 0.79 0.62 0.56 0.33 0.42
C5G1
7.22
(13.34)
7.22
(12.26) 3.54 2.46 2.42 1.98 7.91 6.52 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.30 0.24 0.54 0.46 0.19 0.20
C5G2
10.56
(16.20)
10.56
(15.15) 3.64 2.71 2.68 2.17 7.39 6.16 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.09 0.26 0.22 0.55 0.47 0.19 0.18
C6G1
5.56
(10.94)
3.89
(6.63) 2.44 1.49 1.74 1.03 5.22 3.28 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.21 0.10 0.41 0.23 0.16 0.07
C6G2
8.33
(14.18)
5.00
(8.55) 2.81 1.90 2.07 1.31 6.49 4.33 0.15 0.08 0.15 0.06 0.25 0.14 0.48 0.29 0.18 0.10
SE+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CD0.05 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
xiii
Appendix-XI
Interaction effect of different stratification medium (M), temperature(C) and gibberellic acid (G) on germination and seedling growth parameters of Coryluscolurna
Treatments
(MxCxG)
Germination
(%)
Seedlings height
(cm)
Collar diameter
(mm) Root length (cm)
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Dry root
weight (g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Root: shoot
ratio Stock quality index
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
M1C1G1
1.67
(4.31)
0.00
(0.00) 0.77 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.00
M1C1G2
6.67
(14.76)
10.00
(18.43) 3.40 2.33 2.65 2.13 7.17 5.30 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.14 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.43 0.35 0.41
M2C1G1
13.33
(21.34)
18.33
(25.31) 5.33 4.27 2.72 2.43 13.20 10.47 0.67 0.59 0.67 0.37 1.09 0.96 0.63 0.62 0.55 0.57
M2C1G2
21.67
(27.71)
30.00
(33.16) 5.10 4.60 2.37 2.50 12.47 10.50 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.47 1.23 1.28 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.70
M3C1G1
3.33
(8.61)
3.33
(8.61) 2.90 2.47 1.42 1.44 5.17 5.83 0.18 0.19 0.85 0.11 0.96 0.30 0.41 0.38 0.48 0.18
M3C1G2
10.00
(18.43)
6.67
(14.76) 4.67 4.23 2.26 2.12 6.83 8.67 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.15 0.44 0.41 0.60 0.57 0.21 0.21
M1C2G1
5.00
(12.92)
8.33
(16.60) 4.63 3.90 2.22 2.15 8.57 8.07 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.16 0.46 0.41 0.65 0.63 0.23 0.23
M1C2G2
13.33
(21.34)
15.00
(22.60) 5.00 4.83 2.50 2.35 10.23 9.00 0.45 0.52 0.45 0.35 0.76 0.87 0.69 0.67 0.38 0.42
M2C2G1
46.67
(43.09)
45.00
(42.12) 14.27 10.73 3.96 3.78 15.50 15.83 1.01 1.12 1.01 0.83 1.89 1.95 0.88 0.75 0.53 0.71
M2C2G2
63.33
(52.78)
56.67
(48.84) 14.93 12.73 3.74 3.70 18.43 18.77 1.03 1.00 1.03 0.93 2.00 1.93 0.94 0.94 0.49 0.55
M3C2G1
10.00
(18.43)
5.00
(12.92) 4.00 3.10 2.48 2.39 8.00 7.40 0.36 0.38 0.36 0.23 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.60 0.36 0.47
M3C2G2
11.67
(19.89)
10.00
(18.43) 4.27 3.53 2.52 2.43 8.67 8.00 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.31 0.75 0.75 0.69 0.68 0.44 0.52
M1C3G1
16.67
(24.05)
15.00
(22.60) 5.33 4.07 2.97 2.77 9.67 10.97 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.41 1.03 1.01 0.76 0.68 0.57 0.70
M1C3G2
23.33
(28.86)
21.67
(27.71) 5.60 5.13 2.97 2.73 12.50 11.50 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.55 1.20 1.34 0.67 0.71 0.63 0.71
M2C3G1
58.33
(49.80)
53.33
(46.91) 15.20 13.93 4.50 4.17 26.00 23.63 0.73 0.78 0.73 1.04 1.71 1.82 1.40 1.37 0.51 0.55
M2C3G2
76.67
(61.14)
71.67
(57.86) 15.41 14.47 5.26 4.79 29.50 25.50 0.57 0.59 0.57 1.02 1.65 1.61 1.90 1.73 0.56 0.54
M3C3G1
5.00
(12.92)
1.67
(4.31) 5.13 1.67 3.10 1.04 7.83 2.17 0.16 0.05 0.83 0.03 0.94 0.08 0.73 0.23 0.62 0.05
M3C3G2
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 1.73 1.50 0.78 1.11 3.00 2.17 0.10 2.17 0.10 1.50 0.18 3.67 0.24 0.23 0.08 2.72
M1C4G1
11.67
(19.89)
8.33(16
.60) 7.97 7.30 3.41 3.18 13.33 11.83 0.59 0.54 0.59 0.43 1.08 0.97 0.81 0.79 0.46 0.42
M1C4G2
16.67
(24.05)
10.00
(18.43) 6.77 5.90 2.73 2.63 9.00 7.97 0.28 0.37 0.28 0.28 0.51 0.65 0.82 0.78 0.21 0.31
M2C4G1
43.33
(41.16)
26.67
(31.07) 10.93 8.27 3.70 3.08 16.50 12.90 0.58 0.64 0.58 0.49 1.07 1.13 0.82 0.76 0.33 0.39
xiv
M2C4G2
53.33
(46.91)
36.67
(37.26) 9.33 7.33 4.47 3.74 15.00 14.13 0.67 0.87 0.67 0.60 1.22 1.46 0.80 0.69 0.66 0.81
M3C4G1
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 1.50 1.17 0.96 0.82 3.33 2.83 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.07 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.14
M3C4G2
1.67
(4.31)
1.67
(4.31) 1.67 1.50 0.83 0.86 3.67 2.83 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.24 0.26 0.22 0.20 0.12 0.15
M1C5G1
5.00
(12.92)
5.00
(12.92) 4.60 4.10 2.15 2.26 9.67 9.17 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.16 0.46 0.41 0.64 0.64 0.21 0.23
M1C5G2
8.33
(16.60)
8.33
(16.60) 4.17 4.27 2.89 2.78 8.00 7.67 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.34 0.33 0.68 0.70 0.24 0.22
M2C5G1
15.00
(22.79)
16.67
(23.86) 4.70 3.27 4.07 3.67 11.07 10.40 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.14 0.32 0.32 0.73 0.73 0.28 0.37
M2C5G2
21.67
(27.71)
23.33
(28.86) 5.07 3.87 4.10 3.74 11.17 10.80 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.14 0.33 0.34 0.72 0.71 0.27 0.33
M3C5G1
1.67
(4.31)
0.00
(0.00) 1.33 0.00 1.04 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00
M3C5G2
1.67
(4.31)
0.00
(0.00) 1.67 0.00 1.04 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.06 0.00
M1C6G1
3.33
(8.61)
0.00
(0.00) 1.53 0.00 1.40 0.00 3.33 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.20 0.00
M1C6G2
3.33
(8.61)
1.67
(4.31) 2.33 1.10 1.86 0.81 5.33 2.67 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.22 0.11 0.45 0.22 0.16 0.08
M2C6G1
11.67
(19.89)
11.67
(19.89) 5.03 4.47 3.13 3.08 10.67 9.83 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.29 0.29 0.72 0.70 0.18 0.20
M2C6G2
18.33
(25.31)
13.33
(21.34) 4.67 4.60 3.13 3.12 11.00 10.33 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.12 0.30 0.31 0.69 0.66 0.20 0.21
M3C6G1
1.67
(4.31)
0.00
(0.00) 0.77 0.00 0.70 0.00 1.67 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.00
M3C6G2
3.33
(8.61)
0.00
(0.00) 1.43 0.00 1.23 0.00 3.13 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.19 0.00
SE+ 3.48 2.98 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.16 - 0.14 -
CD0.05 6.94 5.93 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.32 NS 0.29 NS
Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values
xv
Appendix-XII
Effect of stratification period and temperature on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments Moisture content (%)
Reducing sugar
(mg/g)
Non-reducing sugar
(mg/g) Total sugar (mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein %
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
Stratification periods
Control (P1) 14.58 (3.81) 14.51 (3.80) 24.37 24.39 18.37 18.40 42.74 42.79 23.73 23.83 15.38 (3.92) 15.46 (3.93)
20 days (P2) 15.04 (3.87) 14.97 (3.86) 25.59 25.50 19.28 19.22 44.87 44.72 21.44 21.55 16.33 (3.94) 16.41 (3.95)
40 days (P3) 17.26 (4.14) 17.19 (4.13) 25.59 25.50 19.28 19.22 44.87 44.72 21.44 21.55 16.33 (4.04) 16.41 (4.05)
60 days (P4) 17.97 (4.21) 17.90 (4.20) 32.99 34.95 21.98 26.34 54.97 61.29 19.81 19.92 17.41 (4.17) 17.49 (4.18)
80 days (P5) 17.65 (4.18) 17.58 (4.17) 30.49 34.02 22.98 25.66 53.47 59.68 19.82 19.93 16.75 (4.09) 16.83 (4.10)
SE+ 0.04 0.72 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.63 0.14 0.19 - - 0.01 0.02
CD0.05 0.08 1.45 1.03 1.10 1.03 1.27 0.27 0.39 NS NS 0.01 0.03
Stratification temperature
Control (T1) 13.34 (3.65) 13.27 (3.64) 24.29 24.33 18.31 18.35 42.59 42.68 21.98 22.08 15.48 (3.93) 15.56 (3.94)
Out-door pit (T2) 18.94 (4.32) 18.87 (4.31) 30.85 33.21 22.52 25.04 53.37 58.24 21.23 21.34 17.06 (4.13) 17.14 (4.14)
4±1 oC (T3) 15.92 (3.99) 15.85 (3.98) 30.24 32.25 21.22 24.32 51.46 56.57 21.65 21.76 16.40 (4.05) 16.48 (4.06)
0±1 oC (T4) 17.80 (4.21) 17.73 (4.21) 25.40 25.34 19.14 19.10 44.55 44.44 21.71 21.82 16.19 (4.02) 16.27 (4.03)
SE+ 0.04 0.32 0.45 0.49 0.46 0.56 0.12 0.17 - - 0.00 0.01
CD0.05 0.07 0.65 0.92 0.99 0.92 1.14 0.24 0.35 NS NS 0.01 0.03
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
xvi
Appendix-XIII
Interaction effect of stratification period and temperature (PxT) on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments (PxT) Moisture content (%)
Reducing sugar
(mg/g)
Non-reducing sugar
(mg/g) Total sugar (m/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
P1T1 12.86 (3.59) 12.79 (3.58) 22.69 22.83 17.10 17.22 39.80 40.06 23.75 23.85 15.02 (3.88) 15.10 (3.89)
P1T2 13.50 (3.67) 13.43 (3.66) 25.24 25.24 19.02 19.04 44.26 44.28 23.70 23.80 15.49 (3.94) 15.57 (3.95)
P1T3 15.92 (3.99) 15.85 (3.98) 24.87 24.79 18.75 18.70 43.61 43.49 23.74 23.84 15.49 (3.94) 15.57 (3.95)
P1T4 16.03 (4.00) 15.96 (4.00) 24.69 24.71 18.61 18.63 43.30 43.34 23.73 23.83 15.51 (3.94) 15.59 (3.95)
P2T1 13.28 (3.64) 13.21 (3.63) 23.39 23.52 17.64 17.75 41.03 41.27 23.39 23.49 15.50 (3.94) 15.58 (3.95)
P2T2 13.48 (3.67) 13.41 (3.66) 26.65 26.67 20.09 20.11 46.74 46.78 23.22 23.32 15.66 (3.96) 15.74 (3.97)
P2T3 15.55 (3.94) 15.48 (3.93) 24.96 25.00 18.81 18.85 43.77 43.85 23.44 23.55 15.59 (3.95) 15.67 (3.96)
P2T4 17.84 (4.22) 17.77 (4.22) 25.12 25.01 18.92 18.85 44.03 43.86 23.64 23.74 15.43 (3.93) 15.51 (3.94)
P3T1 12.70 (3.56) 12.63 (3.55) 23.93 23.81 18.03 17.94 41.96 41.75 22.11 22.21 15.47 (3.93) 15.55 (3.94)
P3T2 20.24 (4.50) 20.17 (4.49) 27.36 27.17 20.62 20.49 47.99 47.66 20.55 20.65 17.18 (4.14) 17.26 (4.15)
P3T3 16.21 (4.03) 16.14 (4.02) 25.47 25.53 19.20 19.25 44.66 44.78 21.55 21.65 16.53 (4.07) 16.61 (4.08)
P3T4 19.90 (4.46) 19.83 (4.45) 25.60 25.47 19.28 19.20 44.88 44.67 21.57 21.67 16.15 (4.02) 16.23 (4.03)
P4T1 14.18 (3.77) 14.11 (3.76) 25.31 25.36 19.09 19.13 44.40 44.49 20.55 20.65 15.81 (3.98) 15.89 (3.99)
P4T2 24.58 (4.96) 24.51 (4.95) 39.62 44.59 26.21 33.59 65.83 78.18 19.16 19.26 19.51 (4.42) 19.59 (4.43)
P4T3 16.37 (4.05) 16.30 (4.04) 41.09 43.92 23.05 33.09 64.14 77.01 19.75 19.85 17.23 (4.15) 17.31 (4.16)
P4T4 16.76 (4.08) 16.69 (4.07) 25.95 25.93 19.57 19.56 45.52 45.49 19.80 19.90 17.11 (4.14) 17.19 (4.15)
P5T1 13.66 (3.70) 13.59 (3.69) 26.10 26.14 19.67 19.71 45.77 45.86 20.10 20.20 15.59 (3.95) 15.67 (3.96)
P5T2 22.92 (4.79) 22.85 (4.78) 35.37 42.35 26.66 31.95 62.03 74.30 19.55 19.65 17.47 (4.18) 17.55 (4.19)
P5T3 15.55 (3.94) 15.48 (3.93) 34.83 42.02 26.27 31.69 61.10 73.71 19.80 19.90 17.15 (4.14) 17.23 (4.15)
P5T4 18.46 (4.30) 18.39 (4.29) 25.66 25.58 19.33 19.28 44.99 44.85 19.85 19.95 16.77 (4.09) 16.85 (4.10)
SE+ 0.08 0.72 1.02 1.09 1.02 1.26 0.27 0.38 - - 0.01 0.03
CD 0.05 0.16 1.45 2.05 2.20 2.06 2.55 0.55 0.77 NS NS 0.02 0.06
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
xvii
Appendix-XIV
Effect of stratification medium and temperature on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments Moisture content (%)
Reducing sugar
(mg/g)
Non-reducing sugar
(mg/g) Total sugar (mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
Stratification medium
Naked (Control) (M1) 12.55 (3.54) 12.42 (3.52) 22.60 21.81 19.05 17.82 41.65 39.63 22.13 21.85 15.09 (3.88) 15.27 (3.91)
Sand (M2) 16.08 (4.01) 15.85 (3.98) 29.48 29.49 24.84 24.09 54.32 53.57 19.72 19.51 16.26 (4.03) 16.56 (4.07)
Cow-dung (M3) 13.03 (3.61) 12.97 (3.60) 20.81 19.96 17.54 16.31 38.35 36.27 23.07 22.84 14.68 (3.83) 14.95 (3.87)
SE+ 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00
CD0.05 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.00
Stratification temperature (C)
(Control) C1 13.86 (3.72) 13.72 (3.70) 22.22 21.31 18.73 17.41 40.95 38.72 22.49 22.26 15.17 (3.89) 15.38 (3.92)
2 week warm (250-280C)+2
week cold (30C) (C2) 14.40 (3.79) 14.47 (3.80) 26.71 26.04 22.51 21.27 49.21 47.31 20.96 20.75 15.84 (3.98) 16.03 (4.00)
3 week warm (250-280C) + 3
week cold (30C) (C3) 14.50 (3.80) 14.66 (3.82) 26.84 26.44 22.62 21.60 49.46 48.05 20.74 20.52 15.95 (3.99) 16.23 (4.03)
4 week warm (250-280C) + 4
week cold (30C) (C4) 14.08 (3.75) 13.92 (3.72) 26.61 26.30 22.42 21.48 49.03 47.78 20.75 20.55 15.40 (3.92) 15.65 (3.95)
5 week warm (250-280C), + 5
week cold (30C) (C5) 13.41 (3.66) 13.13 (3.62) 21.94 21.49 18.49 17.55 40.42 39.04 22.14 21.77 14.97 (3.87) 15.26 (3.91)
6 week warm (250-280C) + 6
week cold (30C) (C6) 13.08 (3.61) 12.57 (3.54) 21.48 20.94 18.10 17.10 39.58 38.04 22.76 22.55 14.73 (3.84) 15.01 (3.87)
SE+ 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.00
CD0.05 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.19 0.12 0.19 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.01 0.00
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
xviii
Appendix-XV
Interaction effect of stratification medium and temperature (MxT) on moisture content and bio-chemical status of hazel seeds
Treatments
(MxC)
Moisture content (%) Reducing sugar
(mg/g)
Non-reducing sugar
(mg/g) Total sugar (mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
M1C1 12.20 (3.49) 12.25 (3.50) 21.42 20.83 18.05 17.02 39.47 37.85 23.37 23.16 14.81 (3.85) 14.99 (3.87)
M1C2 12.52 (3.54) 12.52 (3.54) 23.16 22.15 19.52 18.10 42.68 40.25 22.04 21.85 15.44 (3.93) 15.63 (3.95)
M1C3 13.24 (3.64) 13.30 (3.65) 23.69 22.70 19.96 18.54 43.65 41.24 21.48 21.26 15.57 (3.95) 15.73(3.97)
M1C4 12.60 (3.55) 12.21 (3.49) 23.57 22.56 19.87 18.43 43.44 40.99 20.96 20.76 15.07 (3.88) 15.24 (3.90)
M1C5 12.48 (3.53) 12.20 (3.49) 22.37 21.59 18.86 17.64 41.23 39.23 22.15 21.48 15.03 (3.88) 15.21 (3.90)
M1C6 12.25 (3.50) 12.02 (3.47) 21.41 21.03 18.04 17.18 39.45 38.21 22.78 22.60 14.64 (3.83) 14.85 (3.85)
M2C1 15.18 (3.90) 14.80 (3.85) 23.36 22.22 19.69 18.15 43.05 40.37 20.76 20.57 15.62 (3.95) 15.83 (3.98)
M2C2 16.91 (4.11) 16.81 (4.10) 35.19 35.20 29.66 28.75 64.85 63.95 18.18 17.98 17.04 (4.13) 17.23 (4.15)
M2C3 17.35 (4.16) 17.53 (4.19) 35.46 36.08 29.89 29.47 65.35 65.55 18.04 17.86 17.53 (4.19) 17.86 (4.23)
M2C4 16.47 (4.06) 16.32 (4.04) 34.85 35.56 29.37 29.05 64.22 64.61 18.49 18.29 16.48 (4.06) 16.73 (4.09)
M2C5 15.47 (3.93) 15.07 (3.88) 24.27 24.59 20.46 20.08 44.73 44.67 20.78 20.58 15.61 (3.95) 16.09 (4.01)
M2C6 15.13 (3.89) 14.54 (3.81) 23.73 23.27 20.00 19.01 43.73 42.28 22.03 21.79 15.24 (3.90) 15.65 (3.96)
M3C1 14.19 (3.77) 14.11 (3.76) 21.89 20.88 18.44 17.06 40.33 37.94 23.33 23.04 15.08 (3.88) 15.33 (3.91)
M3C2 13.78 (3.71) 14.07 (3.75) 21.77 20.77 18.34 16.97 40.11 37.74 22.66 22.43 15.04 (3.88) 15.25 3.90)
M3C3 12.91(3.59) 13.15 (3.63) 21.37 20.56 18.00 16.79 39.37 37.35 22.69 22.46 14.75 (3.84) 15.10 (3.89)
M3C4 13.17 (3.63) 13.21 (3.64) 21.40 20.77 18.04 16.97 39.44 37.74 22.80 22.59 14.64 (3.83) 14.99 (3.87)
M3C5 12.27 (3.50) 12.12 (3.48) 19.16 18.28 16.15 14.93 35.31 33.21 23.48 23.26 14.25 (3.78) 14.48 (3.80)
M3C6 11.86 (3.44) 11.14 (3.34) 19.29 18.52 16.26 15.12 35.55 33.64 23.47 23.25 14.30 (3.78) 14.54 (3.81)
SE+ 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.16 0.10 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.08 0.01 0.00
CD0.05 0.08 0.02 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.33 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.17 0.02 0.00
Figures in parentheses are square root transformed values
xix
Appendix-XVI
Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length (cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
IBA formulation
R1 20.00 (26.19)
14.17
(21.82)
10.00
(16.72)
7.50
(13.83) 5.83 (10.75) 5.00 (9.22) 2.02 1.99 2.50 2.17 67.83 47.08
R2 28.33 (31.95)
31.67
(33.93)
25.00
(29.54)
22.50
(27.80) 11.67 (18.93) 10.00 (17.58) 3.24 2.99 3.25 3.67 84.08 81.00
R3 54.17 (47.42)
52.50
(46.59)
35.83
(36.53)
36.67
(36.89) 21.67 (26.82) 24.17 (28.81) 4.78 4.74 5.00 5.00 209.08 206.67
R4 46.67 (43.06)
45.00
(42.07)
27.50
(31.45)
25.83
(30.09) 15.83 (22.81) 17.50 (23.99) 4.63 4.62 4.83 4.67 219.58 218.83
R5 45.00 (42.07)
44.17
(41.57)
23.33
(28.60)
25.83
(30.21) 14.17 (20.72) 18.33 (24.84) 4.08 4.44 3.83 4.25 212.67 180.17
R6 39.17 (38.67)
39.17
(38.57)
22.50
(27.93)
17.50
(24.29) 11.67 (18.93) 11.67 (17.95) 3.83 3.79 3.67 3.75 138.00 163.58
SE+ 1.36 1.37 2.20 1.94 2.44 1.67
CD0.05 2.74 2.76 4.42 3.90 4.91 NS NS NS NS NS NS 3.37
Girdling
G1 39.44 (38.58)
38.89
(38.08)
25.56
(29.26)
26.39
(29.71) 16.67 (22.43) 18.06 (22.82) 4.18 4.01 4.28 4.17 180.06 176.72
G2 38.33 (37.87)
36.67
(36.77)
22.50
(27.66)
18.89
(24.66) 10.28 (17.23) 10.83 (17.97) 3.35 3.52 3.42 3.67 130.36 122.39
SE+ 1.12 1.41 1.44 0.26 0.28 3.16 0.97
CD0.05 NS NS NS 2.25 2.84 2.90 0.52 NS 0.57 NS 6.36 1.94
Cutting portion
C1 31.11 (33.46)
28.61
(31.83)
19.44
(25.07)
16.39
(22.51) 8.61 (15.30) 10.56 (16.80) 2.94 3.04 3.08 3.31 120.08 104.11
C2 46.67 (42.99)
46.94
(43.02)
28.61
(31.85)
28.89
(31.86) 18.33 (24.35) 18.33 (23.99) 4.59 4.48 4.61 4.53 190.33 195.00
SE+ 0.79 0.79 1.27 1.12 1.41 1.44 0.26 0.28 0.23 3.16 0.97
CD0.05 1.58 1.60 2.55 2.25 2.84 2.90 0.52 NS 0.57 0.47 6.36 1.94
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xx
Appendix-XVII
Effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(RxG)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
R1G1 21.67 (27.43) 13.33 (21.14) 8.33(15.36) 8.33 (15.36) 5.00 (9.22) 3.33 (6.14) 1.78 1.10 2.00 1.00 65.17 31.67
R1G2 18.33 (24.96) 15.00 (22.50) 11.67 (18.07) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.25 2.88 3.00 3.33 70.50 62.50
R2G1 28.33 (31.89) 33.33 (34.97) 23.33 (28.18) 25.00 (29.54) 13.33 (21.14) 11.67 (19.79) 3.55 3.37 3.50 3.83 77.67 88.83
R2G2 28.33 (32.00) 30.00 (32.90) 26.67 (30.89) 20.00 (26.07) 10.00 (16.72) 8.33 (15.36) 2.93 2.62 3.00 3.50 90.50 73.17
R3G1 50.00 (45.00) 53.33 (47.22) 43.33 (41.07) 45.00 (41.78) 28.33 (31.15) 33.33 (35.11) 5.45 5.38 6.17 6.00 283.83 259.33
R3G2 58.33 (49.85) 51.67 (45.96) 28.33 (32.00) 28.33 (32.00) 15.00 (22.50) 15.00 (22.50) 4.12 4.10 3.83 4.00 134.33 154.00
R4G1 51.67 (45.96) 48.33 (44.00) 30.00 (33.00) 31.67 (33.86) 20.00 (25.82) 23.33 (28.18) 4.82 4.80 5.50 5.50 272.17 256.67
R4G2 41.67 (40.15) 41.67 (40.15) 25.00 (29.89) 20.00 (26.32) 11.67 (19.79) 11.67 (19.79) 4.43 4.43 4.17 3.83 167.00 181.00
R5G1 43.33 (41.07) 43.33 (41.07) 26.67 (30.89) 31.67 (34.11) 18.33 (24.72) 21.67 (27.18) 5.00 4.98 4.50 4.33 230.50 221.67
R5G2 46.67 (43.08) 45.00 (42.07) 20.00 (26.32) 20.00 (26.32) 10.00 (16.72) 15.00 (22.50) 3.17 3.90 3.17 4.17 194.83 138.67
R6G1 41.67 (40.15) 41.67 (40.11) 21.67 (27.07) 16.67 (23.61) 15.00 (22.50) 15.00 (20.54) 4.45 4.40 4.00 4.33 151.00 202.17
R6G2 36.67 (37.18) 36.67 (37.04) 23.33 (28.78) 18.33 (24.96) 8.33 (15.36) 8.33 (15.36) 3.22 3.18 3.33 3.17 125.00 125.00
SE+ 1.93 3.11 2.74 3.12 2.37
CD0.05 3.88 NS 6.24 5.52 NS 6.15 NS NS NS NS NS 4.76
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxi
Appendix-XVIII
Effect of IBA and cutting portion interaction (RxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(RxC)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots
Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
R1C1 15.00 (22.50) 11.67 (19.79) 6.67 (12.29) 5.00 (9.22) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (6.14) 1.25 1.20 1.17 1.33 61.50 30.50
R1C2 25.00 (29.89) 16.67 (23.86) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 8.33 (15.36) 6.67 (12.29) 2.78 2.78 3.83 3.00 74.17 63.67
R2C1 21.67 (27.67) 21.67 (27.67) 18.33 (24.96) 15.00 (22.50) 8.33 (15.36) 8.33 (15.36) 2.70 2.83 2.83 3.17 80.00 77.50
R2C2 35.00 (36.22) 41.67 (40.19) 31.67 (34.11) 30.00 (33.11) 15.00 (22.50) 11.67 (19.79) 3.78 3.15 3.67 4.17 88.17 84.50
R3C1 40.00 (38.96) 36.67 (37.04) 28.33 (32.00) 26.67 (30.89) 13.33 (21.14) 20.00 (26.07) 3.58 3.47 4.00 4.00 121.33 113.17
R3C2 68.33 (55.89) 68.33 (56.14) 43.33 (41.07) 46.67 (42.89) 30.00 (32.50) 28.33 (31.54) 5.98 6.02 6.00 6.00 296.83 300.17
R4C1 40.00 (39.19) 35.00 (36.22) 23.33 (28.78) 18.33 (25.21) 10.00 (18.43) 11.67 (19.79) 3.77 3.67 4.67 4.50 172.50 156.83
R4C2 53.33 (46.92) 55.00 (47.93) 31.67 (34.11) 33.33 (34.97) 21.67 (27.18) 23.33 (28.18) 5.48 5.57 5.00 4.83 266.67 280.83
R5C1 36.67 (37.22) 36.67 (37.18) 21.67 (27.43) 21.67 (27.43) 8.33 (15.36) 13.33 (21.14) 3.25 4.05 2.83 3.67 160.33 125.67
R5C2 53.33 (46.92) 51.67 (45.96) 25.00(29.78) 30.00 (33.00) 20.00 (26.07) 23.33 (28.53) 4.92 4.83 4.83 4.83 265.00 234.67
R6C1 33.33 (35.22) 30.00 (33.11) 18.33 (24.96) 11.67 (19.79) 8.33 (15.36) 6.67 (12.29) 3.10 3.05 3.00 3.17 124.83 121.00
R6C2 45.00 (42.12) 48.33 (44.04) 26.67 (30.89) 23.33 (28.78) 15.00 (22.50) 16.67 (23.61) 4.57 4.53 4.33 4.33 151.17 206.17
SE+ 1.93 1.94 3.11 2.74 7.75 2.37
CD0.05 3.88 3.91 6.24 5.52 NS NS NS NS NS NS 15.58 4.76
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxii
Appendix-XIX
Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during spring season (February-April)
Treatments(
GxC)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root
length(cm) Mean no. of roots
Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
G1 C1 29.44 (32.50) 26.67 (30.64) 19.44 (24.93) 17.22 (23.49) 9.44 (16.84) 11.67 (17.34) 3.09 2.87 3.39 3.39 114.72 97.39
G1C2 49.44 (44.67) 51.11 (45.52) 31.67 (33.60) 35.56 (35.93) 23.89 (28.01) 24.44 (28.31) 5.26 5.14 5.17 4.94 245.39 256.06
G2 C1 32.78 (34.42) 30.56 (33.03) 19.44 (25.21) 15.56 (21.52) 7.78 (13.77) 9.44 (16.27) 2.79 3.22 2.78 3.22 125.44 110.83
G2C2 43.89 (41.32) 42.78(40.51) 25.56 (30.11) 22.22 (27.79) 12.78 (20.69) 12.22 (19.67) 3.91 3.82 4.06 4.11 135.28 133.94
SE+ 1.11 1.12 1.58 2.04 0.37 0.31 0.40 4.47 1.37
CD0.05 2.24 2.26 NS 3.18 NS 4.10 0.74 0.62 0.80 NS 8.99 2.75
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxiii
Appendix-XX
Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion (RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior during spring season (February-April)
Treatments
(RxGxC)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length (cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
R1G1C1 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (6.14) 0.00 (0.00) 1.23 0.00 1.00 0.00 60.00 0.00
R1G1C2 26.67 (31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.33 2.20 3.00 2.00 70.33 63.33
R1G2C1 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 6.67 (12.29) 1.27 2.40 1.33 2.67 63.00 61.00
R1G2C2 23.33 (28.78) 16.67(23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.23 3.37 4.67 4.00 78.00 64.00
R2G1C1 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 3.13 3.27 3.33 3.67 78.67 86.00
R2G1C2 36.67 (37.22) 43.33 (41.15) 33.33 (35.22) 33.33 (35.22) 16.67 (23.86) 13.33 (21.14) 3.97 3.47 3.67 4.00 76.67 91.67
R2G2C1 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.27 2.40 2.33 2.67 81.33 69.00
R2G2C2 33.33 (35.22) 40.00 (39.23) 30.00 (33.00) 26.67 (31.00) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.60 2.83 3.67 4.33 99.67 77.33
R3G1C1 26.67 (31.00) 26.67 (31.00) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 26.67 (31.00) 3.10 3.03 4.33 4.67 127.00 99.00
R3G1C2 73.33 (59.00) 80.00 (63.43) 53.33 (46.92) 66.67 (54.78) 43.33 (41.15) 40.00 (39.23) 7.80 7.73 8.00 7.33 440.67 419.67
R3G2C1 53.33 (46.92) 46.67 (43.08) 23.33 (28.78) 30.00 (33.00) 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 4.07 3.90 3.67 3.33 115.67 127.33
R3G2C2 63.33 (52.78) 56.67 (48.85) 33.33 (35.22) 26.67(31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 4.17 4.30 4.00 4.67 153.00 180.67
R4G1C1 43.33 (41.15) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 3.37 3.17 4.67 4.67 157.33 140.67
R4G1C2 60.00 (50.77) 63.33 (52.78) 36.67 (37.22) 43.33 (41.15) 30.00 (33.21) 33.33 (35.22) 6.27 6.43 6.33 6.33 387.00 372.67
R4G2C1 36.67 (37.22) 36.67 (37.22) 23.33 (28.78) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 4.17 4.17 4.67 4.33 187.67 173.00
R4G2C2 46.67 (43.08) 46.67 (43.08) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 4.70 4.70 3.67 3.33 146.33 189.00
R5G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 26.67 (31.00) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 4.00 4.00 3.33 3.33 133.00 134.00
R5G1C2 53.33 (46.92) 53.33 (46.92) 30.00 (33.00) 36.67 (37.22) 26.67 (31.00) 30.00 (33.21) 6.00 5.97 5.67 5.33 328.00 309.33
R5G2C1 40.00(39.23) 40.00 (39.15) 20.00 (26.07) 16.67 (23.86) 6.67 (12.29) 13.33 (21.14) 2.50 4.10 2.33 4.00 187.67 117.33
R5G2C2 53.33 (46.92) 50.00 (45.00) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 16.67 (23.86) 3.83 3.70 4.00 4.33 202.00 160.00
R6G1C1 36.67 (37.22) 33.33 (35.22) 16.67 (23.36) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.70 3.73 3.67 4.00 132.33 124.67
R6G1C2 46.67 (43.08) 50.00 (45.00) 26.67 (30.79) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 5.20 5.07 4.33 4.67 169.67 279.67
R6G2C1 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.50 2.37 2.33 2.33 117.33 117.33
R6G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 46.67(43.08) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33(28.78) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 3.93 4.00 4.33 4.00 132.67 132.67
SE+ 2.73 2.75 3.88 10.96 3.35
CD0.05 5.48 5.53 NS 7.80 NS NS NS NS NS NS 22.03 6.73
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxiv
Appendix-XXI
Effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)
Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots
Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
IBA formulation
R1
11.67
(19.79)
13.33
(21.14) 10.00 (16.72) 10.83 (17.39) 1.67 (3.07) 4.17 (7.68) 0.58 1.46 0.67 1.83 13.42 35.83
R2
28.33
(31.89)
28.33
(31.89) 24.17 (28.98) 20.00 (25.84) 8.33 (14.50) 5.83 (10.75) 2.69 2.06 3.00 2.50 60.50 46.83
R3
49.17
(44.35)
45.00
(41.98) 34.17 (35.53) 32.50 (34.35) 21.67 (26.82) 15.00 (21.27) 4.96 4.58 5.25 4.92 228.58 230.25
R4
40.00
(39.15)
35.00
(36.15) 28.33 (31.95) 29.17 (32.16) 15.83 (22.81) 15.00 (22.38) 4.58 4.95 4.83 4.75 220.00 215.25
R5
40.00
(39.13)
37.50
(37.52) 24.17 (29.16) 26.67 (30.64) 14.17 (20.72) 10.83 (17.39) 4.12 3.98 4.00 3.50 195.58 171.83
R6
39.17
(38.59)
34.17
(35.50) 22.50 (27.93) 19.17 (25.34) 11.67 (18.93) 7.50 (12.97) 3.81 2.93 3.58 2.75 158.75 130.42
SE+ 1.18 1.10 2.07 1.88 2.24 3.31 0.39 0.65 0.47 0.76 9.01 -
CD0.05 2.38 2.21 4.16 3.78 4.51 6.65 0.79 1.31 0.95 1.52 18.11 NS
Girdling
G1
35.56
(35.96)
32.22
(33.99) 25.83 (29.45) 27.78 (22.26) 15.00 (19.64) 11.67 (11.49) 3.85 2.35 3.72 3.72 169.75 166.64
G2
33.89
(35.01)
32.22
(34.07) 21.94 (27.31) 18.33 (32.99) 9.44 (15.98) 7.78 (19.32) 3.07 4.29 3.39 3.03 122.53 110.17
SE+ - - - 1.08 1.29 - 0.23 0.38 5.20 10.70
CD0.05 NS NS NS 2.18 2.60 NS 0.46 0.76 NS NS 10.46 21.52
Cutting portion
C1
27.22
(30.91)
24.44
(29.18) 18.89 (24.72) 15.56 (30.57) 7.50 (13.25) 6.39 (17.05) 2.63 3.71 2.86 2.56 84.39 75.50
C2
42.22
(40.06)
40.00
(38.88) 28.89 (32.04) 30.56 (24.68) 16.94 (22.36) 13.06 (13.77) 4.28 2.93 4.25 4.19 207.89 201.31
SE+ 0.68 0.64 - 1.08 1.29 1.91 0.23 0.38 0.27 0.44 5.20 10.70
CD0.05 1.37 1.28 NS 2.18 2.60 3.84 0.46 0.76 0.55 0.88 10.46 21.52
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxv
Appendix-XXII
Interaction effect of IBA formulation and pre-conditioning (RxG) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season values
Treatments
(RxG)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
R1G1 11.67 (19.79) 11.67 (18.43) 8.33 (12.29) 10.00 (16.72) 0.00 (0.00) 5.00 (6.14) 0.00 1.73 0.00 2.17 0.00 42.67
R1G2 11.67 (19.79) 15.00 (23.86) 11.67 (21.14) 11.67 (18.07) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (9.22) 1.17 1.18 1.33 1.50 26.83 29.00
R2G1 30.00 (32.90) 28.33 (26.57) 23.33 (23.86) 23.33 (27.83) 8.33 (9.22) 6.67 (6.14) 2.42 2.38 2.83 2.83 55.17 55.17
R2G2 26.67 (30.89) 28.33 (37.22) 25.00 (34.11) 16.67 (23.86) 8.33 (19.79) 5.00 (15.36) 2.97 1.73 3.17 2.17 65.83 38.50
R3G1 45.00 (41.78) 43.33 (36.07) 41.67 (31.00) 41.67 (39.92) 28.33 (21.14) 18.33 (15.36) 5.87 4.93 5.67 5.17 243.33 251.00
R3G2 53.33 (46.92) 46.67 (47.88) 26.67 (40.07) 23.33 (28.78) 15.00 (32.50) 11.67 (27.18) 4.05 4.22 4.83 4.67 213.83 209.50
R4G1 41.67 (40.11) 38.33 (33.11) 31.67 (28.78) 35.00 (35.78) 20.00 (18.43) 18.33 (19.79) 5.27 5.35 5.33 5.33 270.00 263.50
R4G2 38.33 (38.19) 31.67 (39.19) 25.00 (35.11) 23.33 (28.53) 11.67 (27.18) 11.67 (24.96) 3.90 4.55 4.33 4.17 170.00 167.00
R5G1 41.67 (40.07) 38.33 (31.00) 28.33 (27.43) 33.33 (34.97) 18.33 (15.36) 13.33 (12.29) 5.05 4.48 4.50 3.83 237.17 211.67
R5G2 38.33 (38.19) 36.67 (44.04) 20.00 (30.89) 20.00 (26.32) 10.00 (26.07) 8.33 (22.50) 3.18 3.47 3.50 3.17 154.00 132.00
R6G1 43.33 (41.11) 33.33 (29.89) 21.67 (24.96) 23.33 (28.18) 15.00 (15.36) 8.33 (9.22) 4.48 3.40 4.00 3.00 212.83 175.83
R6G2 35.00 (36.07) 35.00 (41.11) 23.33 (30.89) 15.00 (22.50) 8.33 (22.50) 6.67 (16.72) 3.13 2.45 3.17 2.50 104.67 85.00
SE+ 1.67 - 2.92 2.66 3.17 - 0.56 - - - 12.74 26.22
CD0.05 3.36 NS 5.88 5.34 6.38 NS 1.12 NS NS NS 25.61 52.71
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed
xxvi
Appendix-XXIII
Interaction effect of IBA formulation and cutting portion (RxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments
(RxC)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots
Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
R1C1 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (19.79) 6.67 (15.36) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 (0.00) 3.33 (9.22) 0.00 1.15 0.00 1.50 0.00 28.50
R1C2 13.33 (21.14) 16.67 (22.50) 13.33 (18.07) 15.00 (22.50) 3.33 (6.14) 5.00 (6.14) 1.17 1.77 1.33 2.17 26.83 43.17
R2C1 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (31.89) 16.67 (28.18) 11.67 (19.79) 5.00 (13.64) 3.33 (12.29) 1.78 1.18 2.17 1.67 41.50 28.50
R2C2 36.67 (37.22) 36.67 (31.89) 31.67 (29.78) 28.33 (31.89) 11.67 (15.36) 8.33 (9.22) 3.60 2.93 3.83 3.33 79.50 65.17
R3C1 36.67 (36.89) 35.00 (40.88) 26.67 (40.07) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (31.15) 8.33 (22.75) 4.20 3.22 4.50 3.67 111.17 120.33
R3C2 61.67 (51.81) 55.00 (43.08) 41.67 (31.00) 41.67 (39.92) 30.00 (22.50) 21.67 (19.79) 5.72 5.93 6.00 6.17 346.00 340.17
R4C1 33.33 (35.22) 30.00 (38.19) 23.33 (34.01) 18.33 (25.21) 10.00 (25.82) 11.67 (24.96) 3.57 3.97 4.50 4.17 136.83 132.17
R4C2 46.67 (43.08) 40.00 (34.11) 33.33 (29.89) 40.00 (39.11) 21.67 (19.79) 18.33 (19.79) 5.60 5.93 5.17 5.33 303.17 298.33
R5C1 31.67 (34.21) 26.67 (38.00) 21.67 (32.00) 20.00 (26.32) 8.33 (24.72) 6.67 (19.43) 3.20 2.58 3.17 2.33 123.33 81.83
R5C2 48.33 (44.04) 48.33 (37.04) 26.67 (26.32) 33.33 (34.97) 20.00 (16.72) 15.00 (15.36) 5.03 5.37 4.83 4.67 267.83 261.83
R6C1 31.67 (34.11) 25.00 (35.22) 18.33 (27.07) 13.33 (21.14) 8.33 (22.50) 5.00 (13.64) 3.03 2.02 2.83 2.00 93.50 61.67
R6C2 46.67 (43.08) 43.33 (35.78) 26.67 (28.78) 25.00 (29.54) 15.00 (15.36) 10.00 (12.29) 4.58 3.83 4.33 3.50 224.00 199.17
SE+ 1.67 1.56 - - - - - - - - 12.74 26.22
CD0.05 3.36 3.13 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 25.61 52.71
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxvii
Appendix-XXIV
Interaction effect pre-conditioning and cutting portion (GxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments(Gx
C)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root
length(cm) Mean no. of roots
Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
G1 C1 25.56 (29.91) 24.44 (29.24) 18.89 (24.59) 16.67 (23.04) 7.78 (13.77) 6.11 (10.69) 2.83 2.18 2.94 2.39 81.00 68.22
G1C2 45.56 (42.01) 40.00 (38.75) 32.78 (34.30) 38.89 (38.10) 22.22 (25.51) 17.22 (23.40) 4.87 5.25 4.50 5.06 258.50 265.06
G2 C1 28.89 (31.91) 24.44 (29.12) 18.89 (24.84) 14.44 (21.48) 7.22 (12.74) 6.67 (12.29) 2.43 2.53 2.78 2.72 87.78 82.78
G2C2 38.89 (38.11) 40.00 (39.02) 25.00 (29.77) 22.22 (27.88) 11.67 (19.22) 8.89 (15.24) 3.70 3.34 4.00 3.33 157.28 137.56
SE+ 0.97 - - 1.53 1.83 2.70 - 0.53 - 0.62 7.35 15.14
CD0.05 1.94 NS NS 3.08 3.68 5.43 NS 1.07 NS 1.24 14.79 30.43
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxviii
Appendix-XXV
Interaction effect of IBA formulation, pre-conditioning and cutting portion (RxGxC) on sprouting and rooting behavior of cuttings during monsoon season
Treatments
(RxGxC)
Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%) Mean root length (cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight
(mg)
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
R1G1C1 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 (0.00) 3.33 (6.14) 0.00 1.17 0.00 1.67 0.00 28.00
R1G1C2 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 0.00 (0.00) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 2.30 0.00 2.67 0.00 57.33
R1G2C1 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 0.00 (0.00) 3.33 (6.14) 0.00 1.13 0.00 1.33 0.00 29.00
R1G2C2 13.33 (21.14) 20.00 (26.57) 16.67 (23.86) 16.67 (23.86) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 2.33 1.23 2.67 1.67 53.67 29.00
R2G1C1 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.33 (6.14) 3.33 (6.14) 1.20 1.20 1.67 1.67 28.00 28.00
R2G1C2 40.00 (39.23) 36.67 (37.22) 33.33 (35.22) 36.67 (37.22) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.63 3.57 4.00 4.00 82.33 82.33
R2G2C1 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 3.33 (6.14) 2.37 1.17 2.67 1.67 55.00 29.00
R2G2C2 33.33 (35.22) 36.67 (37.22) 30.00 (33.00) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.57 2.30 3.67 2.67 76.67 48.00
R3G1C1 23.33 (28.78) 26.67 (31.00) 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 4.37 2.37 4.33 3.00 75.00 95.00
R3G1C2 66.67 (54.78) 60.00 (50.77) 53.33 (46.92) 56.67 (48.85) 43.33 (41.15) 30.00 (33.21) 7.37 7.50 7.00 7.33 411.67 407.00
R3G2C1 50.00 (45.00) 43.33 (41.15) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 4.03 4.07 4.67 4.33 147.33 145.67
R3G2C2 56.67 (48.85) 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 13.33 (21.14) 4.07 4.37 5.00 5.00 280.33 273.33
R4G1C1 33.33 (35.22) 33.33 (35.22) 23.33 (28.78) 20.00 (26.57) 10.00 (18.43) 13.33 (21.14) 3.70 3.93 4.67 4.33 143.33 136.00
R4G1C2 50.00 (45.00) 43.33 (41.15) 40.00 (39.23) 50.00 (45.00) 30.00 (33.21) 23.33 (28.78) 6.83 6.77 6.00 6.33 396.67 391.00
R4G2C1 33.33 (35.22) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.78) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 10.00 (18.43) 3.43 4.00 4.33 4.00 130.33 128.33
R4G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 36.67 (37.22) 26.67 (31.00) 30.00 (33.21) 13.33 (21.14) 13.33 (21.14) 4.37 5.10 4.33 4.33 209.67 205.67
R5G1C1 30.00 (33.21) 26.67 (31.00) 23.33 (28.78) 23.33 (28.78) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 4.00 2.77 3.67 2.33 129.33 80.67
R5G1C2 53.33 (46.92) 50.00 (45.00) 33.33 (35.22) 43.33 (41.15) 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.57) 6.10 6.20 5.33 5.33 345.00 342.67
R5G2C1 33.33 (35.22) 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.07) 16.67 (23.86) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.40 2.40 2.67 2.33 117.33 83.00
R5G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 46.67 (43.08) 20.00 (26.57) 23.33 (28.78) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.97 4.53 4.33 4.00 190.67 181.00
R6G1C1 36.67 (37.22) 30.00 (33.21) 16.67 (23.36) 13.33 (21.14) 10.00 (18.43) 3.33 (6.14) 3.70 1.63 3.33 1.33 110.33 41.67
R6G1C2 50.00 (45.00) 36.67 (37.22) 26.67 (30.79) 33.33 (35.22) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 5.27 5.17 4.67 4.67 315.33 310.00
R6G2C1 26.67 (31.00) 20.00 (26.57) 20.00 (26.57) 13.33 (21.14) 6.67 (12.29) 6.67 (12.29) 2.37 2.40 2.33 2.67 76.67 81.67
R6G2C2 43.33 (41.15) 50.00 (45.00) 26.67 (31.00) 16.67 (23.86) 10.00 (18.43) 6.67 (12.29) 3.90 2.50 4.00 2.33 132.67 88.33
SE+ 2.37 2.20 - - 4.49 - 0.79 - - - 18.02 37.08
CD0.05 4.76 4.43 NS NS 9.02 NS 1.59 NS NS NS 36.22 74.55
Figures in parentheses are arcsine transformed values
xxix
Appendix- XXVI
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Tables for Pooled data of different germinablity as influenced by the stratification treatments
Source of variation
Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)
Degree of
freedom
Germination
(%)
Germination
capacity(%)
Germination
energy (%)
Germination
speed
Peak
value
Mean daily
germination
Germination
value
Germination
index
Stratification period (P) 4 7589.69 502.00 4789.27 3.21 0.75 16.79 24.44 3.12
Stratification temperature (T) 3 2527.29 107.19 1245.49 0.61 0.24 7.04 9.78 1.31
Gibberellic acid (G) 2 2042.88 129.41 1241.70 0.49 0.31 5.08 7.87 0.94
PxT 12 199.89 43.72 106.66 0.10 0.07 0.68 0.98 0.13
PxG 8 38.97 35.04 34.20 0.06 0.03 0.24 0.42 0.05
TxG 6 116.86 35.80 86.55 0.13 0.02 0.40 0.51 0.07
PxTxG 24 38.34 34.05 54.61 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.02
Error 11.79 1.10 19.35 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00
Total 59
xxx
Appendix- XXVII
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Tables for Pooled data of different germinablity as influenced by the stratification treatments
Source of variation
Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)
Degree of
freedom
Germination
(%)
Seedlings
height (cm)
Collar
diameter
(mm)
Root
length
(cm)
Root
number
Dry shoot
weight (g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Total dry
weight (g)
Root:
shoot
ratio
Dickson
Quality
Index
Stratification medium (M) 3 42.49 1.98 1.18 3.50 8.69 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.06 0.20
Stratification temperature
(C) 6 7042.38 384.35 52.24 1150.58 1156.81 1.10 4.40 4.40 2.87 0.29
Gibberellic acid (G) 2 962.60 93.81 5.80 193.52 188.47 0.94 3.86 3.86 0.73 0.73
MxC 18 597.00 1.82 1.70 17.44 12.58 0.25 0.49 0.49 0.11 0.27
MxG 6 264.36 38.43 2.83 83.80 73.53 0.17 0.51 0.51 0.38 0.13
CxG 12 64.13 0.26 0.41 0.89 1.43 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.05
MxCxG 36 27.80 2.68 0.62 7.57 8.73 0.09 0.19 0.19 0.02 0.09
Error 15.82 1.32 0.73 5.69 7.21 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.05 0.14
Total 83
xxxi
Appendix- XXVIII
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of different bio-chemical changes in hazelnut as influenced by the stratification treatments
Source of variation
Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)
Degree of
freedom
Moisture content
(%)
Reducing sugar
(mg/g)
Non-reducing
sugar (mg/g)
Total sugar
(mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)
Stratification periods (P) 4 0.42 244.15 107.79 668.69 45.66 0.13
Stratification temperature (T) 3 1.31 235.27 100.16 659.96 1.15 0.09
PxT 12 0.28 55.17 19.86 145.55 0.20 0.02
Error 40 0.01 1.57 1.87 0.10 0.05 0.00
Total 59
Appendix- XXIX
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of different bio-chemical changes in hazelnut as influenced by the stratification treatments
Source of variation
Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)
Degree of freedom Moisture content (%)
Reducing sugar
(mg/g)
Non-reducing
sugar (mg/g)
Total sugar
(mg/g) Starch (mg/g) Protein (%)
Replication 2
Stratification periods (P) 2 1.11 416.80 286.60 1394.66 53.25 12.58
Stratification temperature (T) 5 0.07 65.97 45.41 220.83 7.54 2.04
PxT 10 0.03 33.82 23.26 113.17 1.84 0.53
Error 34 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 53
xxxii
Appendix- XXX
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of sprouting and rooting behavior of hazel cuttings as influenced by different treatments during
spring season (February-April)
Source of variation
Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)
Degree of
freedom Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)
Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)
IBA formulation (R) 5 745.45 149.09 383.19 11.13 11.13 56099.97
Girdling (G) 1 45.90 45.90 477.89 8.34 8.34 48698.00
Cutting portion (C) 1 1782.73 1782.73 1154.84 34.03 34.03 116845.84
RxG 5 9.37 1.87 73.61 5.11 5.11 8812.69
RxC 5 27.14 5.43 3.32 1.42 1.42 12543.74
GxC 1 247.98 247.98 162.26 1.53 1.53 73952.17
RxGxC 5 101.97 20.39 22.67 2.21 2.21 9985.22
Error 48 6.63 0.14 23.07 0.82 0.82 55.85
Total 71
xxxiii
Appendix- XXXI
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables for pooled data of sprouting and rooting behavior of hazel cuttings as influenced by different treatments during
spring monsoon season (July-August)
Source of variation
Mean Sum of Squares (MSS)
Degree of
freedom Sprouting (%) Callusing (%) Rooting (%)
Mean root length
(cm) Mean no. of roots Mean root dry weight (mg)
IBA formulation (R) 5 740.37 424.30 499.15 26.07 23.92 88047.12
Girdling (G) 1 3.12 254.72 221.23 10.97 4.75 48386.42
Cutting portion (C) 1 1600.56 1402.18 1179.31 58.14 41.25 279689.67
RxG 5 18.82 68.76 35.26 1.57 0.79 6819.46
RxC 5 32.96 11.10 18.56 0.74 0.67 19317.01
GxC 1 33.56 230.83 229.46 10.35 6.42 70343.75
RxGxC 5 63.63 15.87 26.47 1.66 1.30 6253.13
Error 48 4.60 14.27 30.27 1.11 1.58 704.71
Total 71
Bio-data
Name Dinesh GuptaFather’s name Sh. M L GuptaMother’s Name Smt. Chandni GuptaDate of birth 29/10/1979Permanent Address V.P.O Haripur, Teh. Manali, Distt. Kullu (H.P). Pin 175136
Academic qualification
Certificate/Degree Year School Board/University Marks(%)
Division
10th Class 1997TrinitySchool,Kullu
I.C.S.E. Board70.00% First
12th Class 1999GSSS(Boys),Kullu
H.P. Board ofSchool Education 60.00% First
B.Sc. Forestry 2004
- Dr Y.S. ParmarUniversity ofHorticulture andForestry, Solan(H.P.) 173 230
66.90% First
M.Sc. Forestry2007
- Dr Y.S. ParmarUniversity ofHorticulture andForestry, Solan(H.P.) 173 230
76.80% First
Title of the Thesis in M.Sc. : Regeneration status and growth distribution of silver fir andspruce forests.
Fellowship/Scholarship/GoldMedals/Awards/Any otherDistinction
: Ph.D – Merit Scholarship
Publications : 2Research papers (inpeeredjournals)
: NA
Scientific Popular Articles : NAOthers : NAVisited abroad alongwith durationand purpose of visit
: NA
(Dinesh Gupta)