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Do now!Can you remember the difference between a factual and a verbal dispute?
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Nominal Fallacy
Assuming we have explained something just because we have named it
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Nominal Fallacy
“Why is iron attracted to a magnet?”
“Because iron is magnetic”
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Nominal Fallacy
“Why are there many tribal wars in Papua New Guinea?”
“Many people there have group aggressive syndrome”
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Nominal Fallacy
“Why is lead heavy”
“Because it is very dense”
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Nominal fallacy
Try to spot the nominal fallacies in the following;
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Nominal Fallacy?
“What caused the baby’s death”
“Sudden Infant Death Syndrome”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why did the water pipes burst?”
“Because the temperature fell below zero(freezing), and when water freezes it expands”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“What caused the earthquake”
“A sudden movement of rocks beneath the earth’s surface”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why does sugar dissolve in water?”
“Because it is soluble”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why did the apple fall to the ground?”
“Because of gravity”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why did the apple fall to the ground?”
“Because of gravity”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why did the apple fall to the ground?”
“Because of gravity”
COOL!
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why did Peter Sutcliffe murder 13 people”
“Because he is insane”
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Nominal Fallacy?
“Why did the stock market fall yesterday?”
“Because of a technical adjustment and profit-taking by investors”
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Empirical propositions and value judgements
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Empirical propositions and value judgements
Many words have positive and negative connotations that can blur the distinction between a fact and a value
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Connotations
Blair is a murderer
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Connotations
Cristina is a spinster
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Connotations
Albert is brainy
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Connotations
Can you think of some propositions of your own in which an empirical proposition is turned into a value judgement by a connotation?
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Relevant facts
Some empirical facts may be relevant to the justification of value judgements
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Relevant facts
Gary is a bad man
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Relevant facts
Tiger is a good golfer
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Relevant facts
Oslo International School is a good school
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Empirical propositions and metaphysics
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Empirical propositions and metaphysics
Some empirical facts may be relevant to the justification of our metaphysical beliefs
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Empirical propositions and metaphysics
God created the universe in six days about 6000 years ago.
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Push hard enough!
If you push an empirical proposition hard enough, it collapses into a metaphysical one.
Empirical proposition
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Push hard enough!
If you push an empirical proposition hard enough, it collapses into a metaphysical one.
Metaphysical proposition
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Push hard enough!I know that my car is parked outside
But how can you be sure you are not
dreaming?
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Push hard enough!I know that all
metals expand when heated.
But how can you be sure the laws
of physics will hold tomorrow
?
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Push hard enough!
I know that World War 2 started in
1939
But how can you be
sure the past really
exists?
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Push hard enough!
I know that World War 2 started in
1939
But how can you be
sure the past really
exists?
Who cares?
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Fortunately we have seen that you
don’t need complete certainty to say you “know”
something!